This document summarizes a technique for locating faults on electric power transmission lines using wavelet analysis. It begins with an introduction to transmission line faults and issues with existing fault location methods. It then describes the basics of traveling wave theory and modal analysis for decomposing fault currents. A proposed algorithm is outlined that uses the discrete wavelet transform to analyze modal components of fault current received at a relay point. Time delays between modal components are used to determine the fault location based on the faulted transmission line length and wave propagation speed. Simulation results using MATLAB are presented to illustrate the approach. The method aims to provide accurate fault location independently of factors like fault inception angle and impedance.
Fault detection and diagnosis ingears using wavelet enveloped power spectrum ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this work, automatic detection and diagnosis of gear condition monitoring technique is presented. The vibration signals in time domain wereobtained from a fault simulator apparatus from a healthy gear and an induced faulty gear. These time domain signals were processed using Laplace and Morlet wavelet based enveloped power spectrum to detect the faults in gears. The vibration signals obtained were filtered to enhance the signal components before the application of wavelet analysis. The time and frequency domain features extracted from Laplace wavelet based wavelet transform are used as input to ANN for gear fault classification. Genetic algorithm was used to optimize the wavelet and ANN classification parameters. The result shows the successful classification of ANN test process. Index Terms:Continuous wavelet transform, Envelope power spectrum, Wavelet, Filtering, ANN.
Fault location and correction are important in case of any power systems. This process has to be prompt and accurate so that system reliability can be improved , outage time can be reduced and restoration of system from fault can be accelerated.
Fault location calculation using Magnetoresistance sensor is described here.
To identify and simulate conventional type of disturbance on the overhead transmission line by using PSCAD / EMTDC software package
To develop mathematical model for various type of disturbance on overhead transmission line.
To develop a smart algorithm for fault detection using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).
Reach and Operating Time Correction of Digital Distance Relay Yayah Zakaria
Current and voltage signals recieved from conventional iron core Current Transformer (CT) and Voltage Transformer plays very important role for correct operation of Distance Distance Relay (DDR). Increase in secondary burden connected to CT causes it to saturate at earlier stage. The saturated CT produces distorted secondary current, causing DDR to under reach and to operate by certain time delay. Rogowski Coils (RCs) are attaining increased acceptance and use in electrical power system due to their inherent linearity, greater accuracy and wide operating current range. This paper presents use of RC as an advanced measurement device suitable for DDR. Case study for validation of use of RC is carried out on low voltage system. The simulation results of Distance protection scheme used for protection of part of 220kV AC system shows excellent performance of RC over CT under abnormal conditions.
Total Harmonic Distortion of Dodecagonal Space Vector ModulationIJPEDS-IAES
Space vector modulation technique is one of the best PWM techniques which have been implemented to the Multilevel inverter circuit to get the purely sinusoidal cuurent. This is a important algorithm which is implemented in open wind induction motor. This type of I.M has great impact on Electric Drive system. SVM is nothing but the technique of switching algorithm. The Hexagonal space vector modulation has been implemented before, but elimination of higher order harmonics is not possible. Torque pulsation arises. Speed control of Induction motor was not smooth. So Dodecagonal (12) structure developed. A 12 side polygonal space vector structure is meant for eliminating (6n±1) harmonics in the phase current waveform throughout the modulating range. A high resolution of PWM technique is proposed involving multiple 12 sided polygonal (Dodecagonal) structure that can generate highly sinusoidal voltage at a reduced switching frequency. In this paper different values of frequencies have been taken for harmonic analysis. SVM method features a higher level of dc-bus voltage utilization compared to the conventional PWM.
Wavelet Based Fault Detection, Classification in Transmission System with TCS...IJERA Editor
This paper presents simulation results of the application of distance relays for the protection of transmission systems employing flexible alternating current transmission controllers such as Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC). The complete digital simulation of TCSC within a transmission system is performed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment using the Power System Block set (PSB). This paper presents an efficient method based on wavelet transforms both fault detection and classification which is almost independent of fault impedance, fault location and fault inception angle of transmission line fault currents with FACTS controllers.
Fault detection and diagnosis ingears using wavelet enveloped power spectrum ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this work, automatic detection and diagnosis of gear condition monitoring technique is presented. The vibration signals in time domain wereobtained from a fault simulator apparatus from a healthy gear and an induced faulty gear. These time domain signals were processed using Laplace and Morlet wavelet based enveloped power spectrum to detect the faults in gears. The vibration signals obtained were filtered to enhance the signal components before the application of wavelet analysis. The time and frequency domain features extracted from Laplace wavelet based wavelet transform are used as input to ANN for gear fault classification. Genetic algorithm was used to optimize the wavelet and ANN classification parameters. The result shows the successful classification of ANN test process. Index Terms:Continuous wavelet transform, Envelope power spectrum, Wavelet, Filtering, ANN.
Fault location and correction are important in case of any power systems. This process has to be prompt and accurate so that system reliability can be improved , outage time can be reduced and restoration of system from fault can be accelerated.
Fault location calculation using Magnetoresistance sensor is described here.
To identify and simulate conventional type of disturbance on the overhead transmission line by using PSCAD / EMTDC software package
To develop mathematical model for various type of disturbance on overhead transmission line.
To develop a smart algorithm for fault detection using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).
Reach and Operating Time Correction of Digital Distance Relay Yayah Zakaria
Current and voltage signals recieved from conventional iron core Current Transformer (CT) and Voltage Transformer plays very important role for correct operation of Distance Distance Relay (DDR). Increase in secondary burden connected to CT causes it to saturate at earlier stage. The saturated CT produces distorted secondary current, causing DDR to under reach and to operate by certain time delay. Rogowski Coils (RCs) are attaining increased acceptance and use in electrical power system due to their inherent linearity, greater accuracy and wide operating current range. This paper presents use of RC as an advanced measurement device suitable for DDR. Case study for validation of use of RC is carried out on low voltage system. The simulation results of Distance protection scheme used for protection of part of 220kV AC system shows excellent performance of RC over CT under abnormal conditions.
Total Harmonic Distortion of Dodecagonal Space Vector ModulationIJPEDS-IAES
Space vector modulation technique is one of the best PWM techniques which have been implemented to the Multilevel inverter circuit to get the purely sinusoidal cuurent. This is a important algorithm which is implemented in open wind induction motor. This type of I.M has great impact on Electric Drive system. SVM is nothing but the technique of switching algorithm. The Hexagonal space vector modulation has been implemented before, but elimination of higher order harmonics is not possible. Torque pulsation arises. Speed control of Induction motor was not smooth. So Dodecagonal (12) structure developed. A 12 side polygonal space vector structure is meant for eliminating (6n±1) harmonics in the phase current waveform throughout the modulating range. A high resolution of PWM technique is proposed involving multiple 12 sided polygonal (Dodecagonal) structure that can generate highly sinusoidal voltage at a reduced switching frequency. In this paper different values of frequencies have been taken for harmonic analysis. SVM method features a higher level of dc-bus voltage utilization compared to the conventional PWM.
