The detail information about types of soil degradation and factors affecting soil degradation.
SSAC-242 Problematic soil and their management.
Lecture No. 1 Soil Degradation- definition, types, factors, processes.
In this ppt i try to explain introduction of land degradation .and also causes of it .and explain with figure . i expect that my ppt usefull to all.THIS PPT use for enviroment also.
The detail information about types of soil degradation and factors affecting soil degradation.
SSAC-242 Problematic soil and their management.
Lecture No. 1 Soil Degradation- definition, types, factors, processes.
In this ppt i try to explain introduction of land degradation .and also causes of it .and explain with figure . i expect that my ppt usefull to all.THIS PPT use for enviroment also.
Erosion refers to detachment and transport of soil and soil materials by water, wind, ice or gravity.
No soil phenomenon is more destructive worldwide than the erosion caused by wind and water. Erosion damages the site on which it occurs and also has undesirable effects off-site in the larger environment.
Factors responsible for land degradation and management o...sunil kumari
Factors responsible for land degradation and management of degraded land.
Land degradation means
Causes of Land Degradation
Methods for Assessing Land Degradation
Prevention and Control Measures for Land Degradation
IFPRI Policy Seminar “Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement--A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development” held on December 3, 2015. Presentation by Rattan Lal, Carbon Management and Sequestration Center.
This is an introductory soil science presentation that I give to Master Gardeners, agribusiness personnel, farmers, and soil science students. Please feel free to contact me at andykleinschmidt@gmail.com with any comments regarding the presentation.
Soil pollution is defined as the build-up in soils of determined toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease causing agents, which have adverse effects on plant growth and animal health.
# Main Causes of Soil Pollution
# What Diseases Does Pollution Cause
# Soil Pollution and Its Effects
# Methods to control soil pollution
# How soil pollution and soil erosion could be prevented
Erosion refers to detachment and transport of soil and soil materials by water, wind, ice or gravity.
No soil phenomenon is more destructive worldwide than the erosion caused by wind and water. Erosion damages the site on which it occurs and also has undesirable effects off-site in the larger environment.
Factors responsible for land degradation and management o...sunil kumari
Factors responsible for land degradation and management of degraded land.
Land degradation means
Causes of Land Degradation
Methods for Assessing Land Degradation
Prevention and Control Measures for Land Degradation
IFPRI Policy Seminar “Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement--A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development” held on December 3, 2015. Presentation by Rattan Lal, Carbon Management and Sequestration Center.
This is an introductory soil science presentation that I give to Master Gardeners, agribusiness personnel, farmers, and soil science students. Please feel free to contact me at andykleinschmidt@gmail.com with any comments regarding the presentation.
Soil pollution is defined as the build-up in soils of determined toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease causing agents, which have adverse effects on plant growth and animal health.
# Main Causes of Soil Pollution
# What Diseases Does Pollution Cause
# Soil Pollution and Its Effects
# Methods to control soil pollution
# How soil pollution and soil erosion could be prevented
Renewable Energy : The United Kingdom ApproachGavin Harper
A presentation by Gavin D. J. Harper, B.R.A.S.S. Cardiff University, for European Sustainable Energy Week, at an event hosted in Vilnius, European Capital of Culture 2009 by A.T.E.I.K www.ateik.info on the 12th February 2009.
The presentation looks at renewable energy in the UK, looking at past policy on the national level, room for policy improvements, and innovative policy development on the regional and local levels, culminating with an introduction to Zero Carbon Britain, www.zerocarbonbritain.co.uk a radical roadmap for a clean energy future for the United Kingdom.
Water Crisis Around the World – Get insights into the water situation in Africa, Asia, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, South Africa, Australia, Niger, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Morocco, India, China, which are facing acute water shortage.
Big Data in Oil and Gas: How to Tap Its Full PotentialHitachi Vantara
Tap the full potential of big data to find oil more quickly, enhance oil production, and reduce the health, safety, and environmental risks of equipment failure or operator error. Join this informative 60 minute webcast featuring IDC Energy Insights’ analyst Jill Feblowitz and leading energy experts from Hitachi Data Systems. Explore key findings from IDC Energy Insights' recent examination of big data and analytics in upstream oil and gas. Learn how to: Benefit from the newest technology innovations in upstream oil and gas. Improve the geoscience workflows for more accurate and reliable results. Create big data solutions that scale and perform as you need. Build true big data solutions that are easier to procure, service and support globally. For more information on HDS Solutions for Oil & Gas please visit: http://www.hds.com/solutions/industries/energy.html?WT.ac=us_inside_rm_nrgy
Wind and Solar Power - Renewable Energy TechnologiesLiving Online
The past ten years has seen a significant increase in applying wind and solar power technologies from the domestic user to the corporate market. There has been a dramatic improvement in the efficiencies in these technologies and this has helped make the applications economical. Specific energy yields from wind turbines have increased by 60% and installation costs have dropped significantly (up to 50% in many cases). Global wind generating capacity has reached 100,000 MW capacity in March 2008 with almost 20,000 MW installed during 2007 alone.
