Glass ionomer cement is a dental restorative material composed of glass powder and a liquid containing polyacrylic acid. It sets via an acid-base reaction between the glass and acid. The cement is used for various applications like luting, restorations, liners, and sealants. It bonds chemically to tooth structure through an ion exchange mechanism. The cement continues to mature over time, increasing in strength and resistance to moisture as the setting reaction progresses in the first 24 hours.

2. 2
• INTRODUCTION
• DEFINITION
• HISTORY
• COMPOSITION
• CLASSIFICATION
• SETTING REACTION
• INDICATIONS
• MODIFICATIONS OF GIC
• RECENT ADVANCES IN GIC
• RFERENCES

3. 3
• The design of the original glass-ionomer cements was a hybrid formulation of silicate and
polycarboxylate cements. Glass ionomers used the aluminosilicate powder from silicates and the
polyacrylic acid liquid of polycarboxylates. The earliest commercial product was named using the
acronym for this hybrid formulation and was called aluminosilicate polyacrylic acid (ASPA).
Because of the extensive use of this cement as a dentin replacement material it has also been referred to
as “manmade dentin” or “dentin substitute”.
• Alumino-silicate polyacrylic acid (aspa)
• Polyalkeonate cement
• Glass polyalkeonate cement
• Glass ionomer cements or GIC
These are the popular name for this cement.
INTRODUCTION

4. DEFINITION OF CEMENT
A cement is a substance that hardens to act as a base, liner,
filling material or adhesive to bind devices or prosthesis to the
tooth structure or to each other.
- philips’ science of dental materials (12th ed)
• Glass ionomer cement is a water based cement
• ADA specification number: 96

5. DEFINITION
• GLASS-IONOMER IS THE GENERIC NAME OF A
GROUP OF MATERIALS THAT USE SILICATE GLASS
POWDER AND AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF
POLYACRYLIC ACID”
-KENNETH J
ANUSAVICE

6. 6
GIC is very versatile. It may be utilized as a definitive restorative material, a
preparation liner, a restorative base material, a luting cement, or a fissure
sealant. Recently, it was suggested that GIC also could be useful in the
preventive arena as therapeutic coating.

7. Timeline of milestone in the development of
GIC`s
7

8. 8

9. ROLE OF COMPONENTS IN:
POWDER
• Al2O3 & SiO2 of the glass is crucial and is
required to be of 1:2 or more by mass for
cement formation.
•CaF2-Supplemented by the addition of cryolite
(Na3AIF6).
•This flux
-reduces the temperature at which the glass

10. • Fluoride is an essential constituent which
- Lowers fusion temp., acts as flux
- improves working characteristics & strength
- improves translucency
- improves therapeutic value of the cement by
releasing fluoride over a prolonged period
• Al3PO4-Improves translucency.
Apparently adds body to the cement paste

11. LIQUID
•Polyacrylic acid ---
45 %
•Water ---
50 %
•Modifiers Itaconic acid --- 05
%
Maleic acid
Tricarballylic acid
viscosity ,inhibits gelation ,
shelf life.

12. • The liquid is an aqueous solution of polymers
and copolymers of acrylic acid.
• In most of the current cements, the acid in the
form of a coploymer with itaconic ,maleic ,or
tricarboxylic acids.
• Polyacrylic acid-is the most important acid
contributing to formation of the cement matrix.
• Water-
• It is reaction medium.
• It serves to hydrate the siliceous hydrogel and
the metal salts formed.
• It is essential part of the cement structure. If
water is lost from the cement by desiccation
while it is setting, the cement-forming reactions

13. •Glass ionomer cements are water-based materials
•Plays a role in transporting calcium and aluminium ions
to react with poly acids.
•Types:
- Lossely bound water
-Tightly bound water
•With the aging of cement, the ratio of tightly bound to
loosely bound water increases
•Accompanied by an increase in strength, modulus of
elasticity and decrease in plasticity
•Cement is only stable in an atmosphere of 80% relative
humidity

14. • In higher humidities the cement absorbs water and the
consequent hygroscopic expansion can exceed the setting
shrinkage.
• Cement can lose water under drying conditions, however
leading to shrinking and crazing.
• Susceptibility to desiccation decreases as the cement
ages.
• This is prevented if protected for about 10 to 30 mins
(depends on manufacturer).
ITACONIC ACID
• Itaconic acid promotes reactivity between the glass and
the liquid.
• It also prevents gelation of the liquid which can result