Wavelet Based Fault Detection, Classification in Transmission System with TCS...IJERA Editor
This paper presents simulation results of the application of distance relays for the protection of transmission systems employing flexible alternating current transmission controllers such as Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC). The complete digital simulation of TCSC within a transmission system is performed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment using the Power System Block set (PSB). This paper presents an efficient method based on wavelet transforms both fault detection and classification which is almost independent of fault impedance, fault location and fault inception angle of transmission line fault currents with FACTS controllers.
Islanding Detection of Inverter Based DG Unit Using PV SystemIAES-IJPEDS
Distributed generation (DG) units are rapidly increasing and most of them are interconnected with distribution network to supply power into the network as well as local loads Islanding operations of DG usually occur when power supply from the main utility is interrupted due to several reasons but the DG keeps supplying power into the distribution networks. a new method for islanding detection of inverter-based distributed generation (DG). Although active islanding detection techniques have smaller non detection zones than passive techniques, active methods could degrade the system power quality and are not as simple and easy to implement as passive methods. The phenomenon of unintentional islanding occurs when a distributed generator (DG) continues to feed power into the grid when power flow from the central utility source has been interrupted. A simple islanding detection scheme has been designed based on this idea. The proposed method has been studied under multiple-DG operation modes and the UL 1741 islanding tests conditions and also using a PV system. The simulations results, carried out by MATLAB/Simulink, show that the proposed method has a small Non detection zone.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Sharing of the Output Current of A Voltage Source Inverter between Controlled...IDES Editor
When a two level VSI feeds an induction motor, the
motor current is almost sinusoidal though the voltages at the
terminals have substantial high frequency harmonics. Further
the load current is shared between the controlled switch and
the antiparallel diodes .These essential features of a two level
VSI are studied in this paper using MATLAB simulation.
An Algorithm to Detect Point on Wave Initiation of Voltage Sag by Fundamental...IDES Editor
This paper presents an algorithm for detection and
characterization of voltage sag on transmission and
distribution lines. A Discrete Wavelet Transform is utilized to
extract voltage sag disturbances from fundamental 50 Hz,
which detects magnitude, duration, and Point on Wave
initiation of voltage sag. This algorithm is simulated in
MATALAB and the results are presented at various magnitudes
and Point on Wave initiations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The traction inverter is a crucial power device in the electric vehicle’s powertrain, and its failure is intolerable as it would considerably compromise the system’s safety. For more reliable driving, installing a traction inverter that is sufficiently resistant to electrical failure is inherent. Due to its compact size and the small number of switches incorporated in three-phase four-switch inverter, this modular topology was used to compensate for the open switch’s failure. However, it is known to have manifold weaknesses mainly distinguished in the low-frequency region. This paper introduces a new fault-tolerant indirect control that handles the IGBT’s failure constituting the traction inverter. The fault compensator is designed first based on the Proportional Integral regulator combined with the notch filter to mitigate the current imbalance and restore the DC voltage equilibrium.Furthermore, to conceive a comprehensive fault-tolerant control, there must therefore contain an accurate fault detector. In this regard, an uncomplicated fault diagnosis method based on the current spectral analysis has been performed. The effectiveness of the submitted controller was validated by simulation using Matlab.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Fault Detection and Classification Method for SC Transmission Line Using Ph...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, fault detection and classification for Series Compensated Line (SCL) using phasor measurement unit is presented. The algorithm presented in this paper uses the PMU synchronized measurements and not depends on the data to be provided by the electricity utility. The compensated line parameters and Thevenin’s equivalent (TE) of the system at SCL terminals are calculated online, using three independent sets of pre-fault phasor measurements. The accuracy of fault location is performed with respect to fault location/position, types of fault, fault angle. The accuracy of the algorithm is simulated in MATLAB for 9-bus transmission system.
Abstract-This paper presents the novel synchronous frame hysteresis controller for three phase Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)based on Z-Source Inverter (ZSI). The proposedsynchronous frame approach minimizes the hysteresis control time delay to onesixthof the fundamental period such that the dynamic response is significantly improved. The hysteresis band currentcontroller determines the switching signals, and the algorithm based onanextension of Synchronous Reference Frame(SRF) Theory (d-q-0) is used to determine thesuitable current reference signals. A filter is applied to further enhance the accuracy of steadystate tracking.Low total harmonic distortion has been achieved under heavilydistorted nonlinear load and unbalanced load.The ZSI provides agreat alternative with lower cost, higher reliability and higher efficiency.
SENSORLESS VECTOR CONTROL OF BLDC USING EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER sipij
This Paper mainly deals with the implementation of vector control technique using the brushless DC motor
(BLDC). Generally tachogenerators, resolvers or incremental encoders are used to detect the speed. These
sensors require careful mounting and alignment, and special attention is required with electrical noises. A
speed sensor need additional space for mounting and maintenance and hence increases the cost and size of
the drive system. These problems are eliminated by speed sensor less vector control by using Extended
Kalman Filter and Back EMF method for position sensing. By using the EKF method and Back EMFmethod, the sensor less vector control of BLDC is implemented and its simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK and hardware kit is implemented.
This paper presents a discrete wavelet transform and neural network approach to fault
detection and classification and location in transmission lines. The fault detection is carried out by
using energy of the detail coefficients of the phase signals and artificial neutral network algorithm
used for fault type classification and fault distance location for all the types of faults for 220 KV
transmission line. The energies of the all three phases A, B, C and ground phase are given in put to
the neural network for the fault classification. For each type of fault separate neural network is
prepared for finding out the fault location. An improved performance is obtained once the neutral
network is trained suitably, thus performance correctly when faced with different system parameters
and conditions.
