Comparative ber analysis of mitigation of ici through sc,ml and ekf methods i...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that was published in the International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology. The paper investigates methods to mitigate inter-carrier interference (ICI) in OFDM systems, which is caused by frequency offsets. It compares the performance of three ICI mitigation techniques: self-cancellation, maximum likelihood estimation, and an extended Kalman filter method. Through simulations, the paper shows that these three techniques are effective at reducing the effects of ICI. For high frequency offsets and higher order modulation schemes, the maximum likelihood and extended Kalman filter methods perform better than self-cancellation.
OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR SOURCE FOLLOWER BASED TRACK-AND-HOLD CIRCUIT FOR ...VLSICS Design
Since the current demand for high-resolution and fast analog to digital converters (ADC) is driving the need for track and hold amplifiers (T&H) operating at RF frequencies. A very fast and linear T&H circuit is the key element in any modern wideband data acquisition system. Applications like a cable TV or a broad variety of different radio standards require high processing speeds with high resolution. The track-and-hold (T&H) circuit is a fundamental block for analog-to digital (A/D) converters. Its use allows most dynamic errors of A/D converters to be reduced, especially those showing up when using high frequency input signals. Having a wideband and precise acquisition system is a prerequisite for today’s trend towards multi-standard flexible radios, with as much signal processing as possible in digital domain. This work investigates effect of various design schemes and circuit topology for track
and-hold circuit to achieve acceptable linearly, high slew rate, low power consumption and low noise
Six-port Interferometer for W-band Transceivers: Design and CharacterizationIJECEIAES
The study has presented an extensive analysis of an integrated millimeter wave six-port interferometer, operating over a 10 GHz band, from 80 to 90 GHz. It has covered both semi-unlicensed point-to-point links (81-86 GHz), and imaging sensor system frequencies (above 85 GHz). An in-house process is used to fabricate miniaturized hybrid millimeter wave integrated circuits on a very thin ceramic substrate. Two-port S-parameter measurements are performed on a minimum number of circuits integrated on the same die, exploiting the circuit’s physical symmetry and chosen to collect enough data for full-port characterization. Based on these measurements on an integrated prototype, a six-port circuit computer model implemented and advanced system simulations performed for circuit analysis. Interferometer performances evaluated using several methods: analysis of harmonic balance, qi points’, homodyne quadrature demodulation, and error vector modulation (EVM). The analysis showed that this circuit can directly perform, without any calibration, the demodulation of various PSK and QAM signals over the 10 GHz band, with very good results.
Study and comparison of various communication based protective relaying schem...eSAT Journals
Abstract The relay communication system is the heart of the protective scheme. The independent operation of the relays scheme for the protection of transmission line is not adequate in some cases where the time delay to clear faults beyond the zone1 reach for distance relays may be considered unacceptable. The need for additional intelligence in the protection of some transmission lines arises due to the failing of Distance protection. As the future may see more global the protection designs also require high-bandwidth communications in order to achieve the required speed. In this paper there is the study and comparison of various communication based protective relaying schemes which utilize a communications path to send signals from the relaying system at one end of the line to that at the other end. Key words: Wire Pilot, PLCC, Microwave channel
Study and comparison of various communication based protective relaying schem...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Transmission line is one the important compnent in protection of electric power system because the transmission line connects the power station with load centers.
The fault includes storms, lightning, snow, damage to insulation, short circuit fault [1].
Fault needs to be predicted earlier in order to be prevented before it occur
The document analyzes the performance of IEEE 802.16d under the Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel model. It investigates the bit error rate of IEEE 802.16d using different SUI channel models and digital modulations like BPSK and QPSK. The results show the BER performance for different SUI channel models and modulations.
Comparative ber analysis of mitigation of ici through sc,ml and ekf methods i...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that was published in the International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology. The paper investigates methods to mitigate inter-carrier interference (ICI) in OFDM systems, which is caused by frequency offsets. It compares the performance of three ICI mitigation techniques: self-cancellation, maximum likelihood estimation, and an extended Kalman filter method. Through simulations, the paper shows that these three techniques are effective at reducing the effects of ICI. For high frequency offsets and higher order modulation schemes, the maximum likelihood and extended Kalman filter methods perform better than self-cancellation.
OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR SOURCE FOLLOWER BASED TRACK-AND-HOLD CIRCUIT FOR ...VLSICS Design
Since the current demand for high-resolution and fast analog to digital converters (ADC) is driving the need for track and hold amplifiers (T&H) operating at RF frequencies. A very fast and linear T&H circuit is the key element in any modern wideband data acquisition system. Applications like a cable TV or a broad variety of different radio standards require high processing speeds with high resolution. The track-and-hold (T&H) circuit is a fundamental block for analog-to digital (A/D) converters. Its use allows most dynamic errors of A/D converters to be reduced, especially those showing up when using high frequency input signals. Having a wideband and precise acquisition system is a prerequisite for today’s trend towards multi-standard flexible radios, with as much signal processing as possible in digital domain. This work investigates effect of various design schemes and circuit topology for track
and-hold circuit to achieve acceptable linearly, high slew rate, low power consumption and low noise
Six-port Interferometer for W-band Transceivers: Design and CharacterizationIJECEIAES
The study has presented an extensive analysis of an integrated millimeter wave six-port interferometer, operating over a 10 GHz band, from 80 to 90 GHz. It has covered both semi-unlicensed point-to-point links (81-86 GHz), and imaging sensor system frequencies (above 85 GHz). An in-house process is used to fabricate miniaturized hybrid millimeter wave integrated circuits on a very thin ceramic substrate. Two-port S-parameter measurements are performed on a minimum number of circuits integrated on the same die, exploiting the circuit’s physical symmetry and chosen to collect enough data for full-port characterization. Based on these measurements on an integrated prototype, a six-port circuit computer model implemented and advanced system simulations performed for circuit analysis. Interferometer performances evaluated using several methods: analysis of harmonic balance, qi points’, homodyne quadrature demodulation, and error vector modulation (EVM). The analysis showed that this circuit can directly perform, without any calibration, the demodulation of various PSK and QAM signals over the 10 GHz band, with very good results.
Study and comparison of various communication based protective relaying schem...eSAT Journals
Abstract The relay communication system is the heart of the protective scheme. The independent operation of the relays scheme for the protection of transmission line is not adequate in some cases where the time delay to clear faults beyond the zone1 reach for distance relays may be considered unacceptable. The need for additional intelligence in the protection of some transmission lines arises due to the failing of Distance protection. As the future may see more global the protection designs also require high-bandwidth communications in order to achieve the required speed. In this paper there is the study and comparison of various communication based protective relaying schemes which utilize a communications path to send signals from the relaying system at one end of the line to that at the other end. Key words: Wire Pilot, PLCC, Microwave channel
Study and comparison of various communication based protective relaying schem...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Transmission line is one the important compnent in protection of electric power system because the transmission line connects the power station with load centers.