15. • A stronger acid than polyacrylic acid .
• Causes the cement to harden and lose its
moisture sensitivity faster.
• More carboxyl (COOH) groups which lead to more
rapid poly carboxylate cross linking .
Maleic acid

16. Tartaric acid
• The 5% optically active dextro-isomer of tataric acid is
incorporated.
• It is also hardener that controls the PH of the set
cement during
setting process, which in turn controls the rate of
dissolution of
the glass.
• It facilitates extraction of ions from the glass.
• It typically increases the working time and also aids in
snap test.

17. CLASSIFICATION
A.ACCORDING TO A.D. WILSON AND J.W. McLEAN IN 1988
Type I --- luting cements
Type II --- restorative cements
a.Restorative aesthetic
b.Restorative reinforced
B. ACCORDING TO SKINNERS
Type I – Luting
Type II- Restorative
Type III- Liner and base

18. C. ACC.TO CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIED BY
MANUFACTURER
• Type I --- Luting cement eg. Fuji I, KETAC
• Type II --- Restorative material eg. Ketacfil, Fuji II, fuji IX
• Type III --- a. Bases & liners -- weak with less acidic
b. Bases & liners -- stronger but more acidic
c. Bases & liners -- strong even in thin layer
• Type IV --- Admixture --- eg. Ketac silver, miracle
mix
D. ACCORDING TO J.W. McLEAN et al IN 1994
- Glass ionomer cement (traditional)
- Resin modified glass ionomer cement
- Poly acid modified composite resins

19. E. ACCORDING TO INTENDED APPLICATIONS
• Type I – Luting
• Type II – Restorative
• Type III – Liner/base
• Type IV – Pit & fissure sealant
• Type V – Luting for orthodontic purpose
• Type VI – Core buildup material
• Type VII – High fluoride releasing command set
• Type VIII – Atraumatic restorative treatment
• Type IX − Pediatric Glass Ionomer cements

20. F. NEWER CLASSIFICATION
• Traditional glass ionomer
a. Type I --- Luting cement
b. Type II --- Restorative cements
c. Type III --- Liners &Bases
• Metal modified Glass Ionomer
a. Miracle mix
b. Cermet cement
• Light cure Glass Ionomer
HEMA added to liquid.
• Hybrid Glass Ionomer/resin modified Glass Ionomer
a. Composite resin in which fillers substituted
with glass
ionomer particles.
b. Precured glasses blended into composites
• Poly acid modified resin composite or copomer.

21. PREPARATION OF TOOTH AND
MANIPULATION OF CEMENT

22. Conditioning the Tooth Surface
• Dentin conditioning prior to placement of a GIC is done
primarily to remove the smear layer.
• GIC is better able to wet the dentin surface.
• Promotes ion exchange.
• Chemically cleans dentin.
• Increases surface energy.

23. Agents used
Surface treatment Time of application(sec)
Citric acid, 50% aq 30
Citric acid, 2% aq/alc 30
Poly (acrylic acid), 25% aq 30
Tannic acid, 25% aq 60
Surface-active solution 60
Dodicin, 0.9% aq 60
Na2EDTA, 2% aq 30
Na2EDTA, 15% aq 30
Sodium flouride, 3% aq 30
Ferric chloride, 2% aq/alc 30

24. MIXING OF THE CEMENT
Full spoon, no excess
Tip liquid bottle to side, then
invert completely
If water / tartaric acid, only 1
drop used.

25. Liquid should not stay on paper pad
longer than 1minute (some of it may
soak into it)
Don’t mix beyond 30 seconds
The objective is – only wet the particle
– no dissolving it.
First half folded into liquid in 10-15seconds
Second half incorporated in 15
seconds
Small mixing area

26. Loss of gloss/ slump test
GIC --- 60 – 90 sec
Resin-modified GIC --3 – 3.5
min

27. Working time & setting time
It sets rapidly in the mouth :
• within 3-5 min and hardens to form a body having
translucency that matches enamel.
• Setting time for type I –GIC – 5 -7 min
• Setting time for type II–GIC --10 min
• Film thickness should not exceed 20µm for luting
agents

28. Mixing capsules
• To activate capsule
apply pressure 3-4
seconds before placing
in machine
• Ultrahigh speed
machine : 4000
cycles/minute
• (< 3000 cycles/minute
– not desirable)

29. Finishing technique
•Best surface –cement allowed to set under matrix
•Carving the cement external to the cavity margins with
sharp knives or scalers.
•Finest abrasive should be used to minimize tearing.
•Finishing with rotary instruments should be done at
subsequent visit.