Islanding Detection of Inverter Based DG Unit Using PV SystemIAES-IJPEDS
Distributed generation (DG) units are rapidly increasing and most of them are interconnected with distribution network to supply power into the network as well as local loads Islanding operations of DG usually occur when power supply from the main utility is interrupted due to several reasons but the DG keeps supplying power into the distribution networks. a new method for islanding detection of inverter-based distributed generation (DG). Although active islanding detection techniques have smaller non detection zones than passive techniques, active methods could degrade the system power quality and are not as simple and easy to implement as passive methods. The phenomenon of unintentional islanding occurs when a distributed generator (DG) continues to feed power into the grid when power flow from the central utility source has been interrupted. A simple islanding detection scheme has been designed based on this idea. The proposed method has been studied under multiple-DG operation modes and the UL 1741 islanding tests conditions and also using a PV system. The simulations results, carried out by MATLAB/Simulink, show that the proposed method has a small Non detection zone.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Sharing of the Output Current of A Voltage Source Inverter between Controlled...IDES Editor
When a two level VSI feeds an induction motor, the
motor current is almost sinusoidal though the voltages at the
terminals have substantial high frequency harmonics. Further
the load current is shared between the controlled switch and
the antiparallel diodes .These essential features of a two level
VSI are studied in this paper using MATLAB simulation.
An Algorithm to Detect Point on Wave Initiation of Voltage Sag by Fundamental...IDES Editor
This paper presents an algorithm for detection and
characterization of voltage sag on transmission and
distribution lines. A Discrete Wavelet Transform is utilized to
extract voltage sag disturbances from fundamental 50 Hz,
which detects magnitude, duration, and Point on Wave
initiation of voltage sag. This algorithm is simulated in
MATALAB and the results are presented at various magnitudes
and Point on Wave initiations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The traction inverter is a crucial power device in the electric vehicle’s powertrain, and its failure is intolerable as it would considerably compromise the system’s safety. For more reliable driving, installing a traction inverter that is sufficiently resistant to electrical failure is inherent. Due to its compact size and the small number of switches incorporated in three-phase four-switch inverter, this modular topology was used to compensate for the open switch’s failure. However, it is known to have manifold weaknesses mainly distinguished in the low-frequency region. This paper introduces a new fault-tolerant indirect control that handles the IGBT’s failure constituting the traction inverter. The fault compensator is designed first based on the Proportional Integral regulator combined with the notch filter to mitigate the current imbalance and restore the DC voltage equilibrium.Furthermore, to conceive a comprehensive fault-tolerant control, there must therefore contain an accurate fault detector. In this regard, an uncomplicated fault diagnosis method based on the current spectral analysis has been performed. The effectiveness of the submitted controller was validated by simulation using Matlab.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Fault Detection and Classification Method for SC Transmission Line Using Ph...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, fault detection and classification for Series Compensated Line (SCL) using phasor measurement unit is presented. The algorithm presented in this paper uses the PMU synchronized measurements and not depends on the data to be provided by the electricity utility. The compensated line parameters and Thevenin’s equivalent (TE) of the system at SCL terminals are calculated online, using three independent sets of pre-fault phasor measurements. The accuracy of fault location is performed with respect to fault location/position, types of fault, fault angle. The accuracy of the algorithm is simulated in MATLAB for 9-bus transmission system.
Abstract-This paper presents the novel synchronous frame hysteresis controller for three phase Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)based on Z-Source Inverter (ZSI). The proposedsynchronous frame approach minimizes the hysteresis control time delay to onesixthof the fundamental period such that the dynamic response is significantly improved. The hysteresis band currentcontroller determines the switching signals, and the algorithm based onanextension of Synchronous Reference Frame(SRF) Theory (d-q-0) is used to determine thesuitable current reference signals. A filter is applied to further enhance the accuracy of steadystate tracking.Low total harmonic distortion has been achieved under heavilydistorted nonlinear load and unbalanced load.The ZSI provides agreat alternative with lower cost, higher reliability and higher efficiency.
SENSORLESS VECTOR CONTROL OF BLDC USING EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER sipij
This Paper mainly deals with the implementation of vector control technique using the brushless DC motor
(BLDC). Generally tachogenerators, resolvers or incremental encoders are used to detect the speed. These
sensors require careful mounting and alignment, and special attention is required with electrical noises. A
speed sensor need additional space for mounting and maintenance and hence increases the cost and size of
the drive system. These problems are eliminated by speed sensor less vector control by using Extended
Kalman Filter and Back EMF method for position sensing. By using the EKF method and Back EMFmethod, the sensor less vector control of BLDC is implemented and its simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK and hardware kit is implemented.
This paper presents a discrete wavelet transform and neural network approach to fault
detection and classification and location in transmission lines. The fault detection is carried out by
using energy of the detail coefficients of the phase signals and artificial neutral network algorithm
used for fault type classification and fault distance location for all the types of faults for 220 KV
transmission line. The energies of the all three phases A, B, C and ground phase are given in put to
the neural network for the fault classification. For each type of fault separate neural network is
prepared for finding out the fault location. An improved performance is obtained once the neutral
network is trained suitably, thus performance correctly when faced with different system parameters
and conditions.
The transmission overhead line is one of the vital elements in the power system for transmitting the electrical energy. In the transmission, the disturbances are often occurred. In the conventional algorithm, alpha and beta (mode) currents generated by Clarke’s transformation are utilized to convert the signal of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to obtain the Wavelet Transform Coefficient (WTC) and the Wavelet Coefficient Energy (WCE). This study introduces a new algorithm, called Modified Clarke for fault detection and classification using DWT and Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) based on Clarke’s transformation on transmission overhead line by adding gamma current in the system. Daubechies4 (Db4) is used as a mother wavelet to decompose the high frequency components of the signal error. Simulation is performed using PSCAD / EMTDC transmission system modeling and carried out at different locations along the transmission line with different types of fault, fault resistances, fault locations and fault of the initial angle on a given power system model. The simulated fault types are in the study are the Single Line to Ground, the Line To Line, the Double Line to Ground and the Three Phases. There are four statistic methods utilized in the present study to determine the accuracy of detection and classification of faults. The result shows that the best and the worst structures of BPNN occurred on the configuration of 12-24-48-4 and 12-12-6-4, respectively. For instance, the error using Mean Square Error Method. The Error Of Clarke’s, Without Clarke’s and Modified Clarke’s are 0.05862, 0.05513 and 0.03721 which are the best, respectively, whereas, the worst are 0.06387, 0.0753 and 0.052, respectively. This indicates that the Modified Clarke’s result is in the lowest error. The method is successfully implement can be utilized in the detection and classification of fault in transmission line by utilities and power regulation in power system planning and operation.
- This paper proposes a new technique of using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and back-propagation neural network (BPNN) based on Clarke’s transformation for fault classification and detection on a single circuit transmission line. Simulation and training process for the neural network are done by using PSCAD / EMTDC and MATLAB. Daubechies4 mother wavelet (DB4) is used to decompose the high frequency components of these signals. The wavelet transform coefficients (WTC) and wavelet energy coefficients (WEC) for classification fault and detect patterns used as input for neural network training back-propagation (BPNN). This information is then fed into a neural network to classify the fault condition. A DWT with quasi optimal performance for preprocessing stage are presented. This study also includes a comparison of the results of training BPPN and DWT with and without Clarke’s transformation, where the results show that using Clarke transformation in training will give in a smaller mean square error (MSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The simulation also shows that the new algorithm is more reliable and accurate.