The fault includes storms, lightning, snow, damage to insulation, short circuit fault [1].
Fault needs to be predicted earlier in order to be prevented before it occur
The document analyzes the performance of IEEE 802.16d under the Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel model. It investigates the bit error rate of IEEE 802.16d using different SUI channel models and digital modulations like BPSK and QPSK. The results show the BER performance for different SUI channel models and modulations.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of pilot-aided channel estimation techniques for LTE downlink MIMO-OFDM systems using a hybrid LS-LMMSE approach. It first provides background on LTE downlink systems and the MIMO-OFDM model. It then describes least squares (LS) and linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) channel estimation techniques using pilot signals. Finally, it proposes a hybrid LS-LMMSE technique to reduce the effect of channel length and provide better performance than either LS or LMMSE alone, especially when the channel length exceeds the cyclic prefix length. Simulation results are said to demonstrate the effectiveness of the hybrid approach.
Zigbee based differential pilot protection of transmission lineeSAT Publishing House
This document describes a study on using Zigbee wireless communication technology for differential pilot protection of transmission lines. It discusses limitations of existing relay-based protection methods, such as inability to differentiate between fault and inrush currents. The paper then presents differential pilot protection as an alternative, enabled by replacing wired pilot communication with wireless technology. A laboratory model is created using hall effect sensors, microcontroller, and Zigbee modules to demonstrate this approach and its ability to precisely define boundaries, detect faults based on both magnitude and direction, and achieve fast tripping times.
A scalable and highly accurate RF/Microwave symmetricalinductor has been designed using microstrip line. The 18 circular and 18 square structures are optimized with 600MHz operating frequency. The characteristic interest on high frequency operating circuits is inductance value and quality factor of the spiral inductor. The value of the spiral inductor is depends on conductor width (W) space between the conductor (S), turns (n) outer diameter and inner diameter of the spiral inductor. In this design change the distribution of an inner diameter from 5mil to 10milfor 3 to 5 turns of spiral inductors. The optimization of inner diameter distribution is done by keeping space (1mil)between the conductor and width (2mil) of the conductor as constant. The changing inner diameter will effect to change in magnitude of the inductance and quality factor due passive capacitive and inductive reactance effect. These spiral inductors are designed using aluminum (Al) substrate material with 15mil height from the ground plane. The cupper material is used as a conductor of thickness 0.302mm. The aim of this paper is to compare the electromagnetic simulated results with simple equations of modified wheeler (MW), current sheet Approximation (CSA) and monomial equation (ME). The passive component effect the spiral inductor is examines the variation of inductance and quality factor. The observed electromagnetic field simulated results gives better agreement with standard simple mentioned equations with 600MHz operating frequency. The validation of spiral inductor is done with different inner diameter (5mil to 10mil) and number of turns (3turns to 5 turns) of the spiral inductor.
Prediction of viable performance of wireless sensor network by using finiteIAEME Publication
This document discusses using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) modeling to predict the performance of wireless sensor networks. It describes how FDTD was used to analyze signals propagating through various microwave components like microstrip lines, resonators, and dual-mode filters. FDTD allows observing electromagnetic fields in these components over time to study effects like dispersion and transmission/reflection of signals. The document examines several examples of FDTD simulations of microstrip devices to validate the modeling technique.
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentseIJECEIAES
In the mobile phone system, it is highly desirable to estimate the loss of the track not only to improve performance but also to achieve an accurate estimate of financial feasibility; the inaccurate estimate of track loss either leads to performance degradation or increased cost. Various models have been introduced to accurately estimate the path loss. One of these models is the Okomura / Hata model, which is recommended for estimating path loss in cellular systems that use micro cells. This system is suitable for use in a variety of environments. This study examines the comparison of path loss models for statistical analysis derived from experimental data collected in urban and suburban areas at frequencies of 150-1500 MHz’s The results of the measurements were used to develop path loss models in urban and suburban areas. The results showed that Pathloss increases in urban areas respectively.
Planar transmission line is one of the physical medium used to transmit high frequency signal. The signal flow through the transmission line depends on the important electrical parameter, the frequency. As the signal frequency increases in a conductor, current carriers start to move towards the edges of the conductor. Flow of carriers on the conductor synchronizes with the substrate to achieve better efficiency. The signal flow in the transmission line depends on the dielectric constant of the material and the loss tangent value. The paper shows the simulation studies on return loss and insertion loss of planar transmission lines with constant frequency of 10GHz. To design planar transmission lines different dielectric materials are being selected. In our design, parameters like input impedance, conductor (silver) thickness and conductor height are kept constant. The design and analysis is done using Applied Wave Research (AWR) tool. The obtained results shows unique response and it depends on the type of dielectric medium selected.
This document discusses various techniques for reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It describes common PAPR reduction techniques such as partial transmit sequence (PTS), selective mapping (SLM), tone injection, peak cancellation, and peak windowing. It analyzes these techniques based on parameters like distortion, power increase, data rate loss, and bit error rate improvement. The document concludes that while SLM is better for PAPR reduction as it does not cause out-of-band radiation or degrade bit error rate performance, it has the drawback of increased complexity with larger number of subcarriers or phase sequences.
A Novel Carrier Indexing Method for Side Lobe Suppression and Bit Error Rate ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes a novel carrier indexing method using variable basis functions to suppress side lobes and reduce bit error rates in non-continuous OFDM (NC-OFDM) systems. Existing active interference cancellation techniques used fixed-length rectangular basis functions for cancellation carriers, which were not optimal. The proposed method groups cancellation carriers by frequency position and shapes them with variable-length waveforms to more effectively suppress NC-OFDM side lobes while reducing inter-carrier interference. Simulation results show the proposed approach achieves over 80dB side lobe reduction and negligible inter-carrier interference compared to existing techniques. The method provides reliable data transmission between primary and secondary nodes in cognitive radio networks with lower bit error rates.
Sensoring Leakage Current to Predict Pollution Levels to Improve Transmission...Yayah Zakaria
Pollution insulator is a serious threat to the safety operations of electric power systems. Leakage current detection is widely employed in transmission line insulators to assess pollution levels. This paper presents the prediction of pollution levels on insulators based on simulated leakage current and voltage in a transmission tower.The simulation parameters are based on improved transmission line model with leakage current resistance insertion between buses. Artificial neural network (ANN) is employed to predict the level of pollution with different locations of simulated leakage current and voltage between two buses. With a sufficient number of training, the test results showed a significant potential for pollution level prediction
with more than 95% Correct Classification Rate (CCR) and output of the ANN showed high agreement with Simulink results.