30. Setting reaction
•1. acid-base reaction
•2. light activated polymerisation.
• ACID – BASE REACTION
• GIC formed by the reaction of three materials
Fluoro alumino silicate glass
powder
Poly acrylic acid
Water
• An acid – base reaction occurs between the glass
powder and the ionic polymer.
• Water is essential because that is the medium through
which ion transfer takes place.

31. Chemistry of cement forming reaction from initial mixing
occurs in various stages
The glass particles are attacked at the surface by poly acid
which leads to withdrawal of the cations thus the glass network
breaks down to silicic acid.
• Principally Al3+, Ca2+, F-, are released and migrate into
aqueous phase of cement and form complexes
•Initially calcium complexes predominate but later Aluminium
complexes are more.
• pH and viscosity increases
Decomposition of glass & migration of ions

32. • At critical pH and ionic conc. Precipitation of insoluble
poly acrylates takes place.
• Initial set occurs due to calcium polyacrylate but
hardening of cement is due to slow formation of aluminium
polyacrylate
•When cement is not fully hardened Al, Ca, F and
polyacrylate ions may leach out leading to irretrievable loss
of cement matrix
• Calcium acrylate is more vulnerable to water. So the
Gelation and vulnerability to water

33. This process continues for about 24 hrs
• Undergoes slight expansion and increase in translucency
• Cement becomes resistant to dessication and strength also
increases for at least a year.
• Increase in strength and rigidity are associated with slow
increase in cross linking
Hardening and slow maturation

35. Mechanism of adhesion
• Polyalkenoic acid attacks dentine and enamel:
displaces PO4,Ca ions
• Migrate into cement and develop an ion enriched
layer firmly attached to tooth structure.
• The bond strength to enamel is always higher than
that to dentin because of the greater inorganic
content & greater homogenity.

36. MECHANISM
• Smith – chelation of calcium(1968)
• Beech –
interaction between apatite and poly
acrylic
acid
polyacrylate ions
Ionic bonds with calcium ions in enamel and dentin

37. Acc. to Wilson(1974)
• Initial adhesion is by hydrogen bonding from free
carboxylic groups
• Progressively these bonds are replaced by ionic
bonds
• Polymeric polar chains of acids bridge the interface
between cement and substrate
Acc. to Wilson, Prosser and Powis(1983)
• Polyacrylate displaces and replaces surface
phosphate and calcium from hydroxyapatite
• An intermediate layer of Ca and Al phosphates and
polyacrylates is formed.

38. Properties of Glass Ionomer cement
luting cement
PROPERTY VALUES
1.Setting time(min) 7.0
2.Film thickness(µm) 24
3.24 hr compressive strength(Mpa) 86
4.24 hr diametrical tensile
strength(Mpa)
6.2
5.Elastic modulus(Gpa) 7.3
6.Solubility in water(Wt%) 1.25
7.Pulp response Mild to moderate

39. Restorative cements
PROPERTY GLASS
IONOMER II
CERMET HYBRID
IONOMER
1.Compressive
strength(Mpa)
150 150 105
2.Diametrcal
tensile
strength(Mpa)
6.6 6.7 20
3.Knoop
hardness(KHN)
48 39 40
4.Solubility(ANSI/
ADA Test)
0.4 - -
5.Pulp response mild mild mild

40. Biocompatibility
• Resistance to plaque because presence of F
• Pulp response to GIC is favorable
• Freshly mixed --- acidic pH 0.9 – 1.6 -- mild
inflammation resolve 10 -20 days
* used to protect mech / traumatic exposure of healthy
pulp
• Glass ionomer cement showed greater inflammatory
response than ZOE but less than Zn phosphate cement,
other cements but it resolved in 30 days
(Garcia et