Artificial neural networks (ANN) consider classification as one of the most dynamic research and
application areas. ANN is the branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The neural network was trained by
back propagation algorithm. The different combinations of functions and its effect while using ANN as a
classifier is studied and the correctness of these functions are analyzed for various kinds of datasets. The
back propagation neural network (BPNN) can be used as a highly successful tool for dataset classification
with suitable combination of training, learning and transfer functions. When the maximum likelihood
method was compared with backpropagation neural network method, the BPNN was more accurate than
maximum likelihood method. A high predictive ability with stable and well functioning BPNN is possible.
Multilayer feed-forward neural network algorithm is also used for classification. However BPNN proves to
be more effective than other classification algorithms.
Prediction of Fault in Distribution Transformer using Adaptive Neural-Fuzzy I...ijsrd.com
In this paper, we present a new method for simultaneous diagnosis of fault in distribution transformer. It uses an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), based on Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA). The ANFIS is first “trained†in accordance with IEC 599, so that it acquires some fault determination ability. The CO2/CO ratios are then considered additional input data, enabling simultaneous diagnosis of the type and location of the fault. Diagnosis techniques based on the Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) have been developed to detect incipient faults in distribution transformers. The quantity of the dissolved gas depends fundamentally on the types of faults occurring within distribution transformers. By considering these characteristics, Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) methods make it possible to detect the abnormality of the transformers. This can be done by comparing the Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) of the transformer under surveillance with the standard one. This idea provides the use of adaptive neural fuzzy technique in order to better predict oil conditions of a transformer. The proposed method can forecast the possible faults which can be occurred in the transformer. This idea can be used for maintenance purpose in the technology where distributed transformer plays a significant role such as when the energy is to be distributed in a large region.
89 jan-roger linna - 7032576 - capillary heating control and fault detectio...Mello_Patent_Registry
Jan-Roger Linna, John Paul Mello - Capillary Heating Control and Fault Detection System and Methodology for Fuel System in an Internal Combustion Engine
Comparative detection and fault location in underground cables using Fourier...IJECEIAES
In this research, we create a single-phase to ground synthetic fault by the simulation of a three-phase cable system and identify the location using mathematical techniques of Fourier and modal transforms. Current and voltage signals are measured and analyzed for fault location by the reflection of the waves between the measured point and the fault location. By simulating the network and line modeling using alternative transient programs (ATP) and MATLAB software, two single-phase to ground faults are generated at different points of the line at times of 0.3 and 0.305 s. First, the fault waveforms are displayed in the ATP software, and then this waveform is transmitted to MATLAB and presented along with its phasor view over time. In addition to the waveforms, the detection and fault location indicators are presented in different states of fault. Fault resistances of 1, 100, and 1,000 ohms are considered for fault creation and modeling with low arch strength. The results show that the proposed method has an average fault of less than 0.25% to determine the fault location, which is perfectly correct. It is varied due to changing the conditions of time, resistance, location, and type of error but does not exceed the above value.
Wavelet-Based Fault Location and Distance Protection Method for Transmission ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a single-ended traveling wave -based fault location and distance protection method for a hybrid transmission line: an overhead line combined with an underground cable. Dis-crete wavelet transformation (DWT) is used to extract transient information from the measured voltages. Support vector machine (SVM) classifiers are utilized to identify the faulty-section and faulty-half. Bewley diagrams are observed for the traveling wave patterns and the wavelet coeffi cients of the aerial mode voltage are used to locate the fault. The transient simulation for different fault types and locations are obtained by ATP using frequency - de-pendent line and cable models. MATLAB is used to process the simulated transients and apply the proposed method. The perfor-mance of the method is tested for different fault inception angles (FIA), different fault resistances, non-linear high impedance faults (NLHIF), and non-ideal faults with satisfactory results. The impact of cable aging on the proposed method accuracy is also investigated.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effective two terminal single line to ground fault location algorithmMuhd Hafizi Idris
This paper presents an effective algorithm to locate Single Line to Ground (SLG) fault at a transmission line. Post fault voltages and currents from both substation terminals were used as the input parameters to the algorithm. Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) was used to extract the magnitudes and phase angles of three phase voltages and currents. The modeling of the transmission line along with the algorithm was performed using Matlab/Simulink package. The results of fault location for SLG faults along the transmission line demonstrated the validity of the algorithm used even for high resistance earth fault.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Traveling wave based fault location for power transmission lines using morpho...IJECEIAES
This article presents a fast and accurate fault location approach for power transmission lines based on the theory of traveling waves. In fact, when faults occur, they give rise to transient voltages and currents that propagate at a speed close to that of light along the transmission line as traveling waves. Moreover, according to the superposition theorem, each of these transients is a combination of a steady-state quantity and an incremental quantity. These transient signals measured at both ends of the line are first transformed to the Clarke (0-α-β components) components in order to categorize the type of faults, and then multi-scale morphological gradient filters are used to extract equivalent quantities to the incremental quantities to form what are called characteristic signals. These latter will be used to identify the fault location according to the proposed algorithm.
A simple faulted phase-based fault distance estimation algorithm for a loop d...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper presents a single ended faulted phase-based traveling wave fault localization algorithm for loop distribution grids which is that the sensor can get many reflected signals from the fault point to face the complexity of localization. This localization algorithm uses a band pass filter to remove noise from the corrupted signal. The arriving times of the faulted phase-based filtered signals can be obtained by using phase-modal and discrete wavelet transformations. The estimated fault distance can be calculated using the traveling wave method. The proposed algorithm presents detail level analysis using three detail levels coefficients. The proposed algorithm is tested with MATLAB simulation single line to ground fault in a 10 kV grounded loop distribution system. The simulation result shows that the faulted phase time delay can give better accuracy than using conventional time delays. The proposed algorithm can give fault distance estimation accuracy up to 99.7% with 30 dB contaminated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the nearest lines from the measured terminal.
A simple faulted phase-based fault distance estimation algorithm for a loop d...IJEECSIAES
This paper presents a single ended faulted phase-based traveling wave fault localization algorithm for loop distribution grids which is that the sensor can
get many reflected signals from the fault point to face the complexity of localization. This localization algorithm uses a band pass filter to remove noise from the corrupted signal. The arriving times of the faulted phasebased filtered signals can be obtained by using phase-modal and discrete
wavelet transformations. The estimated fault distance can be calculated using the traveling wave method. The proposed algorithm presents detail
level analysis using three detail levels coefficients. The proposed algorithm is tested with MATLAB simulation single line to ground fault in a 10 kV grounded loop distribution system. The simulation result shows that the
faulted phase time delay can give better accuracy than using conventional time delays. The proposed algorithm can give fault distance estimation accuracy up to 99.7% with 30 dB contaminated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
for the nearest lines from the measured terminal.
