This document discusses the benefits of using silicones in construction substrates. Silicone-based treatments can penetrate deeply into substrates, forming a protective repellent layer without significantly affecting vapor permeability. This provides long-lasting protection from water, abrasion, efflorescence, spalling and staining while strengthening fragile materials. The document outlines silicone chemistries including silanes, polymers, and blends that are suitable for various construction materials like concrete, stone, brick, wood and gypsum. It provides recommendations on silicone products from Dow Corning and Momentive Performance Materials suited for specific substrate applications and benefits.
This document summarizes alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete. It defines ASR as a chemical reaction between reactive silica in aggregates and alkalis in cement paste that causes expansion and cracking over time. The key requirements for ASR are a sufficiently high alkali content in cement, reactive aggregates, and available water. Common symptoms of ASR include map or pattern cracking and swelling concrete. Methods to prevent ASR include limiting moisture, selecting non-reactive aggregates, minimizing alkalis in cement, and using mineral admixtures like fly ash.
Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a reaction between alkali hydroxide and silica particles from aggregate in concrete that causes expansion and cracking. The reaction forms a gel product that absorbs moisture and swells, causing cracks to form in the concrete. Using fly ash can help solve this problem because fly ash reacts with alkalis in the concrete pore solution, reducing the pH and preventing the alkali-silica reaction.
Flatline the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete using pumice-blended cement…at a cost of just pennies per yard. Quantifiable performance backed by ASTM-standard research.
Manifestation and remediation of alkali aggregate reactionmurugavel raja
The document discusses alkali aggregate reaction (AAR), which occurs when highly alkaline cement reacts with certain aggregates containing silica or carbonate minerals. This can cause expansion and cracking of concrete. The two main types are alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR). ASR was first identified in California in the 1930s and has caused damage in structures worldwide. Remediation methods include using low-alkali cement, avoiding reactive aggregates, controlling moisture, and treating affected concrete with lithium compounds which can stop further ASR cracking.
IMIDAZOLINE_901 Series Brochure_Chemtex_Jan20Debabrata Bose
This document provides information on Chemtex 901 Series imidazolines, which are thermally stable organic corrosion inhibitors used in various industrial applications. As cationic surfactants derived from fatty acids and amines, imidazolines can solubilize in nonpolar solvents and disperse in aqueous systems. They form protective films that inhibit corrosion through chemical and physical adsorption to metal surfaces. Chemtex 901 Series imidazolines have properties making them suitable as corrosion inhibitors, emulsifiers, thickeners, and more. They show effectiveness against various acids when used in concentrations of 0.1-2.0%. The document discusses the chemistry, applications, specifications, and safety of Chemtex's imidaz
Deleterious Material
clay lumps, shale, soft,or laminated particles, vegetable matter, or other objectionable material
Or
The harmful material in any construction is called Deleterious material.
Main reactions of deleterious material:
Alkali aggregates reaction
Alkali silica reaction
Alkali carbonates reaction
Alkali–aggregate reaction is a term mainly referring to a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and non-crystalline silicon dioxide, which is found in many common aggregates
The alkali–silica reaction (ASR), more commonly known as "concrete cancer", is a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and the reactive non-crystalline (amorphous) silica found in many common aggregates, given sufficient moisture
Mechanism of concrete deterioration:
The mechanism of ASR causing the deterioration of concrete can be described in four steps as follows:
The alkaline solution attacks the siliceous aggregate, converting it to viscous alkali silicate gel.
Consumption of alkali by the reaction induces the dissolution of Ca2+ ions into the cement pore water.
The penetrated alkaline solution converts the remaining siliceous minerals into bulky alkali silicate gel. The resultant expansive pressure is stored in the aggregate.
The accumulated pressure cracks the aggregate and the surrounding cement paste when the pressure exceeds the tolerance of the aggregate
Alkali carbonate reaction:
The alkali–carbonate reaction is a process suspected for the degradation of concrete containing dolomite aggregate.
Alkali from the cement might react with the dolomite crystals present in the aggregate inducing the production of brucite, (MgOH)2, and calcite (CaCO3). This mechanism was tentatively proposed by Swenson and Gillott (1950) and may be written as follows:
CaMg(CO3)2 + 2 NaOH → CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + Mg(OH)2
Brucite (Mg(OH)2), could be responsible for the volumetric expansion after de-dolomitisation of the aggregate, due to absorption of water.
This section deals with potentially deleterious materials, including:
asbestos;
calcium silicate brickwork;
chlorides;
composite panels;
formaldehyde;
high alumina cement concrete;
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material developed in the 1970s. It sets through an acid-base reaction between powdered glass and liquid polyacrylic acid. Glass ionomer cement is used as a liner, base, or restorative material. It bonds chemically to tooth structure and other dental materials. Some advantages are good physical properties, fluoride release, and aesthetic qualities. Some disadvantages include higher cost and solubility in the first 24 hours. It is presented as a powder and liquid that are mixed manually or inside a capsule that is vibrated. Common brands include Fuji, Meron, and Type 1 luting cement.
This document summarizes alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete. It defines ASR as a chemical reaction between reactive silica in aggregates and alkalis in cement paste that causes expansion and cracking over time. The key requirements for ASR are a sufficiently high alkali content in cement, reactive aggregates, and available water. Common symptoms of ASR include map or pattern cracking and swelling concrete. Methods to prevent ASR include limiting moisture, selecting non-reactive aggregates, minimizing alkalis in cement, and using mineral admixtures like fly ash.
Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a reaction between alkali hydroxide and silica particles from aggregate in concrete that causes expansion and cracking. The reaction forms a gel product that absorbs moisture and swells, causing cracks to form in the concrete. Using fly ash can help solve this problem because fly ash reacts with alkalis in the concrete pore solution, reducing the pH and preventing the alkali-silica reaction.
Flatline the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete using pumice-blended cement…at a cost of just pennies per yard. Quantifiable performance backed by ASTM-standard research.