41. • The influence of fluoride action is seen of at
least 3 mm around the glass ionomer restoration
• Released for a sustained period of 18 months
(Wilson et al 1985)
• Thickly mixed cements release more flouride
than thinly mixed ones.
• Fluoride release is restricted by sodium and to
some extent by calcium content and not the total
fluoride content of the glass.
Fluoride release

42. Fluoride recharge
• Glass ionomers may have synergistic effects
when used with extrinsic fluorides
• In the presence of an inverse fluoride
concentration gradient, glass ionomers may
absorb fluoride from the environment and
release it again under specific conditions
• topical APF (acidulated phosphate fluoride),
with fluoride rinses and fluoridated dentifrices
recharging takes place

44. •Thermal Properties:
•The thermal diffusivity value of GIC is close to
that for dentin.
• The material has an adequate thermal
insulating effect on the pulp and helps to protect
it from thermal trauma
Solubility & disintegration
lower than ----Zn phosphate
Zn poly carboxylate
In water --- less than Silicate cement
Resin-modified GIC is less resistant to
solubility

45. • Compressive strength < silicate cement
• Tensile strength --- higher -- silicates
• Hardness < silicates
• Wear resistance < composites
• ESTHETICS
• Glass ionomer cement has got a degree of
translucency because of its glass filler
• Unlike composite resins, glass ionomer
cement will not be affected by oral fluids

46. • The esthetic quotient depends upon
1.Refractive index of glass particles and
matrix
2.Particle size
3.translucency of glass particles
• Specification limits of GIC 0.35 -.90 (for optimum
aesthetics it is between 0.35 – 0.90 )

47. Durability
Affected by the factors
• Inadequate preparation of the cement
• Inadequate protection of restoration
• Variable conditions of mouth
Failure rate is more a measure of clinician’s skill
than inherent quality of the material
• One of the longest observation periods for the
conventional glass ionomers in non-carious cervical
lesions showed retention in the order of 90% after
10 yrs for KetacFil

48. • Some other properties
• Low exothermic reaction
• Adheres chemically to the tooth structure
• Less shrinkage than polymerizing resins
• Dimensional stability at high humidity
• F release discourages microbial infiltration
• Early moisture sensitive --- requires
protection
• Poor abrasion resistance
• Average esthetic

49. Indications
• 1. Restorative materials:
• Restoring of erosion/ abrasion lesions without cavity
preparation.
• Sealing and filling of occlusal pits and fissures
• Restoration of deciduous teeth.
• Restoration of class III lesions, preferably using a
lingual approach with labial plate intact.
• Repair of defective margins in restorations
• Minimal cavity preparations – Approximal lesions,
Buccal and Occlusal approach (tunnel preparation)
• Core build-up

50. 2. Fast setting lining cement and bases:
• Lining of all types of cavities where a biological seal
and cariostatic action are required
• replacement of carious dentin the attachment of
composite resins using the acid etch technique
• Sealing and filling of occlusal fissures showing
early signs of caries.
3. Luting cement:
• Fine grain versions of the glass ionomer Cements are
used.
• Useful in patients with high caries index

51. Pit & Fissure sealant
• A cariostatic action is essential for caries preventive
material GIC is recommended as a P and F sealant
where the orifices of the fissure are patent .
• The size of the fissure should allow sharp explorer
tip to enter the crevice which should be > 100 µ
wide. Otherwise, GIC can get lost through erosion
due to its low wear resistance and solubility

52. Core buildup
• The metal reinforced glass ionomer
cements are used for this purpose
• Glass ionomer cements reinforce the
teeth & prevent root fracture when
root canals are over widened.

53. Sandwich technique or the bi
layered technique.
• Devolped by Mclean,
• To combine the beneficial properties of GIC &
composite.Clinical steps:-
•After cavity preparation,
condition the cavity to develop good adhesion with GIC.
•Place Type III GIC into prepared cavity.
•After setting, etch the enamel & GIC with ortho
phosphoric acid for 15 seconds.
•This will improve micromechanical bond to composite
resin.
•Apply a thin layer of low viscosity dentin bonding
agent & finally place the composite resin over GIC &
light cure it.