Research on pilot based channel estimation for lte downlinkIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on pilot-based channel estimation techniques for LTE downlink systems using LS (Least Squares) and LMMSE (Linear Minimum Mean Square Error). It finds that LMMSE performs better than LS, but with higher computational complexity. For scenarios where the cyclic prefix is shorter than the channel length, LMMSE only outperforms LS at low SNR values, while LS shows better performance at high SNRs. The document evaluates the performance of the proposed estimators in terms of bit error rate through MATLAB simulations of a 2x2 LTE downlink system.
Performance evaluation of 2-port MIMO LTE-U terminal antenna with user’s hand...journalBEEI
This paper presents the performance evaluation of 2-port MIMO antenna for LTE-U sub 6 GHz band. The evaluation focuses on the effect of user’s hand in a uniform environment and the analysis were carried out on simulation and measurement data of antenna ports. Results show that the highest performance of the design is on the frequency range from 4.5 GHz to 5.5 GHz, and the ports have low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) less than 0.16 in both cases of without and with user’s hand. However, the presence of the user’s hand reduces mean effective gain (MEG) of ports and diversity combining gain by more than 1.6 dB compared with no-hand case. The multiplexing efficiency is around 81% and reduced by the presence of the user’s hand to 55%. Despite this reduction; the design shows high spatial multiplexing capability in both cases. The capacity carried by the second transmission eigenmode is about 39% from the total capacity under waterfilling algorithm transmit power allocation.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes new offline Prony and Matrix Pencil methods for phasor estimation to improve fault location accuracy on series compensated transmission lines. The techniques aim to eliminate sub-synchronous frequency components, decaying DC offsets, and noise before phasor estimation. The performance is evaluated using simulated signals in Matlab and results are compared to existing methods. Key aspects of series compensation impacts, the proposed filtering and estimation techniques, and Prony and Matrix Pencil methods are summarized.
The document describes the LRR (Line Reflect Reflect) technique, a new self-calibration procedure for calibrating vector network analyzers (VNAs). VNAs measure the complex transmission and reflection characteristics of microwave devices. The LRR calibration circuits consist of line elements and a symmetrical reflection standard placed at three consecutive positions. During calibration, the systematic errors of the VNA are eliminated to determine the unknown line and obstacle parameters. The LRR technique provides advantages like simplifying test fixtures and improving accuracy. The calibration structures can be easily realized using microstrip technology.
IRJET- A Unique Methodology for Transmission Line Breakage Detection and ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for detecting transmission line breakages and alerting relevant parties. The system uses voltage sensors along transmission lines to continuously monitor voltages between sections. If a rapid voltage change is detected between two sections, a signal is sent to trip the power supply and alert the public via buzzers. Data is communicated between sections using wireless sensor networks. The system is simulated using a PIC microcontroller and results are displayed on an LCD screen and transmitted to peripherals. The goal of the system is to quickly detect broken power lines to prevent electrical accidents and power outages.
Signal quality of dispersion managed quasi linear high bit rateIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates the performance of a quasi-linear optical fiber transmission system using two dispersion management models: DCF-SMF and SMF-DCF. Simulation results show that the SMF-DCF model provides better signal quality than the DCF-SMF model. Specifically, the SMF-DCF model allows transmission over longer distances, with lower transmission power, at higher bit rates, and is more tolerant of residual dispersion than the DCF-SMF model. The research aims to improve the design of high-capacity optical transmission systems operating from 40-160 Gbps.
Design of a 90⁰ switched line phase shifter for phased array antennaseSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design of a 900 phase shifter using a switched line technique for phased array antennas. It involves designing microstrip transmission lines on an FR-4 substrate with the appropriate dimensions for 50 ohm impedance matching at 1 GHz. A switched line phase shifter circuit was designed in Agilent ADS using ideal switch models and simulated. Key parameters like return loss and insertion loss were optimized. Independent single pole double throw switches using PIN diodes were then designed and the full circuit simulated again. The phase shifter is designed for applications in phased array antennas and RADAR systems.
This document discusses a method for detecting, classifying, and locating faults on 220kV transmission lines using discrete wavelet transform and neural networks. Fault detection is performed by calculating the energy of detail coefficients from wavelet transformation of phase current signals. A neural network is then used for fault classification and location. The neural network is trained using patterns generated by simulating different fault conditions, including varying fault location, type, and resistance. The proposed method aims to classify 10 different fault types and locate faults occurring at different points along the transmission line.
This paper presents a discrete wavelet transform and neural network approach to fault
detection and classification and location in transmission lines. The fault detection is carried out by
using energy of the detail coefficients of the phase signals and artificial neutral network algorithm
used for fault type classification and fault distance location for all the types of faults for 220 KV
transmission line. The energies of the all three phases A, B, C and ground phase are given in put to
the neural network for the fault classification. For each type of fault separate neural network is
prepared for finding out the fault location. An improved performance is obtained once the neutral
network is trained suitably, thus performance correctly when faced with different system parameters
and conditions.
This document presents a technique for locating faults on double circuit transmission lines using wavelet transform and wavelet modulus maxima. The technique uses traveling wave theory and modal decomposition to transform coupled three-phase voltages and currents into independent modal components. Wavelet analysis is then used to obtain the wavelet transform coefficients of each modal component. The time difference between wavelet modulus maxima peaks of the modal components indicates the fault location. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the technique for various fault types, locations, resistances, and inception angles. The technique can accurately locate faults using data from a single line terminal.
Differential equation fault location algorithm with harmonic effects in power...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
About 80% of faults in the power system distribution are earth faults. Studies to find effective methods to identify and locate faults in distribution networks are still relevant, in addition to the presence of harmonic signals that distort waves and create deviations in the power system that can cause many problems to the protection relay. This study focuses on a single line-to-ground (SLG) fault location algorithm in a power system distribution network based on fundamental frequency measured using the differential equation method. The developed algorithm considers the presence of harmonics components in the simulation network. In this study, several filters were tested to obtain the lowest fault location error to reduce the effect of harmonic components on the developed fault location algorithm. The network model is simulated using the alternate transients program (ATP)Draw simulation program. Several fault scenarios have been implemented during the simulation, such as fault resistance, fault distance, and fault inception angle. The final results show that the proposed algorithm can estimate the fault distance successfully with an acceptable fault location error. Based on the simulation results, the differential equation continuous wavelet technique (CWT) filter-based algorithm produced an accurate fault location result with a mean average error (MAE) of less than 5%.