Manifestation and remediation of alkali aggregate reactionmurugavel raja
The document discusses alkali aggregate reaction (AAR), which occurs when highly alkaline cement reacts with certain aggregates containing silica or carbonate minerals. This can cause expansion and cracking of concrete. The two main types are alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR). ASR was first identified in California in the 1930s and has caused damage in structures worldwide. Remediation methods include using low-alkali cement, avoiding reactive aggregates, controlling moisture, and treating affected concrete with lithium compounds which can stop further ASR cracking.
IMIDAZOLINE_901 Series Brochure_Chemtex_Jan20Debabrata Bose
This document provides information on Chemtex 901 Series imidazolines, which are thermally stable organic corrosion inhibitors used in various industrial applications. As cationic surfactants derived from fatty acids and amines, imidazolines can solubilize in nonpolar solvents and disperse in aqueous systems. They form protective films that inhibit corrosion through chemical and physical adsorption to metal surfaces. Chemtex 901 Series imidazolines have properties making them suitable as corrosion inhibitors, emulsifiers, thickeners, and more. They show effectiveness against various acids when used in concentrations of 0.1-2.0%. The document discusses the chemistry, applications, specifications, and safety of Chemtex's imidaz
Deleterious Material
clay lumps, shale, soft,or laminated particles, vegetable matter, or other objectionable material
Or
The harmful material in any construction is called Deleterious material.
Main reactions of deleterious material:
Alkali aggregates reaction
Alkali silica reaction
Alkali carbonates reaction
Alkali–aggregate reaction is a term mainly referring to a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and non-crystalline silicon dioxide, which is found in many common aggregates
The alkali–silica reaction (ASR), more commonly known as "concrete cancer", is a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and the reactive non-crystalline (amorphous) silica found in many common aggregates, given sufficient moisture
Mechanism of concrete deterioration:
The mechanism of ASR causing the deterioration of concrete can be described in four steps as follows:
The alkaline solution attacks the siliceous aggregate, converting it to viscous alkali silicate gel.
Consumption of alkali by the reaction induces the dissolution of Ca2+ ions into the cement pore water.
The penetrated alkaline solution converts the remaining siliceous minerals into bulky alkali silicate gel. The resultant expansive pressure is stored in the aggregate.
The accumulated pressure cracks the aggregate and the surrounding cement paste when the pressure exceeds the tolerance of the aggregate
Alkali carbonate reaction:
The alkali–carbonate reaction is a process suspected for the degradation of concrete containing dolomite aggregate.
Alkali from the cement might react with the dolomite crystals present in the aggregate inducing the production of brucite, (MgOH)2, and calcite (CaCO3). This mechanism was tentatively proposed by Swenson and Gillott (1950) and may be written as follows:
CaMg(CO3)2 + 2 NaOH → CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + Mg(OH)2
Brucite (Mg(OH)2), could be responsible for the volumetric expansion after de-dolomitisation of the aggregate, due to absorption of water.
This section deals with potentially deleterious materials, including:
asbestos;
calcium silicate brickwork;
chlorides;
composite panels;
formaldehyde;
high alumina cement concrete;
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material developed in the 1970s. It sets through an acid-base reaction between powdered glass and liquid polyacrylic acid. Glass ionomer cement is used as a liner, base, or restorative material. It bonds chemically to tooth structure and other dental materials. Some advantages are good physical properties, fluoride release, and aesthetic qualities. Some disadvantages include higher cost and solubility in the first 24 hours. It is presented as a powder and liquid that are mixed manually or inside a capsule that is vibrated. Common brands include Fuji, Meron, and Type 1 luting cement.
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) was developed to combine properties of silicate and polycarboxylate cements. It sets via an acid-base reaction between fluoroaluminosilicate glass powder and polyacrylic acid liquid. The setting reaction forms a matrix of hydrated calcium and aluminum polysalts surrounding unreacted glass particles. GIC has advantages like aesthetics, fluoride release, and chemical bonding to tooth structure. However, its early formulations had limitations like opacity, discoloration over time, and moisture sensitivity during setting. Modifications to GIC include resin-modified, cermet, compomer, and giomer to improve properties while maintaining benefits like fluoride release.
Glass ionomer cements are tooth-colored materials that bond chemically to dental hard tissues and release fluoride for a relatively long period. They are composed of a powder made of calcium fluoroaluminosilicate glass and a liquid containing polyacrylic acid. When mixed, the acid in the liquid dissolves the glass particles, releasing ions that crosslink with the polyacid to form a silicate gel matrix. This setting reaction involves dissolution of the glass, precipitation of salts to form the initial set, and hydration of the salts over 24 hours as the cement matures. Glass ionomers bond to tooth structure, are biocompatible, and provide fluoride release, making them useful for restorations and
Alkali reaction in concrete can occur when alkali hydroxides from cement react with certain aggregates, causing expansion and cracking over many years. The two main types are alkali-silica reaction (ASR), which involves reactive silica aggregates, and alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR), which involves dolomite aggregates. ASR forms a swelling gel that can damage concrete, while ACR forms brucite and calcite causing expansion. Both reactions are indicated by cracking, and can be reduced through the use of pozzolans like fly ash or lithium compounds.
Glass ionomer cement was introduced in 1970 as a tooth-colored luting and restorative material. It bonds chemically to enamel and dentine, is esthetic, and releases fluoride over time which is anticariogenic. However, glass ionomer cement is also brittle and susceptible to erosion and wear. When mixed, the acid in the liquid attacks the glass powder, releasing calcium, aluminum, and fluoride ions to cross-link with polyacrylic acid chains and form the cement matrix. The set cement has unreacted glass particles embedded in a hydrated calcium/aluminum polyacrylate gel. It is important to protect the sensitive cement from moisture during setting for 24 hours to allow full hardening.
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material composed of glass powder and a liquid containing polyacrylic acid. It sets via an acid-base reaction between the glass and acid. The cement is used for various applications like luting, restorations, liners, and sealants. It bonds chemically to tooth structure through an ion exchange mechanism. The cement continues to mature over time, increasing in strength and resistance to moisture as the setting reaction progresses in the first 24 hours.
