Hubert Monteiro, lead technical consultant for Royce International, presents on the applications and advantages of phenalkamines.

1. Royce INTERNATIONAL
Presents
PHENALKAMINES
(APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES)
presented by
Dr. Hubert Monteiro
COMMITTED TO YOUR SUCCESS……SINCE 1929
© 2004. Royce International USA

2. I. CASHEW NUT SHELL LIQUID (cnsl)
• Key ingredient in the manufacture of Phenalkamines
• The industrial applications of the shell oil are based upon its
polymerization to a rubber-like material under the influence of acids,
and on the formation of a wide range of condensation products with
aldehydes. The latter are generally hard, infusible and extremely
resistant to the action of chemicals such as acids and alkalis. The
cashew shell liquid is now used in the manufacture of brake liners,
paints, varnishes, lacquers and insulators.

3. II. Structure of phenalkamine
OH
CH2-NH-CH2-CH2-NH-CH2-CH2-NH2
H27C15

4. III. Typical Properties OF PHENALKAMINES
RA 951 RA 950
(K 541) (K 540)
Appearance Reddish brown Reddish brown
viscous liquid liquid
Color (Gardner) 17 17
Density (lbs/gal) 8.23 8.27
Solids content (1 hr @ 1050C) >95% >96%
Viscosity @ 250C (cPs) 35000 2500
Amine value (mg KOH/g) 320 520
Active hydrogen equivalent weight 130 81
Flash Point 630C 1070C
Recommended PHR* 65 - 75 35 - 45
Gel Time @ 250C * (100 g) (minutes) 35-85 30-55
Thin Film Cure Time* @ 750F (hours) 9-14 9-11
@ 420F (hours) 17-22 19-22
* with liquid epoxy resin of EEW 190

5. IV. ADVANTAGES OF PHENALKAMINES
• Solvent-free / VOC compliant
• Long pot-life
• Fast-drying for quick recoat
• Cure below 400F (50C)
• Cure in all seasons under damp/humid conditions
• Good adhesion to most surfaces (RA 950 to plastics)
• Low toxicity
• No induction period
• Non-critical mixing ratios
• Compatible with coal tar and with most solvents
• Outstanding resistance to water, even sea water
• USDA acceptance
• RA 951 DOT non-corrosive

6. V. CURING OF EPOXY RESINS AT 270C
Curing of Epoxy Resin with various Hardeners
at 27 Degrees Centigrade
100
Polyamide
80
Amidoamine
60 Reactive Amine
40 DETA
Hardener K 540
20
Hardener K 541
0
24 48 72 96
Hours

7. VI. CURING OF EPOXY RESINS AT 40C
Curing of Epoxy Resin with various hardeners at 4
Degrees Centigrade
100
80 Polyamide
60 Amidoamine
40 Reactive Amine
20 DETA
Hardener K 540
0
Hardener K 541
24 48 72 96
Hours

8. VII. WATER RESISTANTCE OF
PHENALKAMINE CURED SYSTEMS
Water Absorption of Phenalkamines Vs. other
Hardeners
2.40
2.20
2.00
1.80
1.60 RA-950
% Weight 1.40
1.20 RA-951LV
Change 1.00
0.80 POLYAMIDE
0.60
0.40 CYCLOALIPHATIC
0.20
0.00 MANNICH BASE
25 65
Immersion Temperature
(Degrees Centigrade)

9. VIII. LIMITATIONS OF PHENALKAMINES
• Dark color
• Shelf life of 6 months
• Slight tendency to blush
• Moderate chemical resistance
• Poor solvent resistance

10. IX. Applications of Phenalkamines
• Marine Paints
• Industrial Maintenance Protective Coatings
• Tank and Pipe Linings
• Coatings for Potable water Applications
• Primers for Concrete

11. X. STRUCTURE OF CARDANOL GLYCIDYL ETHER
(RA-913)
O-CH2-CH-CH2
O
C15H27

12. XI. TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF RA-913
Appearance : Clear brown liquid
Color (Gardner) : Max. 13
Viscosity at 250C : 50 cPs
Epoxide equivalent weight : 455 – 555
Specific Gravity at 250C : 0.98
Volatile Matter (1200C / 1 h) : Max. 2
Flash Point : >2000C
Storage Stability : 6 months

13. XII. ADVANTAGES OF RA-913
• Viscosity Reduction: A 50% reduction in viscosity is obtained with a 10%
addition of RA 913.
• Very low volatility
• Increased Flexibility: Improved Impact and Thermal Shock Resistance
with little effect on Hardness.
• Compatibility: Compatible with usual epoxy resin and hardener systems
and with low cost hydrocarbon solvents.
• Increased pot-life: Extends pot-life without increasing total cure time.
• Electrical Properties: Does not affect electrical properties of epoxy resin
system with addition up to 15 phr.
• Dimensional stability: Reduces internal stress and improves flexural
modulus which results in a great improvement in the dimensional stability of
a cured product.

14. XIII. VOLATILITY OF REACTIVE DILUENTS
Volatile Contents of Diluents
30
27
Percent Volatile
24 BGE
21
18 Epoxide 7
15 CGE
12
BDGE
9
6 RR-913
3
0
100 30 20 10
Percent Diluent in Lapox B-13

15. XIV. LIMITATIONS OF RA-913
• Dark color
• Shelf life of 6 months
• Slight tendency to blush
• Moderate chemical resistance
• Poor solvent resistance