Water management is a global issue and it is the prime duty of all the people to save and conserve water so that it can be passed on safely to the future generation. Viewers please watch the ppt and leave your likes and comments.
Water conservation refers to reducing the usage of water and recycling of waste water for different purposes like domestic usage, industries, agriculture etc. This technical article highlights most of the popular methods of water conservation. A special note on rainwater harvesting is also provided.
Sustainable Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Sustainable Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water. The survey data for determining water quality can be easily presented by using a water cycle management PowerPoint slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. It is possible to present the features that describe a suitable location for the monitoring program. It is easy to explain topics like wastewater treatment process, wastewater reuse, global wastewater reuse by sector, treated wastewater quality parameter, etc by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3tEV5qm
Uses and Exploitation of Water Conflicts Over Water- National and Internatio...Rajeshwari jagadish
Uses and Exploitation of Water
Conflicts Over Water- National and International, Underground water, Flood, drought, Auqafiers, Cavery water conflict. characteristics of water.
Water conservation refers to reducing the usage of water and recycling of waste water for different purposes like domestic usage, industries, agriculture etc. This technical article highlights most of the popular methods of water conservation. A special note on rainwater harvesting is also provided.
Sustainable Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Sustainable Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water. The survey data for determining water quality can be easily presented by using a water cycle management PowerPoint slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. It is possible to present the features that describe a suitable location for the monitoring program. It is easy to explain topics like wastewater treatment process, wastewater reuse, global wastewater reuse by sector, treated wastewater quality parameter, etc by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3tEV5qm
Uses and Exploitation of Water Conflicts Over Water- National and Internatio...Rajeshwari jagadish
Uses and Exploitation of Water
Conflicts Over Water- National and International, Underground water, Flood, drought, Auqafiers, Cavery water conflict. characteristics of water.
water conservation
need for water conservation
strategies of water conservation
methods of water conservation
rainwater harvesting
rooftop rainwater harvesting
watershed management
maintenance of watershed
Jeremy Bird, Director General of IWMI, discusses the huge water management challenges facing India and shows how IWMI’s research can contribute to effective and sustainable solutions.
Sources of water, Assessment of domestic and industrial requirement, Impurities in
water, Indian standards for drinking water, Water borne diseases and their control.
This presentation discusses water sources, its use, wastage of water, importance of saving it, recycling and reusing it, water scarcity and ways to prevent the impending calamity
Water is a very important resource in our life . The availability of water resources on earth are limited and unevenly distributed. Human demand for water has been growing for two reasons. The available water is to be conserved. This module explains the major practices adopted in water conservation.
Water is essential for all life of forms on earth-including human, animal and vegetation.
It is therefore important that adequate supplies of water be developed to sustain such life
Where there is no surface water, where groundwater is deep or inaccessible due to hard ground conditions, or where it is too salty, acidic or otherwise unpleasant or unfit to drink, another source must be sought.
In areas that have regular rainfall, the most appropriate alternative is the collection of rainwater, called rainwater harvesting .
According to the UN report, The population of India expected to surpass China and become the largest country in population size by 2022.
Water-related challenges including water scarcity and water quality deterioration where the pace of urbanization is fastest and the local governments have limited capacity to deal with the rising water supply and sanitation challenges.
Industrial growth is completely related to the addition of a large number of toxic pollutants that are harmful to the environment, hazardous to human health.
Water is the basic need of life on the earth. The useful freshwater resources are less. It is the time to save, conserve and manage the water resources for next generations.
water conservation
need for water conservation
strategies of water conservation
methods of water conservation
rainwater harvesting
rooftop rainwater harvesting
watershed management
maintenance of watershed
Jeremy Bird, Director General of IWMI, discusses the huge water management challenges facing India and shows how IWMI’s research can contribute to effective and sustainable solutions.
Sources of water, Assessment of domestic and industrial requirement, Impurities in
water, Indian standards for drinking water, Water borne diseases and their control.
This presentation discusses water sources, its use, wastage of water, importance of saving it, recycling and reusing it, water scarcity and ways to prevent the impending calamity
Water is a very important resource in our life . The availability of water resources on earth are limited and unevenly distributed. Human demand for water has been growing for two reasons. The available water is to be conserved. This module explains the major practices adopted in water conservation.
Water is essential for all life of forms on earth-including human, animal and vegetation.