Alkali-aggregate reaction is the reaction between the active mineral constituents of some aggregates and the alkali hydroxides in concrete. It is only harmful when it produces significant expansion. There are two main forms: alkali-silica reaction and alkali-carbonate reaction.
Alkali-silica reaction, also known as ASR, causes cracking in concrete from the reaction between certain reactive minerals or rocks in aggregates and alkalis in cement. It can cause visible symptoms like cracking and pop outs, which are small fragment breakaways leaving shallow depressions.
Alkali-carbonate reaction is influenced by factors like clay or calcite/dolomite content and crystal size in aggregates.
Glass ionomer cement was developed in the 1970s as a dental restorative material. It consists of a powder made of glass particles containing fluoride and an acidic liquid such as polyacrylic acid. The powder and liquid react via an acid-base reaction during setting to form the cement. The cement releases fluoride over time and bonds chemically to tooth structure. It has advantages such as fluoride release, adhesion to tooth, and biocompatibility, though it is more brittle than dental composites. Many variations of glass ionomer cement have since been developed.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document compares different types of epoxy coatings, including their descriptions, advantages, disadvantages, and primary uses. Amine-cured epoxies are often used as protective coatings in corrosive environments but can irritate skin. Polyamide epoxies offer more flexibility and weather resistance than amine epoxies. Amidoamines have properties between amines and polyamides, with good corrosion resistance and toughness. Novolac epoxies increase chemical and solvent resistance but lose flexibility at higher phenolic levels. Siloxane epoxies are fast-curing with stain and gloss resistance, for industrial and architectural use. Coal tar epoxies have excellent salt and fresh water resistance
This document provides information on waterborne epoxy coating systems from Huntsman Advanced Materials. It discusses:
1. Huntsman's waterborne epoxy resins and hardeners that can be used for various coating applications on cementitious or metal substrates.
2. Key selection factors for the appropriate resin and hardener combination based on the targeted application and substrate.
3. Examples of basic formulations for a waterborne clear epoxy sealer and waterborne low VOC floor coating.
Glass ionomer cement has several applications in dentistry. It can be used as a luting agent, for orthodontic brackets, as pit and fissure sealants, as a liner or base, for core buildup, for temporary restorations, and as a permanent restoration in non-stress bearing areas. Glass ionomer cement adheres well to tooth structure, releases fluoride to inhibit caries, and requires minimal cavity preparation, making it useful for restorations in children and in areas without access to advanced dental equipment.
This document discusses glass ionomer cement, including its definition, history, composition, properties, applications, and mechanisms. Glass ionomer cement is formed from a reaction between glass powder and a polyacrylic acid liquid. It sets rapidly, bonds chemically to tooth structure, and has favorable biocompatibility. Its properties make it useful for applications such as luting, liners, temporary restorations, and sealing pits and fissures.
This document discusses glass ionomer cement and resin-modified glass ionomer cement in restorative dentistry. It describes the composition and setting reactions of glass ionomer cement, as well as its advantages like adhesion to tooth structure, fluoride release, and low shrinkage. However, it also notes disadvantages like poorer wear resistance and physical properties compared to resin composites, as well as ongoing moisture sensitivity issues. The document then discusses how resin-modified glass ionomer cements were developed to improve properties like strength and reduce moisture sensitivity issues. It concludes by describing clinical applications of resin-modified glass ionomer cements, such as for class V restorations, root caries treatment, and the sandwich technique.
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material that sets via an acid-base reaction between fluoroaluminosilicate glass and polyacrylic acid. It has several advantages like adhesion to tooth structure, fluoride release, biocompatibility, and ability to set with minimal cavity preparation. Glass ionomer cement comes in various types and has applications such as restorations, liners, bases, luting agent, and sealant. Its advantages are counterbalanced by some disadvantages like low fracture resistance and initial water sensitivity.
1. Glass ionomer cement is a tooth-colored luting and restorative material introduced in 1972 by Wilson and Kent. It consists of a powder made of fluoroaluminosilicate glass and a liquid containing polyacrylic acid.
2. When mixed, the acid in the liquid attacks the glass powder, releasing ions that react with the polyacrylic acid to form the cement. The cement bonds chemically to tooth structure and has beneficial properties like fluoride release and biocompatibility.
3. Over the years, several modifications have been made to glass ionomer cement including resin-modified, metal-modified, water-settable, and giomers to improve properties like strength, working
Glass ionomer cement with recent advancements Nadeem Aashiq
Glass ionomer cement was developed in the 1970s as a dental filling material with adhesive properties and the ability to release fluoride. It consists of a basic glass powder and an acidic polymer liquid that sets through an acid-base reaction. The setting reaction involves the glass particles being broken down by the polyacid, releasing ions like aluminum, calcium, and fluoride that cross-link the polyacid chains. Glass ionomer cement bonds to tooth structure through ionic bonding and can take up fluoride from topical treatments to provide continual fluoride release. It has lower mechanical properties than composites but continues to strengthen over time.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Este documento describe las propiedades y nomenclatura de los alquenos. Los alquenos son hidrocarburos insaturados que contienen al menos un doble enlace carbono-carbono. El doble enlace es más fuerte pero más reactivo que un enlace simple. El documento explica cómo nombrar alquenos lineales, ramificados y cíclicos siguiendo las reglas de la IUPAC, incluyendo la numeración de carbonos, prefijos y sufijos para indicar posiciones de dobles enlaces y grupos sustituyentes.
This document presents a business plan for Fastec Industrial, a company that manufactures fly ash bricks. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants and is currently a major environmental pollutant. The business aims to utilize fly ash to produce bricks, helping reduce pollution while providing a construction material. The plan discusses the production process, market opportunity, promotion strategy, financial projections, and concludes that Fastec can help generate a pollution free environment through this environmentally friendly brick manufacturing business.