WAVELET- FUZZY BASED MULTI TERMINAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PROTECTION SCHEME IN ...Wireilla
In This Paper, A New Protection Scheme In The Areas Of Accurate Fault Detection, Classification And Location Estimation For Multi Terminal Transmission System Compensated With Statcom Is Proposed. The Fault Indices Of All The Phases At All The Terminals Are Obtained By Analyzing The Detail Coefficients Of Current Signals Through Bior 1.5 Mother Wavelet. The Complete Digital Simulation Of A Transmission System With Statcom Is Performed Using Matlab /Simulink For Fault Detection, Classification, And Faulty Terminal Identification With Variations In Fault Distance And Fault Inception Angle For All Types Of Faults And Fuzzy Inference System Is Used To Estimate The Fault Location. The Protection Scheme Yielded Accurate Results Within Half Cycle And Show That The Above Scheme Is Suitable For Multi Terminal Transmission System With And Without Statcom Compensation.
WAVELET- FUZZY BASED MULTI TERMINAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PROTECTION SCHEME IN ...ijfls
In This Paper, A New Protection Scheme In The Areas Of Accurate Fault Detection, Classification And
Location Estimation For Multi Terminal Transmission System Compensated With Statcom Is Proposed.
The Fault Indices Of All The Phases At All The Terminals Are Obtained By Analyzing The Detail
Coefficients Of Current Signals Through Bior 1.5 Mother Wavelet. The Complete Digital Simulation Of A
Transmission System With Statcom Is Performed Using Matlab /Simulink For Fault Detection,
Classification, And Faulty Terminal Identification With Variations In Fault Distance And Fault Inception
Angle For All Types Of Faults And Fuzzy Inference System Is Used To Estimate The Fault Location. The
Protection Scheme Yielded Accurate Results Within Half Cycle And Show That The Above Scheme Is
Suitable For Multi Terminal Transmission System With And Without Statcom Compensation.
Detection of Transmission Line Faults by Wavelet Based Transient ExtractionIDES Editor
In this paper, a novel technique is applied to detect
fault in the transmission line using wavelet transform. Three
phase currents are monitored at both ends of the transmission
line using global positioning system synchronizing clock.
Wavelet transform, which is very fast and sensitive to noise, is
used to extract transients in the line currents for fault
detection. Fault index is calculated based on the sum of local
and remote end detail coefficients and compared with
threshold value to detect the fault. Proposed technique is
tested for various faults and fault inception angles. Simulation
results are presented showing the selection of proper
threshold value for fault detection.
"Use of PMU data for locating faults and mitigating cascading outage"Power System Operation
Large number of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)
as a part of the system-wide synchrophasor monitoring
system are being deployed in the USA and around
the world. Transmission Operators (TOs), as well as
Independent system Operators (ISOs) or Regional
Transmission Operators (RTOs) are looking at leveraging
this high-resolution data to improve their ability to
monitor and control the grid. This paper elaborates on
the use of PMU data to locate faults in the power system,
and provides a prediction method for monitoring how the
system behaves after complex switching actions caused
by cascading events. A method for arresting cascades by
performing controlled islanding is also proposed.
We first present a novel system-wide fault location
method for transmission lines utilizing electromechanical
wave propagation phenomena. The method uses
synchrophasor measurements during disturbances
obtained from phasor measurement units sparsely
located in the network. The method determines the time-
of-arrival of electromechanical waves propagating from
the fault point to sparsely located PMUs. By taking the
speed of electromechanical wave propagation as well
as topology of the network into account, the method is
able to detect the faulty line. Finally, by adding fictitious
buses inside faulty line and applying binary search
method, location of fault is accurately pinpointed. The
main advantage of the proposed method is the use of
limited number of existing PMUs, which reduces the
cost of implementation. Test results reveal the high
accuracy of the method in detecting and locating faults.
Early prediction of cascade events outages followed
by immediate and proper control actions can prevent
Signal-Energy Based Fault Classification of Unbalanced Network using S-Transf...idescitation
This paper presents a technique for diagnosis of the type of fault and the faulty
phase on overhead transmission line. The proposed method is based on the multiresolution
S-Transform and Parseval’s theorem. S-Transform is used to produce instantaneous
frequency vectors of the voltage signals of the three phases, and then the energies of these
vectors, based on the Parseval’s theorem, are utilized as inputs to a Probabilistic Neural
Network (PNN). The power system network considered in this study is three phase
Transmission line with unbalanced loading simulated in the PowerSim Toolbox of
MATLAB. The fault conditions are simulated by the variation of fault location, fault
resistance, fault inception angle. The training is conducted by programming in MATLAB.
The robustness of the proposed scheme is investigated by synthetically polluting the
simulated voltage signals with White Gaussian Noise. The suggested method has produced
fast and accurate results. Estimation of fault location is intended to be conducted in future.
Index Terms—
DETECTION OF FAULT LOCATION IN TRANSMISSION LINE USING INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)Journal For Research
Transmission lines are used to transmit electric power to distant large load centres. These lines are exposed to faults as a result of lightning, short circuits, faulty equipment’s, miss-operation, human errors, overload, and aging.To avoid this situation, and we need the exact location of fault occurrence. This problem ishandled by a set of resistors representing cable length in KMs and fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the same. The fault occurring at what distance and which phase is displayed on a 16X2 LCD interfaced with the microcontroller. Calculated values are sends to the receiving section with help of Zigbee. Measured values are updated in PC and monitored with help of .NET. RTC is used here to time and date reference, that when the event occurs.
Fault location and correction are important in case of any power systems. This process has to be prompt and accurate so that system reliability can be improved , outage time can be reduced and restoration of system from fault can be accelerated.
Fault location calculation using Magnetoresistance sensor is described here.
Diagnosis of broken bars fault in induction machines using higher order spect...ISA Interchange
Detection and identification of induction machine faults through the stator current signal using higher order spectra analysis is presented. This technique is known as motor current signature analysis (MCSA). This paper proposes two higher order spectra techniques, namely the power spectrum and the slices of bi-spectrum used for the analysis of induction machine stator current leading to the detection of electrical failures within the rotor cage. The method has been tested by using both healthy and broken rotor bars cases for an 18.5 kW-220 V/380 V-50 Hz-2 pair of poles induction motor under different load conditions. Experimental signals have been analyzed highlighting that bi-spectrum results show their superiority in the accurate detection of rotor broken bars. Even when the induction machine is rotating at a low level of shaft load (no-load condition), the rotor fault detection is efficient. We will also demonstrate through the analysis and experimental verification, that our proposed proposed-method has better detection performance in terms of receiver operation characteristics (ROC) curves and precision-recall graph.