It is therefore important that adequate supplies of water be developed to sustain such life
Where there is no surface water, where groundwater is deep or inaccessible due to hard ground conditions, or where it is too salty, acidic or otherwise unpleasant or unfit to drink, another source must be sought.
In areas that have regular rainfall, the most appropriate alternative is the collection of rainwater, called rainwater harvesting .
According to the UN report, The population of India expected to surpass China and become the largest country in population size by 2022.
Water-related challenges including water scarcity and water quality deterioration where the pace of urbanization is fastest and the local governments have limited capacity to deal with the rising water supply and sanitation challenges.
Industrial growth is completely related to the addition of a large number of toxic pollutants that are harmful to the environment, hazardous to human health.
Water is the basic need of life on the earth. The useful freshwater resources are less. It is the time to save, conserve and manage the water resources for next generations.
Big Data in Oil and Gas: How to Tap Its Full PotentialHitachi Vantara
Tap the full potential of big data to find oil more quickly, enhance oil production, and reduce the health, safety, and environmental risks of equipment failure or operator error. Join this informative 60 minute webcast featuring IDC Energy Insights’ analyst Jill Feblowitz and leading energy experts from Hitachi Data Systems. Explore key findings from IDC Energy Insights' recent examination of big data and analytics in upstream oil and gas. Learn how to: Benefit from the newest technology innovations in upstream oil and gas. Improve the geoscience workflows for more accurate and reliable results. Create big data solutions that scale and perform as you need. Build true big data solutions that are easier to procure, service and support globally. For more information on HDS Solutions for Oil & Gas please visit: http://www.hds.com/solutions/industries/energy.html?WT.ac=us_inside_rm_nrgy
Wind and Solar Power - Renewable Energy TechnologiesLiving Online
The past ten years has seen a significant increase in applying wind and solar power technologies from the domestic user to the corporate market. There has been a dramatic improvement in the efficiencies in these technologies and this has helped make the applications economical. Specific energy yields from wind turbines have increased by 60% and installation costs have dropped significantly (up to 50% in many cases). Global wind generating capacity has reached 100,000 MW capacity in March 2008 with almost 20,000 MW installed during 2007 alone.
Applications of photovoltaic (PV) systems are growing rapidly worldwide with worldwide installation of PV modules skyrocketing to 2,826 MW in 2007 (= 62% growth from 2006). Many countries are passing legislation to enforce greater use of PV systems and this is helping to drive up the production of these systems.
All of these technologies are interdisciplinary requiring a knowledge of topics as varied as aerodynamics, electricity and wind statistics for wind power and mechanical engineering, electronic and electrical engineering for solar power.
This workshop will outline the step by step process of designing, installing and commissioning photovoltaic and wind powered systems. It should be emphasised that this is not an advanced in-depth workshop but one covering the important issues enabling you to do simple designs and then to investigate the design and installation issues in more detail after the workshop either by further study or in conjunction with experts in the field.
In recent years the annual growth rate of the solar and wind energy industry has consistently exceeded 30% with 3 digit growth figures in many regional markets. So in these rather challenging economic times; this is a good industry in which to focus one’s career on.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Control and instrumentation engineers
Electrical engineers
Electricians
Electronic engineers
Energy specialists
Facility managers
Mechanical engineers
Technicians
…and those who are keen to improve the environment and take advantage of cheap and clean power.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/wind-solar-power-renewable-energy-technologies-3
Renewable Energy : The United Kingdom ApproachGavin Harper
A presentation by Gavin D. J. Harper, B.R.A.S.S. Cardiff University, for European Sustainable Energy Week, at an event hosted in Vilnius, European Capital of Culture 2009 by A.T.E.I.K www.ateik.info on the 12th February 2009.
The presentation looks at renewable energy in the UK, looking at past policy on the national level, room for policy improvements, and innovative policy development on the regional and local levels, culminating with an introduction to Zero Carbon Britain, www.zerocarbonbritain.co.uk a radical roadmap for a clean energy future for the United Kingdom.
Water Crisis Around the World – Get insights into the water situation in Africa, Asia, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, South Africa, Australia, Niger, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Morocco, India, China, which are facing acute water shortage.