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) was developed to combine properties of silicate and polycarboxylate cements. It sets via an acid-base reaction between fluoroaluminosilicate glass powder and polyacrylic acid liquid. The setting reaction forms a matrix of hydrated calcium and aluminum polysalts surrounding unreacted glass particles. GIC has advantages like aesthetics, fluoride release, and chemical bonding to tooth structure. However, its early formulations had limitations like opacity, discoloration over time, and moisture sensitivity during setting. Modifications to GIC include resin-modified, cermet, compomer, and giomer to improve properties while maintaining benefits like fluoride release.
Glass ionomer cements are tooth-colored materials that bond chemically to dental hard tissues and release fluoride for a relatively long period. They are composed of a powder made of calcium fluoroaluminosilicate glass and a liquid containing polyacrylic acid. When mixed, the acid in the liquid dissolves the glass particles, releasing ions that crosslink with the polyacid to form a silicate gel matrix. This setting reaction involves dissolution of the glass, precipitation of salts to form the initial set, and hydration of the salts over 24 hours as the cement matures. Glass ionomers bond to tooth structure, are biocompatible, and provide fluoride release, making them useful for restorations and
Alkali reaction in concrete can occur when alkali hydroxides from cement react with certain aggregates, causing expansion and cracking over many years. The two main types are alkali-silica reaction (ASR), which involves reactive silica aggregates, and alkali-carbonate reaction (ACR), which involves dolomite aggregates. ASR forms a swelling gel that can damage concrete, while ACR forms brucite and calcite causing expansion. Both reactions are indicated by cracking, and can be reduced through the use of pozzolans like fly ash or lithium compounds.
Glass ionomer cement was introduced in 1970 as a tooth-colored luting and restorative material. It bonds chemically to enamel and dentine, is esthetic, and releases fluoride over time which is anticariogenic. However, glass ionomer cement is also brittle and susceptible to erosion and wear. When mixed, the acid in the liquid attacks the glass powder, releasing calcium, aluminum, and fluoride ions to cross-link with polyacrylic acid chains and form the cement matrix. The set cement has unreacted glass particles embedded in a hydrated calcium/aluminum polyacrylate gel. It is important to protect the sensitive cement from moisture during setting for 24 hours to allow full hardening.
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material composed of glass powder and a liquid containing polyacrylic acid. It sets via an acid-base reaction between the glass and acid. The cement is used for various applications like luting, restorations, liners, and sealants. It bonds chemically to tooth structure through an ion exchange mechanism. The cement continues to mature over time, increasing in strength and resistance to moisture as the setting reaction progresses in the first 24 hours.
Alkali-aggregate reaction is the reaction between the active mineral constituents of some aggregates and the alkali hydroxides in concrete. It is only harmful when it produces significant expansion. There are two main forms: alkali-silica reaction and alkali-carbonate reaction.
Alkali-silica reaction, also known as ASR, causes cracking in concrete from the reaction between certain reactive minerals or rocks in aggregates and alkalis in cement. It can cause visible symptoms like cracking and pop outs, which are small fragment breakaways leaving shallow depressions.
Alkali-carbonate reaction is influenced by factors like clay or calcite/dolomite content and crystal size in aggregates.
Glass ionomer cement was developed in the 1970s as a dental restorative material. It consists of a powder made of glass particles containing fluoride and an acidic liquid such as polyacrylic acid. The powder and liquid react via an acid-base reaction during setting to form the cement. The cement releases fluoride over time and bonds chemically to tooth structure. It has advantages such as fluoride release, adhesion to tooth, and biocompatibility, though it is more brittle than dental composites. Many variations of glass ionomer cement have since been developed.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document compares different types of epoxy coatings, including their descriptions, advantages, disadvantages, and primary uses. Amine-cured epoxies are often used as protective coatings in corrosive environments but can irritate skin. Polyamide epoxies offer more flexibility and weather resistance than amine epoxies. Amidoamines have properties between amines and polyamides, with good corrosion resistance and toughness. Novolac epoxies increase chemical and solvent resistance but lose flexibility at higher phenolic levels. Siloxane epoxies are fast-curing with stain and gloss resistance, for industrial and architectural use. Coal tar epoxies have excellent salt and fresh water resistance
This document provides information on waterborne epoxy coating systems from Huntsman Advanced Materials. It discusses:
1. Huntsman's waterborne epoxy resins and hardeners that can be used for various coating applications on cementitious or metal substrates.
2. Key selection factors for the appropriate resin and hardener combination based on the targeted application and substrate.
3. Examples of basic formulations for a waterborne clear epoxy sealer and waterborne low VOC floor coating.
Glass ionomer cement has several applications in dentistry. It can be used as a luting agent, for orthodontic brackets, as pit and fissure sealants, as a liner or base, for core buildup, for temporary restorations, and as a permanent restoration in non-stress bearing areas. Glass ionomer cement adheres well to tooth structure, releases fluoride to inhibit caries, and requires minimal cavity preparation, making it useful for restorations in children and in areas without access to advanced dental equipment.
This document discusses glass ionomer cement, including its definition, history, composition, properties, applications, and mechanisms. Glass ionomer cement is formed from a reaction between glass powder and a polyacrylic acid liquid. It sets rapidly, bonds chemically to tooth structure, and has favorable biocompatibility. Its properties make it useful for applications such as luting, liners, temporary restorations, and sealing pits and fissures.
This document discusses glass ionomer cement and resin-modified glass ionomer cement in restorative dentistry. It describes the composition and setting reactions of glass ionomer cement, as well as its advantages like adhesion to tooth structure, fluoride release, and low shrinkage. However, it also notes disadvantages like poorer wear resistance and physical properties compared to resin composites, as well as ongoing moisture sensitivity issues. The document then discusses how resin-modified glass ionomer cements were developed to improve properties like strength and reduce moisture sensitivity issues. It concludes by describing clinical applications of resin-modified glass ionomer cements, such as for class V restorations, root caries treatment, and the sandwich technique.
Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material that sets via an acid-base reaction between fluoroaluminosilicate glass and polyacrylic acid. It has several advantages like adhesion to tooth structure, fluoride release, biocompatibility, and ability to set with minimal cavity preparation. Glass ionomer cement comes in various types and has applications such as restorations, liners, bases, luting agent, and sealant. Its advantages are counterbalanced by some disadvantages like low fracture resistance and initial water sensitivity.