55. Advantages
• Polymerisation shrinkage is less, due to
reduced bulk of composite.
• Favorable pulpal response.
• Chemical bond to the tooth.
• Anticariogenic property.
• Better strength, finishing, esthetics of
overlying composite resin.
• Microleakage is reduced
• Minimization of no. of composite
increments,
therefore time is saved

56. GIC IN ENDODONTICS
They are used for:
• Sealing root canals orthogradely , retrogradely
• Restoring pulp chamber
• Perforation repair
• Sometimes for repairing vertical fracture
GIC was used because of :
• Its capacity to bond which enhances seal & reinforce
the tooth.
• Its good bio compatibility, which would minimize
irritation to peri radicular tissues.
• Its F release, which imports an anti microbial effect to
combat root canal infection.

57. Contra indications
• Class IV carious lesions or fractured incisors.
• Lesions involving large areas of labial enamel
where
esthetics is of major importance
• class II carious lesions where conventional
cavities are prepared.
• replacement of existing amalgam restorations.

58. Modifications of GIC
Water Settable Glass Ionomer Cement
:-
• Liquid is delivered in a freeze dried
form, which is incorporated into
the powder.
• Liquid used is clean water.

59. METAL MODIFIED GIC
MIRACLE MIX / SILVER ALLOY ADMIX GIC
• Sced and Wilson in 1980 incorporated spherical
silver amalgam alloy into Type II GIC powder in
a ratio of 7:1
Powder
• Glass –17.5%
• Silver –82.5%
• Particle size of silver is 3 – 4µm
Liquid
• Aqueous solution of copolymer of acrylic acid
and
or maleic acid—37%
• Tartaric acid 9%

60. Disadvantages
• Poor resistance to abrasion
• Resistant to burnishing
• Poor aesthetics

61. GLASS CERMET
• Also called as cermet ionomer cements
• McLean and Gasser in 1985 first developed
• Fusing the glass powder to silver particles through
sintering that can be made to react with polyacid
to form the cement
• Sintering is done at high pressure more than
300MPa and at a temperature of 8000C which is
ground to fine powder particle size of 3.5 µm
• 5%titanium dioxide is added to improve aesthetics

62. Indications
• Core build –up material
• Root caps of teeth under over dentures
• class I cavities in primary teeth
• Preventive restoration
• Temporary posterior restoration
Contraindications
• Anterior restorations.
• Areas subjected to high occlusal loading

63. PROPERTIES
Strength-
• Both tensile and compressive strength is greater
than conventional glass ionomer cement
Modulus of elasticity-
• tends to be relatively lower than conventional
GIC
Abrasion resistance-
• greater than conventional GIC due to silver
particle incorporartion

64. Radiopacity:
silver cermet radio opacity is equal to that of
dental amalgam
Fluoride release
Type II cermet
miracle mix
• 2 weeks 440 ug 200 ug
3350ug
• 1 months 650 ug 300 ug
4040 ug

65. RESIN MODIFIED GLASS IONOMER
CEMENTS
• Developed by Antonucci, Mc Kinney and SB Mitra.
• Addition of polymerizable resins to the formulation to
import additional curing process to the original acid
base reactions.
Definition: RMGIC can be defined as a hybrid cement
that sets via an acid base reaction and partly via a
photo- chemical polymerization reaction.

66. Composition
• Powder: Ion leachable glass and initiators for
light /
chemical / both types of curing
• Liquid : water + Polyacrylic acid modified with
MA and HEMA monomers.
• The HEMA content is around 15-25% and
water content is low to accommodate the
polymerizable ingredients.
• It is a powder : liquid system with P:L = 3:1

67. Setting reaction
2 distinct setting reactions occur
• Acid base neutralization
• Free radicle MA cure. This can occur purely via
light
cure or by a combination of LC and chemical
cure.
• Thus a cement can be termed
- Dual cure if cross linking is via acid base + LC

68. properties
• Esthetics: According to the Phillips’ science of
dental materials, there is a definite improvement in
translucency as the monomer brings the refractive
index of the liquid close to that of the glass
particle.
• Fluoride release: is same as that of the
conventional
but the lining version shows higher F release
• Strength: The diametrical tensile strength is much
higher but compressive strength and hardness is
lesser.