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Wavelet based analysis for transmission line fault location
1. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.4, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Wavelet Based Analysis for Transmission Line Fault Location
Mazen Abdel-Salam*, Adel Ahmed and Wael Ahmed
Electrical Engineering Department, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
*
Corresponding author: waelmahmed2000@yahoo.com
Abstract
This paper presents wavelet based analysis for transmission line fault location. Faults in power transmission lines
cause transients that travel at a speed close to the speed of light and propagate along the line as traveling waves
(TWs). Traveling wave theory is utilized in capturing the travel time of the transients along the monitored lines
between the fault point and the protective relay. This will help in proposing an accurate fault location technique
based on high frequency components of fault current. Time resolution for these components is provided by the
wavelet transform.
This approach has the advantages of being independent of the fault impedance and fault inception angle. The
application of the proposed technique for typical faults is illustrated using transient simulations obtained by
MATLAB Simulink program.
Keywords: travelling waves, wavelet transform, fault location, MATLAB Simulink.
1.
Introduction
An electric power system comprises of generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy. The rapid growth
of electric power systems over the past few decades has resulted in a large increase of the number of lines which play
an important role in electric power systems. Transmission lines subject to unexpected disturbances such as short
circuit faults. Faults cause short to long term power outages for customers and may lead to significant losses
especially for the manufacturing industry.
Once a fault occurs on such line, the relay must quickly isolate the faulted line. This ensures that the power system
will not run into transient stability problems and no damage of the equipment due to the resulting electro dynamic
and thermal stresses. The faster the fault clearing, the smaller is the disturbance on the system.
The most EHV protection algorithms are based on fundamental frequency components, whose performance are
easily affected by some factors such as distributed capacitance, fault resistance, current transformer saturation and
power swing, etc.
Distance relays, the primary EHV transmission line protection, operate on the impedance measured at the relay
location. The fault distance can be estimated from the measured impedance of the transmission line at the power
system frequency.
The impedance measurement used in distance protection schemes is not accurate for precise fault location as the
error in the estimated fault location can be as high as 10% of line length (J. Rushton et al. 1972)
Various authors (M. S. Sachdev et al. 1985), (S. Sachdev et al. 1988), (M. M. Saha et al.1985) and (A.T. Johns et al.
1990) have proposed techniques whereby an improved estimate of the fault location can be achieved from the
impedance measured by the protection relays.
These methods reportedly decrease the error in the fault location to around 1-6% of the line length.
In the last three decades interest has been expressed in the use of travelling wave based protection and fault location.
A technique proposed by (P.A. Crossley et al. 1983), the reflections of the travelling waves caused by the fault are
analyzed to determine the time taken for the travelling waves propagating towards the fault point to return from
145
2. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.4, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
being reflected at the fault point. A matched filter based on the initial surge to reach the relaying point is used to
determine when the reflected surges return. The output of the matched filter produces a correlation function. This
method has been tested and improved by (E. Shehab-Eldin et al. 1988) and (P. McLaren et al. 1985).
(C. Christopoulos et al. 1988) introduced the method of estimating the fault resistance from the correlation function
to determine whether the reflected surge had been reflected from the fault point rather than from some other
discontinuity on the transmission line.
In the majority of traveling waves methods, fault generated high frequency transients are utilized to determine fault
location. Theses algorithms, despite the mentioned advantages, are sensitive to noises and faults occurred on the
other lines, fault inception angle, reflected waves from other terminals, which are outside from the relay and fault
point (Faybisovich V et al. 2008). In addition, these methods suffer from faults occurred close to the relay.
Techniques proposed by (Faybisovich V et al. 2008), (Styvaktakis E et al. 1999) and (Yongli L et al. 2004) utilize
high frequency fault clearing transients instead of the fault generated transients to use advantages of the traveling
wave methods whilst avoid their problems.
Examples of applying wavelet transform to analyze power system transients and extractions of their particular
features are reported before by (C. Robertson et al. 1996).
The multi resolution property of the wavelet transform in time and frequency domain has been reported by (O.A.S
Yaussef, 2003). The technique includes decomposition and reconstruction of the faulted signal to extract the lowfrequency components and the fundamental frequency component of the signal, thus isolating the impulse and high
frequency component using a small data window.
Another approach using current travelling wave is utilized to detect the fault position in the transmission lines. The
main principle of this method is to analyze the distribution of the modulus maxima of the wavelet transform of the
current travelling wave. Detecting the fault position is achieved by identifying and comparing the position, amplitude
and polarity of the modulus maxima of the wavelet transform (Dong Xinzhou et al.).
Another wavelet based multi-resolution analysis for fault location determination (D.Chanda et al. 2003). The three
phase fault currents are processed through wavelet transform and Cubic interpolation technique is used for fault
location determination. The effects of fault inception angle and resistance are examined with wide variations.
Another technique for fault location has been investigated on parallel transmission lines using wavelet (Hosung Jung
et al. 2007). Using this technique, two parts for accurate, rapid fault detection and fault location estimation were
proposed regardless of mutual coupling between parallel lines. The first part is fault detection and extraction of the
fundamental signal using wavelet transform. The second part is fault location estimation using least square error
method independent of fault resistance, and the remote in feed.
Another approach illustrates a procedure based on the continuous-wavelet transform (CWT) for the analysis of
voltage transients due to line faults, and discusses its application to fault location in power distribution systems
(A.Borghetti et al. 2006).
Another approach presents a fault location principle based on the double terminal methods of travelling wave using
continuous wavelet transform (CWT) (Qin Jian et al.).
This paper presents an improved method to determine fault location on transmission line based on sampling of the
fault current transients at the relay point. The main contribution of the paper is the use of time delay, not between the
incident and reflected current waves, but instead, between the modal components of the current signal which are
received at relay point due to fault in order to determine the exact location of the fault. The effect of fault inception
angle and fault resistance on fault location accuracy is studied.
146
3. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.4, No.14, 2013
2.
www.iiste.org
Calculation Algorithm
2.1 Travelling Wave Theory
This section describes the basics of travelling wave. Single phase transmission lines are considered only in
describing the associated theory for simplicity.
When a fault occurs on a transmission line, voltage and current surges propagate away from the fault point in both
directions. These surges reach other discontinuities on the transmission line and are reflected back towards the fault
point.