1. Glass ionomer cement is a tooth-colored luting and restorative material introduced in 1972 by Wilson and Kent. It consists of a powder made of fluoroaluminosilicate glass and a liquid containing polyacrylic acid.
2. When mixed, the acid in the liquid attacks the glass powder, releasing ions that react with the polyacrylic acid to form the cement. The cement bonds chemically to tooth structure and has beneficial properties like fluoride release and biocompatibility.
3. Over the years, several modifications have been made to glass ionomer cement including resin-modified, metal-modified, water-settable, and giomers to improve properties like strength, working
Glass ionomer cement with recent advancements Nadeem Aashiq
Glass ionomer cement was developed in the 1970s as a dental filling material with adhesive properties and the ability to release fluoride. It consists of a basic glass powder and an acidic polymer liquid that sets through an acid-base reaction. The setting reaction involves the glass particles being broken down by the polyacid, releasing ions like aluminum, calcium, and fluoride that cross-link the polyacid chains. Glass ionomer cement bonds to tooth structure through ionic bonding and can take up fluoride from topical treatments to provide continual fluoride release. It has lower mechanical properties than composites but continues to strengthen over time.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Este documento describe las propiedades y nomenclatura de los alquenos. Los alquenos son hidrocarburos insaturados que contienen al menos un doble enlace carbono-carbono. El doble enlace es más fuerte pero más reactivo que un enlace simple. El documento explica cómo nombrar alquenos lineales, ramificados y cíclicos siguiendo las reglas de la IUPAC, incluyendo la numeración de carbonos, prefijos y sufijos para indicar posiciones de dobles enlaces y grupos sustituyentes.
This document presents a business plan for Fastec Industrial, a company that manufactures fly ash bricks. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants and is currently a major environmental pollutant. The business aims to utilize fly ash to produce bricks, helping reduce pollution while providing a construction material. The plan discusses the production process, market opportunity, promotion strategy, financial projections, and concludes that Fastec can help generate a pollution free environment through this environmentally friendly brick manufacturing business.
Presentation on Brick Masonry, Paint and PlasteringAbontee
This document is the presentation slides for a group project on brick masonry, paint, and plastering. It includes an introduction slide with the group members' names. It then covers topics such as the definitions of masonry, brick masonry, types of bricks, bonding patterns, plastering materials and types, paint constituents, and defects and their remedies. Diagrams are provided to illustrate brickwork terminology, masonry joints, bond patterns, and plastering tools.
The document summarizes the process of brick making which includes:
1) Preparing the brick earth by removing loose soil, digging and spreading the clay, and weathering it.
2) Tempering and blending the clay with other ingredients and molding bricks by hand or machine.
3) Drying the wet bricks in dryer chambers for 24-48 hours.
4) Burning the bricks in intermittent kilns like clamp or scove kilns or continuous kilns like Hoffman, bull's trench, or vertical shaft kilns.
Refractories are materials that can withstand high temperatures without softening or deformation. They are used in industries like metallurgy, engineering, and chemicals to line furnaces, tanks, and kilns. Refractories must have characteristics like infusibility at high operating temperatures, chemical inertness, strength under load, and resistance to thermal spalling and abrasion. They are classified as acid, basic, or neutral based on their chemical composition and properties evaluated include refractoriness, strength under load, thermal expansion, conductivity, porosity, and resistance to spalling and abrasion. Proper selection of refractories based on these properties is important for industrial furnace design and operation.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
The document discusses the history and properties of silicones. It notes that during World War II, James Wright added boric acid to silicone oil to create a product that could stretch farther and bounce higher than rubber. Silicones are polymers made of repeating siloxane units consisting of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms. They can occur as fluids, gels, elastomers or resins. Silicones have applications in areas such as medical implants, sealants, and bouncy toys due to their thermal stability, flexibility and biocompatibility. Common processing methods include injection molding and extrusion. Leading manufacturers include Dow Corning and Wacker Silicones.
Cocoon is a liquid polymer coating that forms a tough, waterproof, flexible membrane when sprayed. It was originally developed for the US military after WWI to preserve equipment in storage by forming a protective seal. Andek Corporation later acquired rights to Cocoon in 1973 and markets it for uses like waterproofing, sealing, and protecting surfaces. Cocoon coatings are durable, resistant to impact and abrasion, and can stretch to conform to surfaces while maintaining integrity.
This document discusses silicones, their manufacturing process, properties, and applications. Silicones are polymers derived from silicon and oxygen, and can be manufactured in over 2,000 forms as fluids, elastomers, and resins. They are thermally stable, resistant to chemicals and UV radiation, and can be formulated to resist or absorb water. Common applications of silicones include sealants, adhesives, lubricants, coatings, and more in industries like construction, transportation, consumer products, and healthcare.
This document provides an overview of silicones, including their manufacturing, properties, applications, and role in various industries. Silicones are polymers derived from silicon and oxygen, and can be manufactured in many forms including fluids, elastomers, and resins. They have properties like thermal stability, flexibility, and resistance to chemicals, UV rays, and mold/microbes. Major applications of silicones include construction, transportation, personal care products, and industrial manufacturing. Within these industries, silicones play an important role by enabling energy efficiency and durable, high-performance materials.
This document discusses different types of water repellent finishes for textiles. It describes paraffin, stearic acid-melamine, silicone, and fluorocarbon repellents. Paraffin repellents were one of the earliest used but do not repel oil. Silicone repellents provide high water repellency and a soft hand feel but have only moderate durability. Fluorocarbon repellents can achieve both oil and water repellency and provide the lowest surface energy finishes. The document explains the mechanisms of different repellent chemistries and how they interact with fiber surfaces.
This document discusses coating chemistry and properties. It describes desirable coating properties, how coatings are classified as organic or inorganic, coating components like pigments, binders, solvents and additives. It explains different curing mechanisms for coatings like evaporation, coalescence, oxidation and co-reaction. Common coating types are described like epoxy, polyurethane, zinc and their characteristics. Factors for selecting coatings and how they provide corrosion protection as barrier, inhibitive or sacrificial coatings is also summarized.