69. • Adhesion: to tooth is reduced. This is expected
because of reduction in carboxylic acid in the liquid
and interruption of chemical bonding due to the
resin matrix.
-Adhesion to composites is increased due to the
presence of residual non-polymerized functional
groups within the RMGIC
• Micro leakage: A higher degree of Microleakage is
seen due to polymerization shrinkage
• also due to reduced water and carboxylic acid
content and reduces its wetting capacity

70. • Water sensitivity is considerably reduced.
• The biocompatibility is controversial and
precautions
such as placing Ca (OH)2 in deep preparations
should
be taken. The transient temp. rise during setting is
also a concern

71. INDICATIONS
• Luting cement esp. in orthodontics
• Liner and base
• Pit and fissure sealant
• Core build up material
• For amalgam repair
ADVANTAGES
• Long Working time and Snap setting
• Early water sensitivity is reduced
• Rapid development of early strength

72. • No etching is needed either to tooth for adhesion or
for
the material if composite lamination is to be done.
• Bonding to composite is higher
• Finishing can be done immediately
• F release
• Diametrical tensile strength is higher
• DRAWBACKS
• increased shrinkage with concurrent microleakage
• Low wear resistance as compared to composites
• Its controversial biocompatibility

73. MODIFICATIONS
IN GLASS
IONOMER
CEMENT

74. Polyacid modified GIC / Compomer
Self hardening GIC
Low viscosity / flowable GIC
Condensable GIC / High Viscosity GIC
New fluoride
releasing GIC
Fluoride charged GIC
Low pH ‘SMART’
MATERIALS

75. Bioactive glass
Fibre-reinforced GIC
Giomer
Hainomer
Amalgomer

76. Proline containing GIC
CPP-ACP containing GIC
Zirconia containing GIC
Nano Bio ceramic modified GIC
Chlorhexidine impregnated GIC
Calcium Aluminate GIC

77. POLYACID MODIFIED RESIN
COMPOSITE /
COMPOMER(1990’s)
COMPOMER
FLUORIDE
RELEASING
CAPABILITY OF
GIC
DURABILITY
OF
COMPOSITES

78. Compomer is a translucent hybrid dental
resin material which provide combined
benefit of composites and glass
ionomers.
• Though introduced as a type of GIC, it
became apparent that terms in of clinical
use and performance it is best
considered as a composite.

79. COMPOSITION
• Compomers are essentially a one – paste
system.
• Contains ion leachable glass & polymerizable
acidic monomers.
• Functional groups : polyacrylic acid &
methacrylates in 1 molecule.
• NaF and some other fillers -for additional F release.
• There is no water in the formulation.

80. SETTING REACTION
2 stages
• Stage 1: In contrast to RMGIC, a typical
composite resin network around filler particles
forms on light activation.
• Stage II : occurs over 2-3 months where by
water from
the saliva gets absorbed and initiates a slow acid
base

81. PROPERTIES
ADHESION:
• Micromechanical
• To tooth requires acid –etching .
• Bond strengths achieved usually approach the typical resin
bonding systems. It is = 18-24Mpa.
FLUORIDE RELEASE: is limited. It is significantly less than Type
II or RMGIC. F release usually starts after about 2-3
months; it peaks initially and then falls rapidly.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: fracture toughness, flexural strength
and wear resistance are better than GIC but less than
composite.

82. INDICATIONS
• P& F sealant
• Restoration of primary teeth, class III and V
lesions, cervical abrasions, erosions and
intermediate restorations.
• Bases for composites, liners.
• Small core build ups
• Filling of pot holes & undercuts in old crown
preparations
• Root surface sealing

83. CONTRAINDICATIONS
• Class IV lesions
• Conventional class II cavities
• Lost cusp areas.
• Restorations involving large labial surface.
ADVANTAGES
• Superior working characteristics to RMGIC.
• Ease of use.
• Easily adapts to the tooth.
• Good esthetics.

84. The 2 component compomer:
• Marketed as a P: L system.
• 2 paste system is meant exclusively for luting.
• They are self adhesive due to the presence of water
which starts off the acid base reaction.
• The powder contains the glasses, fluoride & chemical /
light initiators .
• liquid contains the monomers, Poly acrylic acid, water
and activators.
• Set via light chemical polymer as well acid base
reaction.