This document discusses various methods for locating faults in underground cable systems. It begins with an introduction to fault location and describes terminal and tracer methods. It then examines specific techniques like bridge techniques, capacitance ratio methods, and wavelet transforms. Wavelet transforms are highlighted as they allow good time-frequency resolution needed to analyze fault transients. The document concludes by discussing how wavelet analysis can be used to extract features from signals to identify characteristic frequencies and locate faults.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of pilot-aided channel estimation techniques for LTE downlink MIMO-OFDM systems using a hybrid LS-LMMSE approach. It first provides background on LTE downlink systems and the MIMO-OFDM model. It then describes least squares (LS) and linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) channel estimation techniques using pilot signals. Finally, it proposes a hybrid LS-LMMSE technique to reduce the effect of channel length and provide better performance than either LS or LMMSE alone, especially when the channel length exceeds the cyclic prefix length. Simulation results are said to demonstrate the effectiveness of the hybrid approach.
Zigbee based differential pilot protection of transmission lineeSAT Publishing House
This document describes a study on using Zigbee wireless communication technology for differential pilot protection of transmission lines. It discusses limitations of existing relay-based protection methods, such as inability to differentiate between fault and inrush currents. The paper then presents differential pilot protection as an alternative, enabled by replacing wired pilot communication with wireless technology. A laboratory model is created using hall effect sensors, microcontroller, and Zigbee modules to demonstrate this approach and its ability to precisely define boundaries, detect faults based on both magnitude and direction, and achieve fast tripping times.
A scalable and highly accurate RF/Microwave symmetricalinductor has been designed using microstrip line. The 18 circular and 18 square structures are optimized with 600MHz operating frequency. The characteristic interest on high frequency operating circuits is inductance value and quality factor of the spiral inductor. The value of the spiral inductor is depends on conductor width (W) space between the conductor (S), turns (n) outer diameter and inner diameter of the spiral inductor. In this design change the distribution of an inner diameter from 5mil to 10milfor 3 to 5 turns of spiral inductors. The optimization of inner diameter distribution is done by keeping space (1mil)between the conductor and width (2mil) of the conductor as constant. The changing inner diameter will effect to change in magnitude of the inductance and quality factor due passive capacitive and inductive reactance effect. These spiral inductors are designed using aluminum (Al) substrate material with 15mil height from the ground plane. The cupper material is used as a conductor of thickness 0.302mm. The aim of this paper is to compare the electromagnetic simulated results with simple equations of modified wheeler (MW), current sheet Approximation (CSA) and monomial equation (ME). The passive component effect the spiral inductor is examines the variation of inductance and quality factor. The observed electromagnetic field simulated results gives better agreement with standard simple mentioned equations with 600MHz operating frequency. The validation of spiral inductor is done with different inner diameter (5mil to 10mil) and number of turns (3turns to 5 turns) of the spiral inductor.
Prediction of viable performance of wireless sensor network by using finiteIAEME Publication
This document discusses using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) modeling to predict the performance of wireless sensor networks. It describes how FDTD was used to analyze signals propagating through various microwave components like microstrip lines, resonators, and dual-mode filters. FDTD allows observing electromagnetic fields in these components over time to study effects like dispersion and transmission/reflection of signals. The document examines several examples of FDTD simulations of microstrip devices to validate the modeling technique.
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentseIJECEIAES
In the mobile phone system, it is highly desirable to estimate the loss of the track not only to improve performance but also to achieve an accurate estimate of financial feasibility; the inaccurate estimate of track loss either leads to performance degradation or increased cost. Various models have been introduced to accurately estimate the path loss. One of these models is the Okomura / Hata model, which is recommended for estimating path loss in cellular systems that use micro cells. This system is suitable for use in a variety of environments. This study examines the comparison of path loss models for statistical analysis derived from experimental data collected in urban and suburban areas at frequencies of 150-1500 MHz’s The results of the measurements were used to develop path loss models in urban and suburban areas. The results showed that Pathloss increases in urban areas respectively.
Planar transmission line is one of the physical medium used to transmit high frequency signal. The signal flow through the transmission line depends on the important electrical parameter, the frequency. As the signal frequency increases in a conductor, current carriers start to move towards the edges of the conductor. Flow of carriers on the conductor synchronizes with the substrate to achieve better efficiency. The signal flow in the transmission line depends on the dielectric constant of the material and the loss tangent value. The paper shows the simulation studies on return loss and insertion loss of planar transmission lines with constant frequency of 10GHz. To design planar transmission lines different dielectric materials are being selected. In our design, parameters like input impedance, conductor (silver) thickness and conductor height are kept constant. The design and analysis is done using Applied Wave Research (AWR) tool. The obtained results shows unique response and it depends on the type of dielectric medium selected.
This document discusses various techniques for reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It describes common PAPR reduction techniques such as partial transmit sequence (PTS), selective mapping (SLM), tone injection, peak cancellation, and peak windowing. It analyzes these techniques based on parameters like distortion, power increase, data rate loss, and bit error rate improvement. The document concludes that while SLM is better for PAPR reduction as it does not cause out-of-band radiation or degrade bit error rate performance, it has the drawback of increased complexity with larger number of subcarriers or phase sequences.
A Novel Carrier Indexing Method for Side Lobe Suppression and Bit Error Rate ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes a novel carrier indexing method using variable basis functions to suppress side lobes and reduce bit error rates in non-continuous OFDM (NC-OFDM) systems. Existing active interference cancellation techniques used fixed-length rectangular basis functions for cancellation carriers, which were not optimal. The proposed method groups cancellation carriers by frequency position and shapes them with variable-length waveforms to more effectively suppress NC-OFDM side lobes while reducing inter-carrier interference. Simulation results show the proposed approach achieves over 80dB side lobe reduction and negligible inter-carrier interference compared to existing techniques. The method provides reliable data transmission between primary and secondary nodes in cognitive radio networks with lower bit error rates.
Sensoring Leakage Current to Predict Pollution Levels to Improve Transmission...Yayah Zakaria
Pollution insulator is a serious threat to the safety operations of electric power systems. Leakage current detection is widely employed in transmission line insulators to assess pollution levels. This paper presents the prediction of pollution levels on insulators based on simulated leakage current and voltage in a transmission tower.The simulation parameters are based on improved transmission line model with leakage current resistance insertion between buses. Artificial neural network (ANN) is employed to predict the level of pollution with different locations of simulated leakage current and voltage between two buses. With a sufficient number of training, the test results showed a significant potential for pollution level prediction
with more than 95% Correct Classification Rate (CCR) and output of the ANN showed high agreement with Simulink results.
Research on pilot based channel estimation for lte downlinkIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on pilot-based channel estimation techniques for LTE downlink systems using LS (Least Squares) and LMMSE (Linear Minimum Mean Square Error). It finds that LMMSE performs better than LS, but with higher computational complexity. For scenarios where the cyclic prefix is shorter than the channel length, LMMSE only outperforms LS at low SNR values, while LS shows better performance at high SNRs. The document evaluates the performance of the proposed estimators in terms of bit error rate through MATLAB simulations of a 2x2 LTE downlink system.