This can be shown graphically by means of a lattice diagram such as that shown in Figure1. The backwards signal
travelling wave
incident upon end S is given by (ignoring surges that may be transmitted through the fault point
from end R)
()
∑
(
)
(1)
(
) , ( ) is the backwards travelling wave caused by the occurrence of the fault,
where
(
) ,
is the time required for the travelling waves to propagate from the fault to end S,
is the fault reflection coefficient,
is fault resistance,
is surge impedance of line,
is the
reflection coefficient at end S and
is impedance of sending end. One of the most important factors that affect
estimation of arrival time is the fault inception angle and fault resistance. The fault initiated surge
can be
expressed as:
(2)
where
is the instantaneous value of the pre-fault voltage at the fault point. The value of
depends on the instant
of fault inception over the pre-fault voltage waveform. If the pre-fault voltage is close to zero (fault angle is close to
zero or 180° the surge is so small to be detected.
),
S
R
F
ff
fb
Ta
f
s b
s
f
r f
r
f
f
ff
f b
3Ta
Figure1. Lattice Diagram
2.2 Modal Analysis
As poly phase transmission lines have significant electromagnetic coupling between the conductors, the voltage and
current on a single conductor can’t be directly treated as described previously. The modal decomposition, results in
ground (mode 0) and aerial mode (mode 1&2), each mode has a particular speed and characteristic impedance. The
coupled conductor voltages and currents are decomposed into a new set of modal voltages and currents. Each pair of
modal voltages and currents can be treated independently of the other pairs in a similar manner to the single phase
transmission line case. Three of the constant modal transformation matrices for perfectly transposed lines are the
Clarke, Wedepohl and Karrenbauer transformations (E. Clarke, 1943), (P. Chowdhuri, 1996) and (A.T. Johns et al.
1995). Modal components will travel at different speeds along the faulted line near speed of light. Hence, the
recorded fault transients at one end of the line will have time delays between their modal components. These delays
can’t be readily recognized unless the signals are further processed by appropriate transformations as discrete
wavelet transform (DWT). The modal components can be obtained by
147
4. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.4, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
(3)
(4)
where U and I are the phase voltage and current components and the indices m and p are related to modal and phase
quantities, respectively. Tu and Ti are the corresponding voltage and current transformation matrices.
Three modes are obtained from Clarke's transformation (two aerial and one ground mode).
Every of those modes are carrier some physical information. This is especially important for ground faults.
Clarke’s transformation for transforming the instantaneous phases current to modal component is used as follows
(
)
(
)( )
(5)
√
√
Where i0 is the instantaneous ground mode current component, i1m and i2m are the instantaneous aerial mode current
components for transposed lines.
2.3 Wavelet Analysis
Most of the signals in practice are time domain signals. But in many applications, the most distinguished information
is hidden in the frequency content of the signal. Sometimes both frequency and time related information may be
required. In such cases, wavelet transforms are used. Waveforms associated with the traveling waves are typically
non-periodic signals that contain localized high frequency oscillations superimposed on the power frequency. The
continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is defined as the sum over time of the signal multiplied by scaled, shifted
versions of the wavelet function. The result of the CWT is many wavelet coefficients (WTCs), which are functions
of scale and position.
Wavelet transform of sampled waveforms can be obtained by implementing the DWT.
Actual implementation of the DWT, involves successive pairs of high-pass and low-pass filters at each scaling stage
of the wavelet transform. While, in principle any admissible wavelet can be used in the wavelet analysis, the
Daubechies-3 wavelet is chosen as the mother wavelet in all the transformations. (Daubechies 1995), (MATLAB
user’s guide) and (Fan YU et al. 2013)
2.4 Proposed Algorithm
Power system faults that occur along transmission lines initiate transient current waveforms. These transients travel
along the lines and are reflected at the line terminals following the rules of Bewley’s Lattice Diagrams. Propagation
of current signals along multiphase lines can be better observed by decomposing them into their modal components
to obtain the ground and aerial mode signals which propagate with velocity near speed of light. This is why the
propagation of modal components could be considered as travelling waves going back and forth with reflection
coefficient as expressed by Equation (1). Hence, the recorded fault transients at one end of the line will have time
delays between their modal components which can’t be readily recognized unless the signals are further processed by
DWT, as described in the above section.
When the fault is ungrounded one, there is no reflection from far end and the wavelet coefficient (WTC) is
insignificant for ground mode.
When the fault involves a connection to ground, then relay terminal signals may contain significant reflections from
the far end bus in addition to the ones from the fault point. Also, depending on the location of the fault, the
reflections from the far end may arrive before or after those reflected from the fault point.
The far end reflections will arrive later than the fault reflections if the fault occurs within half the length of the line,
close to the relay location. The opposite will be true if the fault is situated in the second half of the line.
In the case of ground faults, it is observed that WTC contains the signatures of not only the reflections from the fault
point, but also those from the far end bus. The former and the latter reflections can’t be distinguished and identified
only based on the aerial mode but can be determined based also on the information provided by the ground mode at
relay point.
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B
A
F
The far
end
Relay
terminal
Figure2. Studied System
It can be easily verified by using the lattice diagram method.
A lattice diagram illustrating the reflection and transmitted of traveling waves initiated by the fault transient is shown
in Figure3. and Figure4.
A single phase to ground fault is assumed to occur at point F. Aerial mode is considered only. The travel times from
the fault to bus A and bus B are designated by T1 and T2 respectively.
The arrival time of the first transient peak depends on the velocity of the line and the fault distance and independent
of the type of fault.
If the fault is determined to be in the near half of the line, then
two peaks of the aerial mode at the relay point.
A
B
x
Amplitude
T1
will simply be the time interval between the first
F
x
l2
l
T2 2
3T1
2T1 T2
Time
Figure3. Bewelly Lattice Diagram for Single Line to Ground Fault within Half of the Line near Relay Terminal.
( ⁄ )
The fault location can be determined by
( ⁄ )
(6)
Where x is the distance to the fault,
is the wave velocity of aerial mode, and
consecutive peaks of the DWT in aerial mode.
is the time delay between two
If the fault is suspected to be in the second half of the line, then
(
⁄ )
( ⁄ )
(7)
The proposed method calculates the fault location based on the sampled current signals at the relay point. The main
idea is to utilize the inherent time delay between the different modal current components received at relay point due
to fault. The exact location of the fault is determined based on the DWT of the aerial mode (mode 2).
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A
B
x
Amplitude
T
1
F
x
l2
T2
l2
3T2
T1 2T2
2T1 T2
Time
Figure4. Bewelly Lattice Diagram for Single Line to Ground Fault within Half of the Line at Far End.
The steps of the method proposed are given below:
Simulation of the system to calculate different fault current.