By Wais Kabir, Sattar Mandal, Mike Robson (FAO)
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
Mr. Anju Gaur IEWP @ Workshop on River Basin Management Planning and Governan...India-EU Water Partnership
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Talk on national water policy 2012 tata steel csr nrd 2015Kallol Saha
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National Urban Rainwater Harvesting Guidelinesbiometrust
The NURWH manual has been written with an intent to provide a framework for effective implementation of rainwater harvesting in ULBs, following a step by step process of understanding the city’s/town’s objectives, defining technical details of rainwater harvesting, making amendments to legislation and byelaws, and also has examples of best management practices for rainwater harvesting design and utilization. It has been intended to address the coalition of policy objectives of the planning and building sectors, as well as those of the health authorities, water authorities, and local governments for strategic implementation of RWH.
The audience for the document
is envisioned to be Urban Development Departments/town planning departments of various states and City/Town governments
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
1. By : Jyoti
Class : Xl
ID no : 4487
School : Mann Public School
2. INDEX
Meaning
Water management situation in following countries
1. India
2. Pakistan
3. Somalia
4. Sudan
5. Nigeria
6. UAE
Conclusion
3. Water management is the activity of planning,
developing, distributing and optimum use of water
resources under defined water polices and
regulations. It includes: management of water
treatment of drinking water, industrial water, sewage
or wastewater. management of water resources.
MEANING
4. Agriculture - 28% of GDP, 67% of employment
Irrigation - higher incomes, more secure livelihoods, reduces poverty
Irrigated area totals 90 million ha - surface water 39%, groundwater 47%, other sources 14%
Growing demands for domestic and industrial water supply
Increasing water scarcity - 9 out of 20 river basins deemed to be water scarce (< 1000 m3 per
capita per year)
Groundwater table declining in many states
Gross irrigated area not rising despite continued investment
Poor performance of I&D schemes
Conflicts over water increasing
WUAs (Water Users Associations)established but not performing
THE SITUATION IN INDIA
5. AREAS FOR ACTION:
•Institutional reform in the water sector
•Engagement with stakeholders
•Re-education of water professionals
•Education of politicians and planners
•Knowledge management
•Improved efficiency and productivity of water
•Demand management, reduction in water use
•Water trading
Threats and opportunities:
•Reducing reserve for development
•Increased risk from droughts
•Climate change
•Management options constrained
•Involvement of stakeholders
•Need for information dissemination
6. CURRENT ISSUES IN WRM (WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT )
•Historically water resources development has been carried out by the Irrigation Department
•Irrigation has dominated the WR development agenda
•No holistic view - Different agencies have different responsibilities for elements of WRM
•Industrial and domestic demands increasing but allocations controlled by another user –
the ID
Action Plan(Form State Water Council )
•Separate the Irrigation Department into three branches:
–Water Resources Branch (WRB)
–Irrigation Services Branch (ISB)
–Irrigation Development Branch (IDB)
•Form River Basin Councils and prepare river basin plans
•Prepare the State Water Resources Management Plan (SWRMP)
•Prepare, consult and enact the draft Water Resources Act
Form the Water Resources Department
•Implement river basin plans
•Implement State WRMP and river basin plans
•Strengthen water resources management in universities and training establishments
7. ISSUES
Maintenance
–Outdated R&M norms and procedures
–Inadequate funds
Finance
–Water charges a tax, not a service fee. Not linked to needs.
–Low recovery rates
–Outdated fee assessment and recovery procedure
Management policy, processes and procedures
–Focused on construction rather than water management
–Employs mainly civil engineers
–Lack of focus on individual system performance
–Outdated systems, processes and procedures
On-farm issues
–Inadequately organised water distribution
–Low water use productivity
–Little or no planning for conjunctive use of surface and groundwater
–Insufficient uptake of modern technologies
8. THE SITUATION IN PAKISTAN
SOURCES OF WATER :
There are two types of major resources of water in
Pakistan, natural and artificial.
• Natural resources include rainfall, rivers, glaciers,
ponds, lakes, streams, karez and wells etc.
• Artificial resources consist of the surface water from
rainfall and rivers, which is in excess of the
requirements for irrigation and other uses, is stored in
dams and reservoirs.
• The water from these dams and reservoirs is not only
used for irrigation and supplying water for daily
consumption, but also used for hydroelectric power
generation.
9. UTILIZATION OF WATER :
Utilization Of Water Irrigation Out of 240.22 maf, 172.21 maf water is
utilized for irrigation purposes.
Drinking Most of the rural and urban water is supplied from ground water
through tube wells and hand pumps. Net consumption is normally about
2% of the total water available.