Performance evaluation of 2-port MIMO LTE-U terminal antenna with user’s hand...journalBEEI
This paper presents the performance evaluation of 2-port MIMO antenna for LTE-U sub 6 GHz band. The evaluation focuses on the effect of user’s hand in a uniform environment and the analysis were carried out on simulation and measurement data of antenna ports. Results show that the highest performance of the design is on the frequency range from 4.5 GHz to 5.5 GHz, and the ports have low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) less than 0.16 in both cases of without and with user’s hand. However, the presence of the user’s hand reduces mean effective gain (MEG) of ports and diversity combining gain by more than 1.6 dB compared with no-hand case. The multiplexing efficiency is around 81% and reduced by the presence of the user’s hand to 55%. Despite this reduction; the design shows high spatial multiplexing capability in both cases. The capacity carried by the second transmission eigenmode is about 39% from the total capacity under waterfilling algorithm transmit power allocation.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes new offline Prony and Matrix Pencil methods for phasor estimation to improve fault location accuracy on series compensated transmission lines. The techniques aim to eliminate sub-synchronous frequency components, decaying DC offsets, and noise before phasor estimation. The performance is evaluated using simulated signals in Matlab and results are compared to existing methods. Key aspects of series compensation impacts, the proposed filtering and estimation techniques, and Prony and Matrix Pencil methods are summarized.
The document describes the LRR (Line Reflect Reflect) technique, a new self-calibration procedure for calibrating vector network analyzers (VNAs). VNAs measure the complex transmission and reflection characteristics of microwave devices. The LRR calibration circuits consist of line elements and a symmetrical reflection standard placed at three consecutive positions. During calibration, the systematic errors of the VNA are eliminated to determine the unknown line and obstacle parameters. The LRR technique provides advantages like simplifying test fixtures and improving accuracy. The calibration structures can be easily realized using microstrip technology.
IRJET- A Unique Methodology for Transmission Line Breakage Detection and ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for detecting transmission line breakages and alerting relevant parties. The system uses voltage sensors along transmission lines to continuously monitor voltages between sections. If a rapid voltage change is detected between two sections, a signal is sent to trip the power supply and alert the public via buzzers. Data is communicated between sections using wireless sensor networks. The system is simulated using a PIC microcontroller and results are displayed on an LCD screen and transmitted to peripherals. The goal of the system is to quickly detect broken power lines to prevent electrical accidents and power outages.
Signal quality of dispersion managed quasi linear high bit rateIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates the performance of a quasi-linear optical fiber transmission system using two dispersion management models: DCF-SMF and SMF-DCF. Simulation results show that the SMF-DCF model provides better signal quality than the DCF-SMF model. Specifically, the SMF-DCF model allows transmission over longer distances, with lower transmission power, at higher bit rates, and is more tolerant of residual dispersion than the DCF-SMF model. The research aims to improve the design of high-capacity optical transmission systems operating from 40-160 Gbps.
Design of a 90⁰ switched line phase shifter for phased array antennaseSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design of a 900 phase shifter using a switched line technique for phased array antennas. It involves designing microstrip transmission lines on an FR-4 substrate with the appropriate dimensions for 50 ohm impedance matching at 1 GHz. A switched line phase shifter circuit was designed in Agilent ADS using ideal switch models and simulated. Key parameters like return loss and insertion loss were optimized. Independent single pole double throw switches using PIN diodes were then designed and the full circuit simulated again. The phase shifter is designed for applications in phased array antennas and RADAR systems.
This document discusses a method for detecting, classifying, and locating faults on 220kV transmission lines using discrete wavelet transform and neural networks. Fault detection is performed by calculating the energy of detail coefficients from wavelet transformation of phase current signals. A neural network is then used for fault classification and location. The neural network is trained using patterns generated by simulating different fault conditions, including varying fault location, type, and resistance. The proposed method aims to classify 10 different fault types and locate faults occurring at different points along the transmission line.
This paper presents a discrete wavelet transform and neural network approach to fault
detection and classification and location in transmission lines. The fault detection is carried out by
using energy of the detail coefficients of the phase signals and artificial neutral network algorithm
used for fault type classification and fault distance location for all the types of faults for 220 KV
transmission line. The energies of the all three phases A, B, C and ground phase are given in put to
the neural network for the fault classification. For each type of fault separate neural network is
prepared for finding out the fault location. An improved performance is obtained once the neutral
network is trained suitably, thus performance correctly when faced with different system parameters
and conditions.
This document presents a technique for locating faults on double circuit transmission lines using wavelet transform and wavelet modulus maxima. The technique uses traveling wave theory and modal decomposition to transform coupled three-phase voltages and currents into independent modal components. Wavelet analysis is then used to obtain the wavelet transform coefficients of each modal component. The time difference between wavelet modulus maxima peaks of the modal components indicates the fault location. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the technique for various fault types, locations, resistances, and inception angles. The technique can accurately locate faults using data from a single line terminal.
Differential equation fault location algorithm with harmonic effects in power...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
About 80% of faults in the power system distribution are earth faults. Studies to find effective methods to identify and locate faults in distribution networks are still relevant, in addition to the presence of harmonic signals that distort waves and create deviations in the power system that can cause many problems to the protection relay. This study focuses on a single line-to-ground (SLG) fault location algorithm in a power system distribution network based on fundamental frequency measured using the differential equation method. The developed algorithm considers the presence of harmonics components in the simulation network. In this study, several filters were tested to obtain the lowest fault location error to reduce the effect of harmonic components on the developed fault location algorithm. The network model is simulated using the alternate transients program (ATP)Draw simulation program. Several fault scenarios have been implemented during the simulation, such as fault resistance, fault distance, and fault inception angle. The final results show that the proposed algorithm can estimate the fault distance successfully with an acceptable fault location error. Based on the simulation results, the differential equation continuous wavelet technique (CWT) filter-based algorithm produced an accurate fault location result with a mean average error (MAE) of less than 5%.
This document discusses various methods for locating faults in underground cable systems. It begins with an introduction to fault location and describes terminal and tracer methods. It then examines specific techniques like bridge techniques, capacitance ratio methods, and wavelet transforms. Wavelet transforms are highlighted as they allow good time-frequency resolution needed to analyze fault transients. The document concludes by discussing how wavelet analysis can be used to extract features from signals to identify characteristic frequencies and locate faults.