This document provides information on various environmental products from Rill Products including:
- Silt control products like Silt Stop Emulsion and Floc Logs that reduce turbidity in water by binding soils and metals.
- Pond treatment products like Pond Logs and Mini Pond Logs that clean dirty pond water by binding particles.
- Moisture control products like desiccant packets and corrosion control sprays.
- Spill control products such as absorbent booms, socks, and mats for oil and water spills on land and water.
- Erosion control products like dewatering bags, catch basin inserts, and turbidity curtains.
Manufacturer of silicone profiles, tubes, hoses, heater hoses for automotives.
Butyl tapes of custom sizes and rolls.
PTFE bushings custom parts
Silicone mouldings / custom parts
The document summarizes information about AQURON, a colloidal silicate solution that can render concrete impermeable. It penetrates deeply into concrete via minuscule, spherical particles drawn toward moisture and alkalis. Within the concrete, it reacts to form a calcium silicate hydrogel that permanently seals pores. In addition to impermeability, AQURON provides strengthening, curing, abrasion resistance, and protection from contaminants. It can treat both new and existing concrete in a cost-effective manner without requiring maintenance. The document provides various examples of AQURON's applications and effectiveness in improving concrete durability since 1984.
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Silprocoat is an anticorrosive coating that can help protect all metal parts from electrical assets. Towers, cabinets, power system equipment, metal hardware and structures, oil and gas storage tanks and pipes made out of steel or aluminium can be optimally protected with silicone-made RTV coating.
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#Prerequisites:
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Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
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1. Benefits of the use of silicones in
construction substrates
All construction materials are exposed to damaging
environments ranging from water ingression, to
abrasion by air-borne particles, attack by organisms,
to accidental spillages. The XIAMETER®
brand has a
range of products for use in formulations applied to a
diverse range of substrates including:
• Structural Concrete
• Pavers/Flagstones
• Sandstone
• Limestone/Marble
• Bricks/Tile
• Wood
For use either as preventative or remedial treatment for
Façade, OEM or Damp Proof Course (DPC).
They provide a variety of benefits:
• Improved long term protection
• Reduced maintenance time/costs
• Reduced efflorescence
• Reduced Spalling (freeze-thaw damage)
• Strengthening fragile masonry
• Reduced staining/easier cleaning
• Dimensional stability of wood
Through unique properties of silicone based
technology:
• Repellency to water and oil, depending on
attached groups
• Permeable to water vapour
Water Repellents
Selection Guide Europe
Brick treated with Dow Corning®
Z-6689 Water Repellent
Concrete treated with Dow Corning®
Z-6689 Water Repellent
Silicone molecule
2. • Durable; chemically reacts with substrate and
itself
• Deep penetrating; small molecular size
• Low surface tension
• UV stable
1.1 Performance aspects of silicones
Protection
Silicones are capable of penetrating and forming a
protective repellent layer several millimetres deep
within the substrate, with little appreciable effect on
the water vapour transmission rate through pores and
capillaries. As the depth of treatment is significant,
abrasion of the surface has little or no effect on
performance. Other treatments to give repellency
block or seal only the very top of these pores and
capillaries. This results in greater reductions of vapour
transmission, together with less abrasion resistance,
as the depth of protection is significantly less.
Wood protected with Dow Corning®
2-9034 Emulsion
XIAMETER®
MHX-1109 Fluid protection against
efflorescence in limestone
Figure 1 – Silicone-based water repellents when delivered to the surface penetrate deeply.
They chemically react with the substrate and themselves to provide durability protection, also
they allow moisture vapour to pass.
Non-treatedTreated
Permeable to
water vapor
Small molecular size;
porous penetration
substrate
UV-light
resistance
Lower surface
energy; increased
contact angle
Reduced
capillary
3. 1.2 Physical and Chemical properties of
Silicones
Silicones are present in many forms and are often used
in combination to give the specifi c properties required
for effective treatments.
1.2.1 Silanes
Silanes are the smallest silicone ensuring good
Depth of Penetration into substrates. They react with
themselves and any hydroxy (OH) groups within the
substrate when moisture is present, forming a silicone
resin network. This formation of strong chemical
bonds provides the durability attributed to siloxane
treatments.
1.2.2 Polymers
Silicone linear polymers are helical in shape, providing
a lot of free space within their structure for individual
water vapour molecules to pass through, whilst water
droplets are repelled by the hydrophobic methyl
(CH3
) groups which orientate to the outside, giving
repellency to liquid water.
The low surface tension of the methyl groups enables
silicones to spread easily, forming a molecular layer
penetrating into the substrate.
Various groups can be substituted onto the polymers
enabling chemical reactivity with the substrate and
other silicone molecules.
Polymers can be linear or cyclic, with various groups
substituted into the positions shown below.
A and B are substituted groups.
Group Position Reactive Function
Alkyl A or B N Water repellency
Fluoroalkyl B N Oil and Water
repellency
Amino A or B N Catalytic
Alkoxy A Y X-linking
Hydroxyl A Y X-linking
Hydrogen B Y X-linking
Where RO is an alkoxy group, typically methoxy or ethoxy,
with the capability to react with hydroxy (OH) groups on the
substrate
X is an organic group such as butyl or octyl to give
hydrophobicity. To give oil repellency X would contain
fluorine containing groups
For strengthening X = RO
OH
OH
RO
RO
RO
S
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
SUBS O –S i -X
+ ROH
S
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
SUBS O –S i -X
+ ROH
S
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
SUBS O –S i -X
+ ROH
S
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
O HS
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
+H2O SUBS O –S i -X
+ ROH
Si
SUB
+ ROH
O –Si -X
S
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
Water Beading – droplets repelled
by methyl groups
Water vapour – can pass through
the open silicone
structure
C H3
C H3
C H3
C H3
4. Recommendations of suitability of products for use on
various substrates in the following pages are based on
consideration of the polymer type and blend required
to achieve optimum performance.