Applications of photovoltaic (PV) systems are growing rapidly worldwide with worldwide installation of PV modules skyrocketing to 2,826 MW in 2007 (= 62% growth from 2006). Many countries are passing legislation to enforce greater use of PV systems and this is helping to drive up the production of these systems.
All of these technologies are interdisciplinary requiring a knowledge of topics as varied as aerodynamics, electricity and wind statistics for wind power and mechanical engineering, electronic and electrical engineering for solar power.
This workshop will outline the step by step process of designing, installing and commissioning photovoltaic and wind powered systems. It should be emphasised that this is not an advanced in-depth workshop but one covering the important issues enabling you to do simple designs and then to investigate the design and installation issues in more detail after the workshop either by further study or in conjunction with experts in the field.
In recent years the annual growth rate of the solar and wind energy industry has consistently exceeded 30% with 3 digit growth figures in many regional markets. So in these rather challenging economic times; this is a good industry in which to focus one’s career on.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Control and instrumentation engineers
Electrical engineers
Electricians
Electronic engineers
Energy specialists
Facility managers
Mechanical engineers
Technicians
…and those who are keen to improve the environment and take advantage of cheap and clean power.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/wind-solar-power-renewable-energy-technologies-3
Natural resource management is a discipline in the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations. Soil is defined as the unconsolidated portion of the earth's crust modified through physical, chemical, and biotic processes into a medium capable of supporting plant growth. Soil properties influence the natural and the physical infrastructure of the landscape and ecosystems.
Soil fertility is the backbone of agriculture systems and plays a key role in determining food quantity and quality. The intension of soil fertility management is to improve soil buffering capacity and to reduce soil degradation. Soil health is fundamental for a healthy food production. It provides essential nutrients, water, oxygen and support to the roots, all elements that favor the growth and development of plants for food production. Now the Indian population is 1.37 billion (Census India gov.in) Land area availability is 3.287 million km2. Net cultivable area is 143 million ha. Degraded land in India around 141 million ha. Per capita land availability is 0.3 ha per farmer (Indian express Nov 6,2009). Food grain supply 234.0 million tons, food grain demand 236.2 million tones (Praduman Kumar et al.,2016). In the year 2019 Global Hunger Index(GHI), India ranks 102nd out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score of 30.3, India suffers from a level of hunger that is serious (Global Hunger Index Organization). Nearly 1 billion people around the world suffer from hunger. Soil management is important, both directly and indirectly, to crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and human health (Mittal et al., 2008). To achieve future food security, the management of soils in a sustainable manner will be the challenge, through proper nutrient management and appropriate conservation practices. Such as maintain soil organic carbon, effective utilization of natural resources, use of non-monetary input like LEISA etc., will be the better option to fulfils the ever-growing population’s food and nutritional security.
Soil is a thin covering over the land that consist of a mixture of minerals, organic material, living organisms, air and water.
Land is part of the earth not covered by water. Land is the solid part of the earth's surface. Our land is home to many unique plants and animals
Soil degradation is the decline in soil condition caused by its improper use or poor management, usually for agricultural, industrial or urban purposes. It is a serious environmental problem.
Soil degradation is the loss of land’s production capacity in terms of loss of soil fertility, soil biodiversity, and degradation. Soil degradation causes include agricultural, industrial, and commercial pollution; loss of arable land due to urban expansion, overgrazing, and unsustainable agricultural practices; and long-term climatic changes. According to a recent report to the United Nations, almost one-third of the world’s farmable land has disappeared in the last four decades. It was also reported that all of the World’s topsoil could become unproductive within 60 years if current rates of loss continue
Degraded land is land that has lost some degree of its natural productivity due to human-caused processes. In the context of developing policies to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation degraded land refers to areas with low carbon stocks.
Land degradation is the reduction or loss of the biological or economic productivity and complexity of rain—fed cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest or woodlands resulting from natural processes, land uses or other human activities and habitation patterns such as land contamination, soil erosion and the destruction of the vegetation cover
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
2. INTRODUCTION :
Past and present human intervention in the utilization and manipulation of
environmental resources are having unexpected consequences such as soil
degradation.