WAVELET- FUZZY BASED MULTI TERMINAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PROTECTION SCHEME IN ...Wireilla
The document describes a proposed wavelet-fuzzy based multi-terminal transmission system protection scheme for accurate fault detection, classification, and location estimation in the presence of a STATCOM controller. The scheme uses wavelet transform to analyze current signals at terminals to detect and classify faults. A fuzzy inference system is then used to estimate the fault location. Digital simulations were performed on a four terminal transmission system with variations in fault distance, type, and inception angle. The results showed the scheme can accurately detect and classify faults within half a cycle and is suitable for multi-terminal systems with or without STATCOM compensation.
WAVELET- FUZZY BASED MULTI TERMINAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PROTECTION SCHEME IN ...ijfls
In This Paper, A New Protection Scheme In The Areas Of Accurate Fault Detection, Classification And
Location Estimation For Multi Terminal Transmission System Compensated With Statcom Is Proposed.
The Fault Indices Of All The Phases At All The Terminals Are Obtained By Analyzing The Detail
Coefficients Of Current Signals Through Bior 1.5 Mother Wavelet. The Complete Digital Simulation Of A
Transmission System With Statcom Is Performed Using Matlab /Simulink For Fault Detection,
Classification, And Faulty Terminal Identification With Variations In Fault Distance And Fault Inception
Angle For All Types Of Faults And Fuzzy Inference System Is Used To Estimate The Fault Location. The
Protection Scheme Yielded Accurate Results Within Half Cycle And Show That The Above Scheme Is
Suitable For Multi Terminal Transmission System With And Without Statcom Compensation.
Locating Unsynchronized Fault on Three Terminal lines Based on Negative Seque...AM Publications
This document presents an approach for locating faults on three-terminal transmission lines using negative sequence voltage magnitudes measured at the three ends. It estimates fault location based on the ratio of negative sequence voltages without requiring synchronization, current measurements, or fault classification. Simulation results show the method can accurately estimate fault locations for different fault types and resistances with errors within 5% even with 10% variation in source reactance parameters. The key advantages are that it uses only voltage measurements, is independent of fault type and resistance, and has simple implementation.
EVOLVING TRENDS FOR ENHANCING THE ACCURACY OF FAULT LOCATION IN POWER DISTRIB...paperpublications3
Keywords:Power distribution networks, fault location, artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, impedance-based algorithm.
Title:EVOLVING TRENDS FOR ENHANCING THE ACCURACY OF FAULT LOCATION IN POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
Author:Surender Kumar Yellagoud, Prof. T. Purnachandra Rao, Dr. G. N.Sreenivas
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
ISSN 2349-7815
Paper Publications
EVOLVING TRENDS FOR ENHANCING THE ACCURACY OF FAULT LOCATION IN POWER DISTRIB...paperpublications3
Abstract: Fault location has been the subject of considerable interest to electric power utility engineers and
researchers for many years. Quantum of research done has been more on locating faults on transmission lines.
This is more justified, for the impact of transmission line faults on the power systems is greater, than that of
distribution lines. However, fault location on distribution lines is gaining attention in many utilities, especially
operating in deregulated power markets attempting to increase availability of power supply to the customers. So,
there is a need for more accurate and efficient methods for fault location, which lead to high-quality of customer
service and reduced overall cost. Fast and accurate identification of the faulted section in distribution networks
leads to least inconvenience to the connected customers. The research work on this issue has an interesting
emergence over the years. It would not be an exaggeration, if one states that still to this day there is a greater scope
for improving the accuracy. This paper reviews the work and presents a comprehensive content demonstrating the
evolution of various tools and techniques, which are ruling the research domain of fault location over a timestretch
of 10 years to this day.
Keywords: Power distribution networks, fault location, artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm,
impedance-based algorithm.
This document presents a novel technique for fault detection and classification on double circuit transmission lines using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The technique uses high frequency transients caused by faults to identify internal and external faults. ANNs with suitable numbers of neurons are used to analyze voltage and current signals and decompose them to identify faults. Extensive simulation studies show the proposed approach can accurately discriminate between internal and external faults, providing fast, effective, and efficient protection. The document describes modeling a double circuit transmission line system in MATLAB, selecting ANN input/output parameters, developing a 3-layer 45-neuron ANN structure, and presenting simulation results demonstrating the ANN can detect and classify different fault types within a few milliseconds.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Effective two terminal single line to ground fault location algorithmMuhd Hafizi Idris
This paper presents an effective algorithm to locate Single Line to Ground (SLG) fault at a transmission line. Post fault voltages and currents from both substation terminals were used as the input parameters to the algorithm. Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) was used to extract the magnitudes and phase angles of three phase voltages and currents. The modeling of the transmission line along with the algorithm was performed using Matlab/Simulink package. The results of fault location for SLG faults along the transmission line demonstrated the validity of the algorithm used even for high resistance earth fault.
DETECTION OF FAULT LOCATION IN TRANSMISSION LINE USING INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)Journal For Research
Transmission lines are used to transmit electric power to distant large load centres. These lines are exposed to faults as a result of lightning, short circuits, faulty equipment’s, miss-operation, human errors, overload, and aging.To avoid this situation, and we need the exact location of fault occurrence. This problem ishandled by a set of resistors representing cable length in KMs and fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the same. The fault occurring at what distance and which phase is displayed on a 16X2 LCD interfaced with the microcontroller. Calculated values are sends to the receiving section with help of Zigbee. Measured values are updated in PC and monitored with help of .NET. RTC is used here to time and date reference, that when the event occurs.
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Sensoring Leakage Current to Predict Pollution Levels to Improve Transmission...IJECEIAES
This document discusses using artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict pollution levels on transmission line insulators based on simulated leakage current and voltage data. Simulation data is collected from a 5-bus test system model with an improved transmission line model that includes a leakage current resistance parameter. Leakage current and voltage are measured at different locations along short and medium transmission lines for different pollution levels. This data is used to train an ANN using a feedforward backpropagation algorithm. Test results showed the ANN could predict pollution levels with over 95% accuracy based on the training data. The ANN is able to classify pollution levels into three categories: low, medium, and high pollution.
Review on Different Techniques for Differential Protection of Power TransformerIRJET Journal
This document reviews different techniques for differential protection of power transformers. It begins with an introduction to the importance of protecting expensive power transformers from internal faults. It then summarizes several existing techniques for digital relaying, including signal processing methods, model-based techniques, and artificial neural networks. The remainder of the document discusses specific techniques in more detail, including methods using current and voltage ratios, wavelet transforms, second central moment analysis, convolutional neural networks, and wavelet energy entropy. Each technique is evaluated based on its ability to quickly and reliably distinguish between internal faults and transient events like inrush currents. The reviewed methods generally demonstrate improved performance over traditional techniques in differentiating fault types and avoiding maloperation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document analyzes the performance of vector antenna arrays compared to uniform linear arrays for code division multiple access (CDMA) signals in a multipath fading channel. It considers a closed loop power control system for a beamformer-RAKE receiver for a wireless CDMA system with multiple users. Both theoretical analysis and simulations show that vector antennas, which can detect six independent components of the electromagnetic field, can better exploit multipath diversity and significantly improve bit error rate performance over uniform linear arrays in frequency selective rich multipath channels. The vector antennas provide additional diversity to combat signal fading and improve interference suppression for multiple users.