Transform the three phase current signals into their modal component by Clarke’s transformation matrix.
Decompose the modal signals using the DWT and obtain the wavelet coefficients (WTC) for ground mode
and aerial mode using db-3 as mother wavelet function.
If the ground mode WTC is zero, then the fault is identified as ungrounded one, and the distance to fault is
given by Equation (6).
If the ground mode WTC isn’t zero, then calculate the travel time delay
, between the first peak of
ground and aerial modes
if
, then the distance to fault is determined by Equation (7).
where
is the time delay between first peak of ground and aerial modes when the fault is located at the center
of the line.
if
, then the distance to fault is determined by Equation (6).
2.5 Effect of Fault Type
The proposed algorithm is capable to find the location of the various types of the faults occurred, including single
line to ground, double line to ground, double line and three phase faults. Table3. confirms the accuracy of the
proposed algorithm in predicting the fault location for different types of the faults occurred on the transmission line.
2.6 Effect of Fault Inception Angle
Many traveling wave-based fault location algorithms suffer from the fault inception angle (Costa FB et al. 2012). To
evaluate the influence of the fault inception angle on the accuracy of the proposed algorithm, simulations for
grounded fault (single line to ground fault) and ungrounded fault (three-phase fault) occurring in 100 km distance
from relay point with different fault inception angles are carried out and the obtained results are shown in Table4. It
is clear that the inception angle of the fault has no significant effect on the accuracy of the algorithm.
2.7 Effect of Fault Resistance
About 80% of the transmission line faults are single phase to ground fault (Heine P et al. 2003) where one of the
conductors is short circuited to the ground without or via a fault resistance. Majority of the fault location algorithms
are influenced by the fault resistance. Therefore, it is essential to study the effect of fault resistance on the accuracy
of the proposed algorithm. To evaluate the influence of the fault resistance, simulation results for single line to
ground faults occurring in 100 km distance from relay point with different fault resistances are presented in Table5.
It is clear that the fault resistance does not have appreciable effect on the accuracy of the proposed algorithm.
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Start
Simulation of the system
Transform the phases current to their modal component
Decompose the modal signals using wavelet transform
Calculate wavelet coefficients (WTCs)
No
If (WTC) is significant
The distance to fault is given by eq. (6)
Yes
Calculate
m
,
l/2
No
If
The distance to fault is given by eq. (6)
m l / 2
Yes
The distance to fault is given by eq. (7)
Figure5. Flow Chart of the Methodology
3.
Studied System
Table1. Line Data
L0 (H/km)
1.63e-3
L1 (H/km)
0.9337e-3
C0 (F/km)
7.751e-9
C1 (F/km)
12.74e-9
Length
200km
289942.32km/s
√
281341.43Km/s
√
Table2. Source Data
Supply Voltage
500KV
Frequency
50Hz
Supply Resistance
0.5Ω
Supply Inductance
0.3mH
Fault Time
0.003s
Sampling Time
8*10^(-8) s
For symmetrical fault at 120km from relay point
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The WTCs of the ground mode are found to be insignificant; hence this type of fault is classified as short circuit
(ungrounded). Therefore, based on Equation (6), the fault location can be calculated using the time difference
between two consecutive peaks of the DWT in aerial mode.
-10
5
x 10
4
3
2
WTC
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Sample
14
4
x 10
Figure6. Wavelet Coefficients for Ground Mode Signal
Approximation A3
4
Amplitude
2 x 10
1
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
4
x 10
6
8
10
4
x 10
6
8
10
4
x 10
8
10
4
x 10
Samples
Detail D3
Amplitude
200
0
-200
0
2
4
Sample
Detail D2
Amplitude
100
0
-100
0
2
4
Samples
Detail D1
Amplitude
20
x = 42628
x = 52970
0
-20
0
2
4
6
Samples
Figure7. DWT Decomposition for Aerial Mode Signal
(
)
(
)
For single line to ground fault at 120km
16000
14000
12000
WTC
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
-2000
0
2
4
6
8
Sample
10
12
14
4
x 10
Figure8. Wavelet Coefficients for Ground Mode Signal
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4. Result
Table3. Result of Different Fault Location Calculation
Fault
Single Line to Ground Fault
Double Line Fault
Type
Calculated Distance
Error %
Calculated Distance
Error %
40 km
39.6 km
0.2%
39.6 km
0.2%
80 km
80.37 km
-0.18%
80.37 km
-0.18%
120 km
119.46km
0.27%
119.94 km
0.028%
160 km
160.42km
-0.21%
159.54 km
0.23%
200 km
200.3 km
-0.15%
200.3 km
-0.15%
Fault
Location
Fault
Double Line to Ground Fault
Symmetrical Fault
Type
Calculated Distance
Error %
Calculated Distance
Error %
40km
39.6km
0.2%
39.6km
0.2%
80km
80.37km
-0.18%
80.37 km
-0.18%
120km
119.94km
0.028%
119.94 km
0.028%
160km
159.54km
0.23%
159.54 km
0.23%
200km
200.3km
-0.15%
200.3 km
-0.15%
Fault
Location
Table4. Effect of Fault Inception Angle Variation on Fault Location Calculation
Fault Distance=100Km
Inception Fault
Angle (degree)
5
Calculated Distance (Km)
Ungrounded Fault
0
Error %
Grounded Fault
Error %
99.55 km
0.22%
99.56 km
0.22%
20
0
99.56 km
0.22%
100.76 km
-0.38%
40
0
100.76 km
-0.38%
101.97 km
-0.98%
60
0
99.56 km
0.22%
99.56 km
0.22%
80
0
99.56 km
0.22%
99.55 km
0.22%
90
0
99.56 km
0.22%
100.76 km
-0.38%
Table5. Effect of Fault Resistance Variation on Fault Location Calculation
Fault Distance=100Km
Fault
Resistance (Ω)
Calculated Distance
(km)
Error (%)
5
99.56Km
0.22%
15
99.56Km
0.22%
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20
0.22%
25
99.56Km
0.22%
50
99.56Km
0.22%
75
99.56Km
0.22%
100
5.
99.56Km
99.56Km
0.22%
Conclusion
This paper presents a fault locator algorithm that uses single ended recordings of the fault current signals.
A method is proposed for fault location based on the behavior of the fault current initiated traveling waves
after being decoupled into their modal components and then transformed into the time frequency domain using
the DWT.
The accuracy of the proposed method for different types of fault is satisfactory with maximum error of
0.23%.
The fault inception angle has no significant effect on the accuracy of the algorithm with maximum error not
exceeding 0.98%.
The fault resistance has no significant effect on the accuracy of the algorithm with maximum error of
0.22%.
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