XIAMETER®
OFS-6341 Silane:
DOP at Various Concentrations
Chemically bonded Interface
Impregnated repellent layer substrate
Substrate
Cloud of
water repellent
organic groups
-O - Si – R
-O - Si – R
-O - Si – R
-O - Si – R
-O - Si – R
100%
6mm
40%
4-5mm
20%
3-4mm
5%
1-3mm
5. European Selection Guide by substrate
Chemistry
New
Old
Blocks
DPC
Wall Bricks
Roof Tiles
Floor Tiles Terracotta
Pavers Flagstones
Sandstone
Limestone
Mortar/Grout
Marble
Granite
Gypsum
Perlite
Wood
Main application Secondary application OEM use OEM or main Post treatment
Concrete
Silanes
XIAMETER®
OFS-6403Silane
DowCorning®
1-6184
WaterRepellent
DowCorning®
Z-6688
WaterRepellentGel
XIAMETER®
OFS-0777Siliconate
XIAMETER®
OFS-2306Silane
XIAMETER®
OFS-6341Silane
DowCorning®
520
DilutableWaterRepellent
DowCorning®
Z-6684
WaterRepellentGel
XIAMETER®
MHX-1109Fluid
XIAMETER®
MHX-1107Fluid
XIAMETER®
OFS-6697Silane
DowCorning®
IE-6683
WaterRepellent
DowCorning®
Z-6689
WaterRepellent
DowCorning®
2-9034(EU)
Emulsion
SilaneGels
AminoSiliconeFluid
(waterbased)
Silane/Siloxane
(waterdilutable)
Siliconate
SpecialtyFluids
TEOS
Silane/Siloxane
(solventdilutable)
Silicone/OrganicBlends
6. European Selection Guide by properties
Chemistry
Solvent Chemistry Substrate pH/
type
Active
ingredients
Typical
active
usage
level
Specific
gravity
Flash
point
Water Official tests & approvals % % Kg/l ºC(F)
Silanes
XIAMETER®
OFS-6403
Silane
Butyl
triethoxysilane
12 to 14
98 40 or 100 0,88 31Protection Against Chloride ion
intrusion in to concrete NCHCRP
Nº 244
XIAMETER®
OFS-6341
Silane
Octyl
triethoxysilane
12 to 14
98 40 or 100 0,88 63Approved at Swedish National
Road Administration for Surface
tretament of concrete according to
‘Bro 2002’
XIAMETER®
OFS-2306
Silane
Butyl
trimethoxysilane
12 to 14
96 40 or 100 0,92 35The Department Transport (UK),
Technical Report N0 20002 (1991)
BE28/14/026
TEOS
XIAMETER®
OFS-6697
Silane
Tetra
ethoxysilane
neutral to 10
>99 70 to 100 0,93 46
Silanes Gel
Dow Corning®
Z-6688 Water
Repellent Gel
Octyl
triethoxysilane
12 to 14
80 80 0,91 >62Approved at Swedish National Road
Administrtion for Surface tretament
of concrete according to ‘Bro 2002’
Dow Corning®
Z-6684 Water
Repellent Gel
Octyl
triethoxysilane
neutral to 12
45 45 0,87 >61
Silane/
Siloxane
Blends
(solvent
dilutable)
Amino
Silicone
Fluid (water
dilutable)
Dow Corning®
Z-6689 Water
Repellent
Solventless silane/
siloxane blend
neutral to 10
98 5 to 15 0,96 65,5CSTC (Belgian Building Research
Institute) ‘Initial effectiveness,
secondary effects and durability of
water repellents’ HD-340/133-143
Dow Corning®
1-6184
Water
Repellent
Amino
silsesquioxane
neutral to 10
65 3.5 to 7.5 1,05 27
Rising moisture in masonry test.
WBA at IBAC, Aachen Germany
7. European Selection Guide by properties (cont.)
Chemistry
Solvent
Water
Chemistry Substrate pH/
type
Active
ingredients
Typical
active
usage
level
Specific
gravity
Flash
point
Water Official tests & approvals % % Kg/l ºC(F)
Silane/
Siloxane
Emulsions
(water
dilutable)
Dow Corning®
520 Dilutable
Water
Repellent
Silane/siloxane
emulsion blend
slightly
alkaline to 12
40 5 to 20 0,99 >100
Water Exclusion ASTM C642/c67
Dow Corning®
IE-6683 Water
Repellent
Silane/siloxane
emulsion blend
slightly
alkaline to 12 40 3 to 10 0,99 >100
Siliconates
XIAMETER®
OFS-0777
Siliconate
Potassium Methyl
Siliconate
neutral to 10
40 0.5 to 3 1,29 >93
Specialty
Fluids
XIAMETER®
MHX-1109
Fluid
Functional methyl
siloxane
neutral to 12
100 5 to 30 0,98 30CSTC (Belgian Building Research
Institute) ‘Initial effectiveness,
secondary effects and durability of
water repellents’ HD-340/133-142
XIAMETER®
MHX-1107
Fluid
Polymethylhydrogen
siloxane
admixture
100 0.05 to 1 1 93
Silicone/
Organic
Blends
Dow Corning®
2-9034
(EU) Emulsion
Organo-siloxane
emulsion
N/A
50 2 to 8 0,94 100
Water repellency swellometer Test
ASTM 4446 QUV Durability Test G53
8. European Selection Guide by materials
Material Application Chemistry Delivery form Products
Steel re-inforced
concrete
Bridges, Parckdecks Silanes
In solvent or 100%
solids or Gel
XIAMETER®
OFS-2306 Silane
(IBTMS)
XIAMETER®
OFS-6341 Silane
(NOTES)
XIAMETER®
OFS-6403 Silane
Dow Corning®
Z-6688
Water Repellent Gel
Concrete non-
reinforced “fresh
concrete“
Facade, Pavers,
Flagstones, Roof
tiles
Silanes
In solvent or 100%
solids or admixture
XIAMETER®
OFS-2306 Silane
(IBTMS)
XIAMETER®
OFS-6341 Silane
(NOTES)
Concrete non-
reinforced “aged
concrete“
Facade, Pavers,
Flagstones, Roof
tiles
Silanes/Siloxane
blend
In solvent or as
Emulsion water-
based
Dow Corning®
Z-6689
Water Repellent
Dow Corning®
Z-6684
Water Repellent Gel
Dow Corning®
520