85. • These are basically, purely chemically activated
RMGIC with no light activation at all.
• Developed mainly for luting purposes, they
contain monomers and chemical initiatiors such
a the benzoyl peroxide and t- amines to allow
self polymerization.
• It is used mainly in paediatric dentistry for
cementation of stainless steel crowns, space
maintainers, bands and brackets.
Condensable / Self hardening GIC

86. High viscosity occurs to the material by :
Adding poly acrylic acid to the powder&
Finer grain size distribution.( j Leirskar et al 2001)
Advantages over conventional GIC’s
( A Castro & R F Feigal,2001)
• Packable + Condensable
• Easy placement
• Non sticky
• Rapid finishing can be carried out
• Improved wear resistance
• Solubility in oral fluids is very low

87. Indications
• As a final restorative material in class I and Class II primary teeth
• Geriatric restorative material for class I,II,III,IV cavities and cervical
erosion
• Final restorative material in permanent teeth in non stress bearing
areas
• Intermediate restorative material in class I and class II cavities
• Sandwich restoration
• Core build up material
• Fissure sealing material for permanent teeth

88. Ketac Molar Aplicap GCFuji IX
Capsule

89. The low viscosity/flowable GIC –
• For lining, pit and fissure sealing
• endodontic sealers
• for sealing of hypersensitive cervical areas
• These had a low P:L ratio and possessed
increase flow.
eg: Fuji lining LC, Fuji III and IV, Ketac –
Endo.

90. 1. Fluoride charged materials: This is a 2 part
material comprising of
• A restorative part and
• A charge part.
• The restorative part is used is the usual way.
When the first burst of fluoride is expended,
• the material is given a fluoride charge using
the second part.

91. 2.Low pH “Smart” Material
• developed to enable release fluoride
when the
oral pH is low.
• Aptly called “Smart” materials, the F
release is
episodic and not continuous which helps
to prolong the therapeutic usefulness of

92. THE BIOACTIVE GLASS-ionomer
cement.
• This idea was developed by Hench and co in
1973.
• on acid dissolution of glass,
• there is formation of a layer rich in Ca and
PO4 around the glass
• such a glass can form intimate bioactive
bonds with
the bone cells and get fully integrated with the

93. Addition of BioActive Glass to glass ionomer
compromises its mechanical properties.
So its use is limited to where its bioactivity
is benificial and not its mechanical
properies.
Eg:root surface fillings
Liners

94. It is being used experimentally as
• Bone cement
• Retrograde filling material
• For perforation repair
• Augmentation of alveolar ridges in
edentulous ridges
• implant cementation
• Infra- bony pocket correction

95. FIBER REINFORCED GIC
• Incorporation of alumina fibres into the glass
powder to improve upon its flexural strength
• This technology called the Polymeric Rigid
Inorganic Matrix Material or PRIMM.
• Developed by Dr. Lars Ehrnsford
• It involves incorporation of a continuous
network / scaffold of alumina and SiO2
ceramic fibres.

96. ADVANTAGES
•Due to the ceramic fibers there is increased depth of
cure as light conduction and penetration is
enhanced.
•Polymerization shrinkage is reduced as resin is
confined within the chambers.
•There is also improved wear resistance
•Increase in flexural strength.

97. GIOMER
• Developed by Shofu
• Giomer utilizes the hybridization of GIC
and composite by using a technology called
the pre-reacted glass ionomer technology.
• The fluoro aluminosilicate glass is reacted
with polyalkenoic acid to yield a stable
phase of GIC .
• This pre reacted glass is then incorporated
into the resin.

98. Depending on the amount of glass
which is reacted, giomers are of 2
types:
T- PRG = total /reaction of Full
/entire glass.
S- PRG = only the Surface of the
fluoro silicate glass particles will be
prereacted.
Eg: Beautiful, Reactmer

100. AMALGOMERS
• These are restoratives which are glass
ionomer based but with the strength of
amalgam.
• They also provide F- release, natural
adhesion to tooth structure, good
compatibility and prevent shrinkage, creep,
corrosion or thermal conductivity problems
associated with other filling materials.
• They have been found to have exceptional

101. HAINOMERS
• These are newer bioactive materials developed by
incorporating hydroxyapatite within glass
ionomer powder.
• Are being used as bone cements in oral
maxillofacial surgery and may in future act as
retrograde filling material.
• Studies have shown that they have a role in
bonding directly to bone and affect its growth
and development.