Analysis of distance protection relay in presence of static synchronous compe...IAEME Publication
This document analyzes the impact of a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) on distance protection relays for transmission lines. It presents a simulation of a 400kV, 300km transmission line with a 100MVA STATCOM at the midpoint and distance relays at each end. The simulation shows that the STATCOM affects the impedance seen by the relays during faults, as it injects current and alters line parameters. Traditional relay settings based solely on line impedance may not operate correctly with a STATCOM present. The document discusses modeling of the transmission line, STATCOM, and distance relays in MATLAB/Simulink to study their performance under normal and fault conditions with the STATCOM.
Similar to Wavelet based double line and double line -to- ground fault discrimination in a three terminal transmission circuit (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
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OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
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A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
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Things to Consider When Choosing a Website Developer for your Website | FODUUFODUU
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Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
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UiPath integration with generative AI
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Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
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2. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
fault and from remote end of the line. In direction comparison method, the polarity of the fault
generated transient current signals is detected at each end of the circuit and sent to line remote ends
through communication channels[3]. Fault location algorithm for locating unbalanced faults based on
negative sequence quantities from all line terminals for two or three terminals is presented [4]. There
are a number of protection schemes for multi-terminal transmission circuits such as unit and non-unit
schemes. The unit schemes require extensive communication channels between the line ends [5].The
non-unit schemes such as distance protection, experience under-reach and over-reach problems [6].
Brahma and Girgis proposed a fault location scheme for a multi-terminal transmission line using
synchronized voltage measurements at all terminals [7]. If there is a variation in system conditions
and faults involving high arc resistances, the scheme’s effectiveness decreases. Different directional
comparison techniques for multi-terminal lines, which compare the polarity of fault generated
transient current signals are proposed by various researchers [8].
Differential protection scheme for tapped transmission lines has been proposed by B.Bhalija
and R.P.Maheswari where out feed current in case of internal and external faults was considered [9].
Al-Fakhri proposed differential protection scheme for multi-terminal lines using incremental currents
[10].
Villamagna and Crossley presented a current differential protection scheme for high
resistance faults, based on the symmetrical component based current quantities. The accuracy and
effectiveness cannot be guaranteed for the protection of multi-terminal lines [11].
Nagasawa et al used current differentials at terminals to reduce multi-terminals lines to a two-terminal
line. This reduction procedure was very complicated [12]. Funabashi et al utilized
synchronized current inputs from all terminals and developed two different methods to locate the
fault[13]. It failed to report results for three-phase and two-phase to ground faults. Prarthana
Warlyani et al used voltage and current signals of each section of teed circuit to detect and classify
L-L-G faults and the detection was in one cycle [14]. There must be some innovative methods to be
developed for three terminal transmission line protection. In this paper, wavelet multi-resolution
analysis is used for detection and classification of faults on three-terminal transmission circuit. Detail
D1 coefficients of current signals at all the three ends are used to detect and classify the faults. The
current signals are analyzed taking into consideration that sum of the current coefficients at all the
three terminals.
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2. WAVELET ANALYSIS
Wavelet Transform (WT) is an efficient means of analyzing transient currents and voltages.
Unlike DFT, WT not only analyses the signal in frequency bands but also provides non-uniform
division of frequency domain i.e. WT uses short window at high frequencies and long window at low
frequencies .This helps to analyze the signal in both frequency and time domains effectively. A set of
basis functions called wavelets, are used to decompose the signal in various frequency bands, which
are obtained from a mother wavelet by dilation and translation Hence the amplitude and incidence of
each frequency can be found precisely. Wavelet Transform is defined as a sequence of a function
{h(n)}(low pass filter) and {g(n)} (high pass filter). The scaling function (t) and wavelet (t) are
defined by the following equations.
(t) = 2h(n) (2t-n),
(t) = 2g(n) (2t-n)
where g(n) = (-1) n h(1-n). A sequence of {h(n)} defines a Wavelet Transform. There are
many types of wavelets such as Haar, Daubachies, Symlet etc. The selection of mother wavelet is
based on the type of application. In the following section a novel method of discrimination of faults
using Multi Resolution Analysis of the transient currents associated with the fault is discussed.
3. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
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3. FAULT DISCRIMINATION
T3
Figure-1. Single line diagram of the system.
Figure-2. Simulink model of the transmission circuit.
The scheme is evaluated using 400KV, 50Hz three terminal transmission system whose line
parameters are R0=0.1888/km,R1=0.02/km, L0=3.5Mh/km,L1=0.94mH/km,C0=0.0083μf/km.,
C1=0.012μf/km.
A sampling frequency of 16KHZ is chosen to capture the high frequency content of current
signals .The system is modeled in Matlab Simulink environment.
The network is simulated for L-L AND L-L-G fault situations occurring at different locations
along the paths of Terminal 1 to Terminal 2, Terminal 2 to Terminal 3 and from Terminal 3 to
Terminal 1. For the types of fault at a particular location, the fault inception angle is varied to
4. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. Influence of fault resistance also being considered
with value of 5ohms.The three phase currents at all the three terminals are analyzed with Bior 1.5
mother wavelet to obtain the detail coefficients D1 over a moving window of half cycle length.
These D1 coefficients are then transmitted to the remote end.
The performance of the scheme in discriminating the. line-to-line, double-line-to ground is
evaluated. The fault inception angle is varied from 150 to 1800 for the faults. The simulations show
that the fault inception angle has a considerable effect on the phase current samples and therefore on
Wavelet Transform output of post-fault signals.
Figure-3. A-B fault from T12T1 at 600 inception angle.
Figure-4. A-B-G fault from T12T1 at 600 inception angle
Figures 3, 4 indicate that the the variation of fault indices with distance and changes in the
healthy phase without and with the presence of the ground which clearly shows that for the fault
involving the ground, the healthy phase fault index value varies while for the non-ground fault it
remains constant, which is considered for the terminal T1 along its path towards terminal T2 with
variation in distance.
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Figure-5. A-B fault from T23T2 at 600 inception angle
Figure-6. A-B-G fault from T23T2 at 600 inception angle
Figures 5,6 indicate that the the variation of fault indices with distance and changes in the
healthy phase without and with the presence of the ground which clearly shows that for the fault
involving the ground , the healthy phase fault index value varies while for the non-ground fault it
remains constant, which is considered for the terminal T2 along its path towards terminal T3 with
variation in distance.