Dilutable Water
Repellent
Dow Corning®
IE-6683 Water
Repellent
Natural Stones,
Clays, Terracotta
Natural Stone, Clay
Bricks, Tiles
Self-catalyzing
Siloxanes &
Siliconates
Solvent/water-based
Dow Corning®
Z-6689
Water Repellent
Dow Corning®
1-6184
Water Repellent
XIAMETER®
OFS-0777 Siliconate
Natural Stone,
Marble, Limestone
High porous
substrates
protection &
reinforcement
Fluid, TEOS Solvent
XIAMETER®
MHX-1109 Fluid
XIAMETER®
OFS-6697 Silane
Brick Walls
Wall injection
against rising Damp
(DPC)
Self-catalyzing
Siloxanes &
Siliconates
Water
XIAMETER®
OFS-0777 Siliconate
Wood Pressure or
post treatment
Exterior wooden
articles
Silane/siloxane/
Organic mix
Water
Dow Corning®
2-9034 EU Emulsion
Gypsum
Gypsum plaster
boards
Fluid Admixture
XIAMETER®
MHX-1107 Flui d
9. List Products & Benefits
Products Chemistry Dilution system Substrate Benefits
Dow Corning®
IE-6683
Water Repellent
Silane/siloxane
emulsion
Water based
Alkaline or neutral
substrates such as
concrete, mortar and
brick, stone
Deeply penetrates surface
without changing appearance of
substrate
Dow Corning®
Z-6689
Water Repellent
Silane/siloxane
blend + catalyst
Solvent based
Neutral and
moderately alkaline
substrates such as
brick, stone and aged
concrete
Quick-forming and enduring
beading effect, bonds chemically
to the surface
Dow Corning®
520 Dilutable
Water Repellent
Silane/siloxane
emulsion
Water based
Alkaline or neutral
substrates such as
concrete, mortar and
brick, stone
Deeply penetrates surface
without changing appearance of
substrate
XIAMETER®
OFS-6697 Silane
Tetra ethoxy
silane
Solvent based
Natural stone and
neutral substrates
Its similar chemistry to the
natural stone substrates make
ideal as stone strengthener
without change the aesthetics
and breathability of the substrate.
Dow Corning®
2-9034
EU Emulsion
Nonionic
organosilicone
emulsion
Water based
Can be applied to
pretreated or
untreated wood, and
for formulations used
in pressure treatment
processes.
High and enduring level of wa-
ter repellence. Used to partially
replace CCA.
XIAMETER®
MHX-1107 Fluid
Fluid Solvent based Gypsum
Unique product to provide
hydrophobicity to gypsum plaster
boards.
XIAMETER®
MHX-1109 Fluid
Fluid Solvent based
Natural stone:
limestone, sandstone,
marble and granite.
Unique product providing
excellent hydrophobicity on
difficult substrates. Does not
migrate giving outstanding
durability and protection.
10. List Products & Benefits (cont.)
Products Chemistry Dilution system Substrate Benefits
Dow Corning®
Z-6688 Water
Repellent Gel &
Dow Corning®
Z-6684 Water
Repellent Gel
Alkoxy silane
water emulsion
Water based gel
Concrete & neutral
building substrates
Rheology of the gel allows the
application on vertical or
overhead surfaces. Solvent free.
XIAMETER®
OFS-6341 Silane
Silane (NOTES) Solvent based
Alkaline substrates
such as new
concrete.
Small molecule that allows deep
penetration and provide water
repellency by chemical bonding
with the substrate.
XIAMETER®
OFS-2306 Silane
Silane (IBTMS) Solvent based Concrete
Protect Reinforced Concrete
from chlorine attach. Methyl
releases, fast reaction.
XIAMETER®
OFS-0777
Siliconate
Siliconate Water based
Neutral, bricks,
ceramics
Water dilutable solution gives
water repellency to a variety of
substrates
11. Decision tree
Water repellents
Do you require a water dilutable product?
Is the substrate wood? Is the substrate high strength Engineered Concrete?
YES NO
YES NO
Are stone strengthening
properties required?
Do you require longest life?
(maximum penetration depth)
YES NO
XIAMETER®
OFS-2306 Silane,
XIAMETER®
OFS-6341 Silane
@ 100%
XIAMETER®
OFS-2306 Silane,
XIAMETER®
OFS-6341 Silane
@ 40%
XIAMETER®
OFS-6697 Silane
NO YES
NO YES
Is the substrate very low porosity stone? (e.g. granite)
Is the stone susceptible to darkening? (e.g. marble)
Dow Corning®
Z-6689
Water Repellent
XIAMETER®
MHX-1109 Fluid
NO YES
Is high beading a requirement?
YES NO
Dow Corning®
2-9034EU
Emulsion / Additive
Dow Corning®
2-9034EU Emulsion
Is this an on site (post treatment) application?
NO YES
Is an Admixture required?
Is the substrate high strength
Engineered Concrete?
NO YES
XIAMETER®
OFS-0777
Siliconate for bricks
Dow Corning®
520
Dilutable Water Repellent
for concrete blocks
Dow Corning®
520
Dilutable Water Repellent
for Pavers
XIAMETER®
MHX-1107
Fluid for Gypsum
NO YES
Dow Corning®
Z-6688
Water Repellent Gel
Is strong beading important?
YES NO
Is the substrate alkaline?
YES
Dow Corning®
520
Dilutable Water Repellent
Easy to apply required?
YES NO
Dow Corning®
Z-6684
Water Repellent Gel
XIAMETER®
OFS-0777 Siliconate
Dow Corning®
IE-6683
Water Repellent