102. ANTIMICROBIAL RELEASING GLASS IONOMER
CEMENT-
FUNCTIONALISED WITH CHLORHEXIDINE HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE NANAO
PARTICLES .
(Hook R E etal j of nano
biotechnology2014:12;3)
• To increase the anticariogenic action of GIC
• These cements may find clinical application
as dental biomaterials which prevent or
reduce the incidence of secondary caries
and protect the tooth and soft tissues from
bacterial infection.

103. PROLINE CONTAINING GLASS IONOMER CEMENT
J Prosthet Dent. 2013 Nov;110(5):408-
13. doi:
10.1016/j.prosdent.2013.04.009.
Epub 2013 Aug 30.ANSARI et al.
• An amino acid-containing GIC had better surface
hardness properties than commercial Fuji IX GIC.
• This formulation of fast-set glass ionomer showed
increased water sorption without adversely affecting the
amount of fluoride release.
• Considering its biocompatibility, this material shows
promise not only as a dental restorative material but
also as a bone cement with low cytotoxicity

104. CPP – ACP CONTAINING GIC
Incorporation of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous
calcium
phosphate
Mazzaoui SA et al. J DENT RES 2003 NOV
82(11)
• Incorporation of 1.56% w/w CPP-ACP into the GIC
significantly
increased :
Microtensile bond strength (33%) and
Compressive strength(23%)
Enhanced the release of calcium, phosphate, and fluoride
ions at neutral and acidic pH.
• The release of CPP-ACP and fluoride from the CPP-

105. GLASS CARBOMER CEMENT
• ITS A CARBOMER AND FLUORAPITITE ENHANCED
GLASS IONOMER RESTORATIVE CEMENT IN
CAPSULES.
• EXCELLENT CHEMICAL BONDING TO ENAMEL
AND DENTIN
• COMPLETELY BIOCOMPACTIBLE- MONOMER
FREE
• ETCHING OF ENAMEL AND DENTIN IS
CONTRAINDICATED.
• REMINERALIZATION PROPERTY DUE TO NANO
FLUOROAPATITE PARTICLES.

106. INDICATIONS
• PERMANENT CLASS I AND CLASS II (NO LOAD
BEARING AREAS.)
• CLASS I AND CLASS II IN DECIDIOUS TEETH.
• BUILD UP MATERIAL FOR CROWN AND BRIDGE
• CERVICAL FILLINGS
• CLASS V RESTORATIONS.

107. ZIRCONIA CONTAINING
GIC
(Scripta Materialia volume 52, issue 2. Y.W.
Gu et al.)
•A potential substitute for miracle mix.
• The diametral tensile strength of zirconia containing
GIC is Greater than that of Miracle mix due to better
interfacial bonding
between the particles and matrix.

108. NANO BIOCERAMIC MODIFIED GIC
(Acta biometerialia volume4 issue2 march 2008 MOSHAVERINIA et al)
•Nano hydroxyapaptite / fluorapatite particles added
to FUJI II GC
•The experimental cements also exhibited higher
bond strength to dentin after 7 and 30 days of
storage in distilled water.
• It was concluded that glass ionomer cements
containing nanobioceramics are promising
restorative dental materials with both improved
mechanical properties and improved bond strength
to dentin.

109. Calcium Aluminate GIC
•A hybrid product with a composition between that of
calcium aluminate and GIC, designed for luting fixed
prostheses.
•The main ingredients in the powder : calcium aluminate,
polyacrylic acid, tartaric acid, strontium-fluoro-alumino-
glass, and strontium fluoride.
• The liquid component contains 99.6% water and 0.4%
additives for controlling setting.
The calcium aluminate contributes to a basic pH during
curing,
•Reduction in microleakage,
•Excellent biocompatibility, and
•Long-term stability and strength.

110. References
• Philips science of dental materials, 11th ed & 12th ed
• Sturdevant’s Art and science of operative dentistry, Fifth
edition
• Craig’s Restorative dental materials, Twelfth edition
• Advances in Glass ionomer cement , Carel L. Davidson, J
Minim Interv Dent 2009; 2 (1)
• Clinical evaluation of glass-ionomer Cement restorations, Martin
John TYAS J Appl Oral Sci. 2006;14(sp.issue):10-3
• Scripta Materialia volume 52, issue 2. Y.W. Gu et al
• Acta biometerialia volume4 issue2 march 2008
MOSHAVERINIA et al

111. THANK YOU