Figure-7. A-B fault from T31T3 at 600 inception angle
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6. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Figure-8 .A-B-G fault from T31T3 at 600 inception angle
Figures 7,8 indicate that the the variation of fault indices with distance and changes in the
healthy phase without and with the presence of the ground which clearly shows that for the fault
involving the ground , the healthy phase fault index value varies while for the non-ground fault it
remains constant, which is considered for the terminal T3 along its path towards terminal T1 with
variation in distance.
Figure-9.A-B fault from T12T1 at 100km.
Figure-10.A-B-G fault from T12T1 at 100km
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17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Figures 9,10 indicate that the the variation of fault indices with inception angle and changes
in the healthy phase without and with the presence of the ground which clearly shows that for the
fault involving the ground , the healthy phase fault index value varies while for the non-ground fault
it remains constant, which is considered for the terminal T1 along its path towards terminal T2 with
variation in fault inception angle.
Figure-11. Current waveforms for-L-L fault
Figure-12. Current waveforms for-L-L-G fault.
Figures 11,12 show the simulated current waveforms in all the Phases and the variations in healthy
phase.
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4.FLOW CHART
The flow chart shows the proposed algorithm to discriminate L-L and L-L-G faults with
increase in the distance.
5.SIMULATED RESULTS
CASE-1. A-B fault with 600 FIA and Rf =5 Ohms along T12T1
Distance, km Ia Ib Ic Th
20 961.11 914.41 158.92 400
40 953.5 906.82 158.92 400
60 945.42 898.73 158.92 400
80 937.01 890.33 158.92 400
100 928.17 881.49 158.92 400
120 928.56 881.89 158.92 400
140 938.17 891.49 158.92 400
160 947.31 900.62 158.92 400
180 956.11 909.42 158.92 400
200 964.43 917.73 158.92 400
9. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
CASE-2. A-B-G fault with 600 FIA and Rf =5 Ohms along T12T1
Distance, km Ia Ib Ic Th
20 1256.4 993.3 203.6 400
40 1258.8 981.3 201.8 400
60 1262.1 968 207.1 400
80 1264.8 954.2 201.2 400
100 1269.7 942.7 200.4 400
120 1266 944.2 199.6 400
140 1256.8 956.2 199.8 400
160 1255.8 967.8 211 400
180 1256 978.9 221.2 400
200 1262.6 989.2 233.6 400
CASE-3. A-B fault with 600 FIA and Rf =5 Ohms along T23T2
Distance, km Ia Ib Ic Th
20 1048.7 920.7 230.3 400
40 1040.4 911.7 230.3 400
60 1031.6 902.9 230.3 400
80 1022.5 893.7 230.3 400
100 1012.9 884.5 230.3 400
120 1012 883.2 230.3 400
140 1019.8 891.1 230.3 400
160 1027.2 898.5 230.3 400
180 1034.4 905.6 230.3 400
200 1041 912.3 230.3 400
CASE-4. A-B-G fault with 600 FIA and Rf =5 Ohms along T23T2
Distance, km Ia Ib Ic Th
20 1170.8 949.3 258.2 400
40 1165.2 940.9 244.9 400
60 1165.9 930.2 233.2 400
80 1167.8 919 218.2 400
100 1177.6 905.5 203.8 400
120 1181.8 907 189.4 400
140 1176.9 919.8 191 400
160 1174.2 933.5 197.5 400
180 1170.8 946.8 192.2 400
200 1168.4 958.8 199.5 400
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CASE-5. A-B fault with 600 FIA and Rf =5 Ohms along T31T3
Distance, km Ia Ib Ic Th
20 1129 922.9 216.7 400
40 1122.4 916.2 216.7 400
60 1115.2 909.1 216.7 400
80 1107.8 901.6 216.7 400
100 1099.9 893.8 216.7 400
120 1100.5 894.9 216.7 400
140 1109.3 903.7 216.7 400
160 1117.7 912.3 216.7 400
180 1125.8 920.9 216.7 400
200 1133.4 929.6 216.7 400
CASE-6. A-B-G fault with 600 FIA and Rf =5 Ohms along T31T3
Distance, km Ia Ib Ic Th
20 1066.6 908.1 156.9 400
40 1056.9 895.9 148.6 400
60 1054 879.7 143.9 400
80 1050.8 863.8 142 400
100 1054.5 847 145.9 400
120 1054.2 843.3 160.9 400
140 1049.9 861.5 169.7 400
160 1052.5 877.4 180.2 400
180 1054.6 893.3 189.1 400
200 1063.4 903.9 199.3 400
CASE-7. A-B fault with 600 FIA and Rf =5 Ohms along T12T1
Fault inception
Ia Ib Ic th
Angle(Degrees)
15 1732.1 1607.6 230.3 400
30 1726.1 1616.5 230.3 400
45 1733.7 1605 230.3 400
60 1734.1 1623 230.3 400
75 1732 1609 230.3 400
90 1741.8 1616.1 230.3 400
105 1735.3 1622.6 230.3 400
120 1742 1613.7 230.3 400
135 1740.8 1622.4 230.3 400
150 1741.9 1619.6 230.3 400
165 1738.2 1620 230.3 400
180 1743.2 1614.4 230.3 400
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17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
CASE-8. A-B-G fault with 600 FIA and Rf =5 Ohms along T12T1
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Fault inception
angle(Degrees)
Ia Ib Ic th
15 1576.4 2023.9 236.5 400
30 1587.1 2017.6 229.3 400
45 1580.2 2026.7 229.1 400
60 1581.6 2026.3 228.3 400
75 1591 2023.6 227.3 400
90 1576.9 2035.8 235.8 400
105 1589.1 2038.8 244.4 400
120 1591.2 2027.2 249.5 400
135 1589.5 2036.5 271.2 400
150 1589.5 2036.5 271.2 400
165 1591.9 2020.8 268.7 400
180 1581 2034.6 259.1 400
In all the cases above, the detection of l-l and l-l-g faults is performed with consideration of
threshold value where the healthy phase lies below the threshold value and faulty phases lie above
the threshold value which clearly indicate the type of faults and the discrimination is done by
considering the variations in the fault index value of healthy phase for the double line faults
involving the ground and constant value in the case of double line faults without involvement of the
ground.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The wavelet based double line and double line to ground faults discrimination is done by
considering the variations in distance and fault inception angles along the paths from terminal to
terminal which clearly gives the variations in healthy phase and shows promise in discrimination of
faults and can be applied to discriminate l-l-l faults from l-l-l-g faults within less than half cycle.
7. REFERENCES
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