Industry Water is also utilized in Industries basically for cooling purposes
and also in manufacturing processes. This utility is less than 1%.
Shortage of water :
As we all know that now a days the country is facing severe shortage of
water. There are two main reasons, one natural due to prolong drought,
which is beyond the control of a man, and the other due to the gross
negligence in the development and miss-management of water resources.
Impact on economy / society :
Impact on economy / society Less water means less agricultural yields
and to fulfill the food requirements of the nation, we will be dependent
on other countries. Due to less production of main crops, which are
wheat, cotton, sugar cane and rice, the Industries related to them will
suffer adversely.
Less agricultural outputs will compel people to head towards urban
areas for jobs, which will increase the unemployment further. The
distribution of water is controlled from the center by IRSA (Indus river
system authority) as per 1991 agreement between the provinces. Now
the shortage of water will cause disputes between the provinces, which
may cause harm to the national integrity.
10. WATER ISSUE BETWEEN
PAKISTAN & INDIA :
Water Issue between Pakistan & India Concern is growing in
Pakistan that India is controlling the water flow of rivers that flow
from India into Pakistan.
Pakistan has raised objections to Indian water projects, but a
World Bank-appointed neutral expert rejected most of the
Pakistani objections. Pakistani commentators, think that India is
controlling the river waters to strangulate Pakistani agriculture,
which could affect Pakistani exports and increase its
dependency on food imports.
11. THE SITUATION IN SOMALIA
Water is life. In Somalia, water is crucial as the livelihoods of the
majority of the population depends on agriculture and
livestock. Agriculture is mostly stallholder and subsistence
based and is practiced mainly in the South along the Juba and
Shabelle rivers and in the northern basins and natural oases. It is
susceptible to erratic and irregular rainfall patterns and high
potential evaporation losses leading to high water requirements
of crops. Efforts towards relief, reconstruction and development
need to be underpinned by a comprehensive understanding of
the dimension and management of both ground and surface
water resources. SWALIM's primary role is to provide an
information resource for agencies active in the water sector in
Somalia. The project focuses on the areas of water sources
(rural and urban), water supply, quality and quantity, irrigation,
river gauging network, climate monitoring and flood and
drought monitoring and early warning.
12. SWALIM(SOMALIA WATER SOURCES INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM )
SWALIM also undertakes specific field work to develop new data
and to close identified information gaps.
Our partners can expect the following from SWALIM:
♦ Access to data collection tools and data management software
♦ Training and capacity-building in data collection and
information management
♦ Access to highly developed, relevant information products and
archives in a variety of formats through the client service platform
In addition all reports on studies and activities carried out in the
water sector can be accessed through the SWALIM Digital
Document Repository (SDDR) . Partners can be assured that
information in SWALIM's archives is always credited to the original
source.
Partners are encouraged to use data collection methodologies
and information management tools developed by SWALIM to
design water programmes, projects and policies and regularly
share their data with SWALIM to ensure that information remains
up-to-date.
13. THE SITUATION IN SUDAN
Water resource management in Sudan faces a number of diverse
challenges from overuse and depletion of aquifers in central and
northern parts of the country, to potential contamination from
industrial and urban waste. Some areas are facing chronic
depletion of water resources year-on-year and are running dry.
UNEP in its Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment in 2007
made recommendations centred on developing Integrated Water
Resources Management (IWRM) approaches in Sudan. Today,
water resource management is one of the largest components of
UNEP’s programme in Sudan.
On a practical level, UNEP is working with the UN WASH cluster
and government authorities to monitor and mitigate the depletion
of groundwater in Darfur’s IDP camps and the larger towns. UNEP
is working with the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources in
monitoring 23 locations where groundwater is potentially
vulnerable in a strategy laid out in the 2008 report, The case for
drought preparedness.
14. The Republic of the Sudan's diverse natural resources can help
support economic growth and development and can also
be valuable assets in helping to rebuild the Darfur region and other
parts of the country that have suffered years of conflict.
UNEP is working with Sudanese national, state and local leaders, civil
society and the international community to encourage the
sustainable development of the country’s natural resources – with
the ultimate aim of assisting the people of Sudan to achieve peace,
recovery and development on an environmentally sustainable basis.
Sudan’s Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Physical Development
is UNEP’s government counterpart. The principal UNEP Sudan donor
is UKaid from the Department for International Development.
