The document discusses the hydrologic cycle, which involves the continuous circulation of water on Earth through different states and processes. It explains that evaporation occurs when water molecules gain energy and change from liquid to gas, condensation is when water vapor condenses to form clouds, and precipitation delivers water to the Earth's surface. The hydrologic cycle begins with evaporation from the ocean, water being transported through the atmosphere, precipitation, and water running off or seeping into the ground to eventually return to the oceans.

1. SUBMITTED BY:
BRYAN ANTHONY C. LORESCA
PATRICK ANDREW M. HOLIGORES
SUBMITTED TO:
MRS. SALVACION
PACHEJO

4. The Hydrologic Cycle
The hydrologic cycle, also known as water
cycle, is a cycle that involves the continuous
circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere
system. Of the many processes involved in
the water cycle, the most important are
evaporation, transpiration, condensation,
precipitation, and runoff. Although the total
amount of water within the cycle remains
essentially constant, its distribution among
the various processes is continually changing.
LESSON 4.1

5. EVAPORATION
Evaporation, one of the major processes in
the cycle, is the transfer of water from the
surface of the Earth to the atmosphere. By
evaporation, water in the liquid state is
transferred to the gaseous, or vapor, state.
This transfer occurs when some molecules in
a water mass have attained sufficient kinetic
energy to eject themselves from the water
surface. The main factors affecting
evaporation are temperature, humidity, wind
speed, and solar radiation.

6. CONDENSATION
Condensation is the process by
which water vapor in the air is changed into
liquid water. Condensation is crucial to
the water cycle because it is responsible for
the formation of clouds. Condensation is the
opposite of evaporation.

7. SUBLIMATION
Sublimation is the conversion between the
solid and the gaseous phases of matter, with
no intermediate liquid stage. For those of us
interested in the water cycle, sublimation is
most often used to describe the process of
snow and ice changing into water vapor in
the air without first melting into water.

8. TRANSPIRATION
Transpiration is the process by which
moisture is carried through plants from roots
to small pores on the underside of leaves,
where it changes to vapor and is released to
the atmosphere. Transpiration is essentially
evaporation of water from plant leaves.

9. PRECIPITATION
Precipitation is water released from clouds
in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow,
or hail. It is the primary connection in
the water cycle that provides for the delivery
of atmospheric water to the Earth.
Most precipitation falls as rain.

10. SURFACE RUNOFF
Surface runoff is water, from rain, snowmelt,
or other sources, that flows over the
land surface, and is a major component of
the water cycle. Runoff that occurs
on surfaces before reaching a channel is also
called overland flow.

11. The hydrologic
cycle begins with the
evaporation of water from
the surface of the ocean.
As moist air is lifted, it cools
and water vapor condenses
to form clouds. Moisture is
transported around the
globe until it returns to
the surface as precipitation.
Once the water reaches the
ground, one of two processes may occur; 1) some of the
water may evaporate back into the atmosphere or 2) the
water may penetrate the surface and
become groundwater. Groundwater either seeps its way to
into the oceans, rivers, and streams, or is released back into
the atmosphere through transpiration. The balance of
water that remains on the earth's surface is runoff, which
empties into lakes, rivers and streams and is carried back
to the oceans, where the cycle begins again.

13. EARTH’S WATER
Water, the main reason for life on
Earth. It continuously circulates
through one of Earth’s most powerful
systems: the water cycle. Water flows
endlessly between the ocean,
atmosphere, and land. Earth’s water
is finite, meaning that the amount of
water in, on, and above our planet
does not increase or decrease.
LESSON 4.2

14. HOW IS WATER DISTRIBUTED ON EARTH?
97% of the world’s Water supply is ocean
(salt water).
2% of the world’s water supply is frozen in
icecaps and glaciers.
0.5 % of the world’s water supply is non-
consumable water on land.
0.5% of the world’s water supply is
freshwater available for consumption.

16. SALTWATER RESERVOIR
The majority of water on Earth is
saltwater. Chloride and sodium are the
most abundant ions found in salt water.
Other ions or elements, particularly in the
oceans, include magnesium, sulfur,
calcium, potassium, and much more. These
ions form salts, giving oceans, seas, and
some lakes their salty or saline
characteristic.

17. GLACIERS AND ICE SHEETS
Much of our water is frozen, that if all of it
melted at once, the sea would rise about 6 meters
(20 feet). Ice is made of freshwater, even ice floating
in oceans and seas. This is because saltwater freezes
at much lower temperatures than freshwater and
very cold saltwater is so dense it sinks away from
the surface where freezing takes place. Ice is found
at the north and south poles as ice caps, as glaciers
on high mountains and at high latitudes, and in
regions with permanent snow and permafrost
(frozen soils).

18. PERMAFROST
The majority of water on Earth is
saltwater. Chloride and sodium are the
most abundant ions found in salt water.
Other ions or elements, particularly in the
oceans, include magnesium, sulfur,
calcium, potassium, and much more. These
ions form salts, giving oceans, seas, and
some lakes their salty or saline
characteristic.

19. WORLD’S OCEAN
The World Ocean or Global Ocean is the
interconnected system
of Earth's oceanic waters, and comprises
the bulk of the hydrosphere, covering
361,132,000 square kilometers or
139,434,000 square miles (70.8%) of Earth's
surface, with a total volume of roughly
1,332,000,000 cubic kilometers (320,000,000
cubic miles).
LESSON 4.3

20. PACIFIC OCEAN
 The largest ocean. It is larger
than all the land put together.
 It contains 48% of the world’s
seawater.
 The deepest ocean because the
Mariana Trench is located in it.
(over 36,000 ft. deep).

21. ATLANTIC OCEAN
 The second largest ocean.
 It contains 23% of the world’s
seawater.
 Most traveled ocean routes.
 Sea floor spreading cause this
ocean to grow.

22. INDIAN OCEAN
 The warmest ocean.
 Monsoons occur here
 It contains 40% of the world’s oil
production.

23. ARCTIC OCEAN
 The smallest ocean.
 Located near North Pole
 It is covered by drifting ice.

24. SOUTHERN OCEAN
 The newest ocean.
 Recognized in 2000.
 Located at the 60° S
 Latitude near the South Pole
 It contains icebergs and deep
continental shelves.