UNEP(UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME)
15. THE SITUATION IN NIGERIA
Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria, the largest African country
and the continent’s biggest oil exporter, is characterized by low
levels of access to an improved water source and limited access to
improved sanitation. Responsibility for water supply is shared
between three levels of government – federal, state and local.
Investments are mainly financed by foreign donors and fall short of
what is needed to achieve a significant increase in access.
According to the World Bank, in 2010 water production
facilities in Nigeria were “rarely operated to capacity due to
broken down equipment, or lack of power or fuel for
pumping.” The operating cost of water agencies is pushed
up by the need to rely on diesel generators or even having
to build their own power plants, since power supply is erratic.
Equipment and pipes are poorly maintained, leading to
intermittent supply and high levels of non-revenue water.
Water supply and sanitation are not provided efficiently in
Nigeria.
16. NATIONAL POLICIES AND INITIATIVES
Nigeria's National Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, approved in 2000,
encourages private-sector participation and policy reforms at the state
level. As of 2007, only four of the 37 states - Lagos, Cross River, Kaduna and
Ogun States - began to introduce public-private partnerships (PPP) in the
form of service contracts, a form of PPP where the responsibility of the
private sector is limited to operating infrastructure without performance
incentives. The capacity of local governments to plan and carry out
investments, or to operate and maintain systems, remains low despite
efforts at capacity development. The national policy focuses on water
supply and neglects sanitation.
In 2003 a “Presidential Water Initiative (PWI): Water for People, Water for
Life” was launched by then-President Olusegun Obasanjo. The initiative
had ambitious targets to increase access, including a 100 percent water
access target in state capitals, 75 percent access in other urban areas,
and 66 percent access in rural areas.
In 2011 the government voted in the United Nations in favor of a
resolution making water and sanitation a human right. However, it has
not passed legislation to enshrine the human right to water and
sanitation in national law. The country is not on track to reach the
Millennium Development Goal for water and sanitation.
Since 2008 community-led total sanitation has been introduced in six
states, including in Cross River State, with the support of UNICEF and the
EU. While not being a national policy, apparently this grass-roots initiative
has met with some success. More than 17,000 latrines have been built in
836 communities, and more than 100 of these communities have
attained the goal of being declared free of open defecation.
17. THE SITUATION IN UAE
The United Arab Emirates is among the top water-scarce
countries in the world. However the country has one of the
world’s highest per capita water consumption of 550 liters per
day. The country is experiencing a rapid increase in
population which has in turn resulted in huge demand for
water. In 2009, the total water demand in UAE was estimated
at 4.5 billion m3 (BCM) which was met by groundwater (72%),
desalinated water (21%) and retreated water (7%).
One of the largest contributors to water consumption is the
use of air conditioning systems which is in widespread use
because of high temperatures almost throughout the year.
Industries consume around 9 percent of all water consumption
in the country.
Agricultural sector is responsible for two-thirds of all water
consumption in the Emirates.
The government has made sufficient arrangements for supply
of clean and drinkable tap water from desalination plants.
18. WAYS TO RESOLVE THIS PROBLEM
Replace old pipelines to stop water contamination.
Enforce a law requiring landlords to clean storage tanks.
Hire professionals to assist in tank cleaning.
Hire experts to carry out surprise inspections.
Incentivize people to use tap water by increasing bottled water
prices.
Educate people about the benefits of consuming tap water.
Initiatives
Motivate farmers to install drip irrigation systems.
Provide subsidy for installation of drip irrigation systems.
Educate farmers on how to operate and maintain drip irrigation
systems.
Educate farmers and general public about long-term effects of
water scarcity on agriculture.
19. CONCLUSION
The problems faced by the water sector in the country are
many, acute and serious. Therefore, building of more
reservoirs and an effective management strategy are the
needs of time. Also implementation of the recommendations
will enable the country to meet the challenges, and achieve the
objectives of integrated, efficient, environmentally and
financially sustainable development and management of
limited water resources. At the same time it will enable us to
utilize every drop of our water for our bright future.
The field of water resources management will have to continue
to adapt to the current and future issues facing the allocation
of water. With the growing uncertainties of global climate
change and the long term impacts of management actions, the
decision-making will be even more difficult. It is likely that
ongoing climate change will lead to situations that have not
been encountered. As a result new management strategies will
have to be implemented in order to avoid setbacks in the
allocation of water resources.