Soil degradation is the decline in soil quality caused by its improper use usually
for agricultural postural, industrial, or urban purposes.
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME,1993
defined it as a process that leads to decline in a fertility
or future productive capacity of soil as a result of human
activity.
HISTORICAL PROSPECTIVE:
Unep’s project GLASOD was implemented and
coordinated by ISRIC. Later world map of the status of
human induced soil degradation was published on 1990
oldeman. In 1992, world resource institute reported that
3 billion acres land world wide had been seriously degrade
since world war II.
3. SOIL DEGRADATION
NATURALHUMAN -INDUCED
URBAN LAND
• Pollution
• Compaction
• Erosion
INDUSTRIAL LAND
• Soil Compaction
• Soil Contamination
• Acid Rain
AGRICULTURAL
LAND
PHYSICAL
• Pan formation
• Hard-setting
CHEMICAL
• Leterization
• Calcification
• Leaching/
Illuviation
BIOLOGICAL
• Decline in
soil diversity
PHYSICAL
• Compaction
• Crusting
• Water imbalance
• Impeded erosion
• Runoff
CHEMICAL
• Acidification
• Nutrient depletion
• Leaching
• Nutrient imbalance
• Salanization/alkanization
BIOLOGICAL
• Decline in soil organic C
• Soil biodiversity reduced
• Decrease in biomass C
Principal Types Of Soil Degradation: (I) Natural (II)human-induced
4. Soil Degradation Is A Serious Global Problem And May Be Caused By Physical Chemical Biological Geological
Anthropogenic Causes.
1 . DEGRADATION BY WATER :
Soil degradation is caused by water erosion where water
particles are detached by the effect of running water. It includes –
A. Rill Erosion – This Occurs Where Water Runs In Very Small
Channels Over The Soil Surface.
B. Sheet Erosion – This Means When An Uniform Soil Is
Removed Over An Entire Surface Area. This Helps In Causing Soil
Degradation.
C . Gully Erosion – This occurs when rills flow together to make larger streams. they tend to
become deeper with successive flow of water and can become major obstacles to cultivation.
5. D. Bank Erosion- This is caused by water cutting into the banks of streams and
rivers. Example - Ajay river
2. SPLASH EROSION :
The soil erosional caused by
water droplets from precipitation -
is called splash erosion. This type of
erosion deteriorates the soil quality
and quantity and finally degrades the
soil.
It is a serious issue in
country like united kingdom where
44% of the arable land is at some
short of risk by rainfall. These are
of two types -
3. DEGRADATION BY WIND :
This leads to decrease fertility as the soil particles are get picked up in the
wind and taken away by the wind. It can have very serious impact on how the soil
can be utilised.
Example - 1970s DUST BOWL crisis in central united states.
6. 4. SOIL EROSION :
Soil degradation is to some intend related with soil erosion. The
universal soil loss equation A = RKLSCP is an attempt to predict the amount of
erosion that will take place in an area on the basis of certain factors which increase
susceptibility to erosion –
• A = the predicted soil loss
• R = climatic erosivity /
rainfall erosivity index
• K = soil erodibility
5. WASTE LAND :
These are the lands which are economically unproductive ,ecologically
unsuitable and subject to soil degradation. Waste lands are of two types -
WASTE LAND
CULTURABLE
These include waterlogged land
marsh and saline land, mining and
industrial wasteland.
Example- Raniganj mine area.
UNCULTURABLE LAND
This includes barren rocky
areas , steep slope, snow
capped areas
• L = slope length
• S = slope gradient
• C = cover and management
• P = erosion control practice
7. 6. LAND SLIDE :
The sudden movement of the soil and the
weathered rock material down the slope due to the
gravity is called landslide. this is caused by deforestation
in hilly areas, excessive mining in hilly areas, etc.
7. CAPILLARY ACTION :
Salt from the lower layer move up by capillary action during summer
season and are deposited on the surface of the soil. Thus the quality of the soil
decreases and causing the degradation of the soil.
The other physical causes are deterioration of soil structure ,pan formation
,soil use, hard setting etc.
8. 1. CHEMICAL WEATHERING :
Chemical weathering may cause change in mineralogical properties of
soil like feric (Fe+++) convert into ferrous (Fe++) and manganic (Mn+++) convert
into manganous. The sudden change in the quality degrades the soil.
e.g. In lime stone region carbonation process degrades the soil.
2. SALINIZATION :
Salinization is the accumulations of salts on or near the earth
surface which results completely unproductive soils and ultimately caused
by irrigation method and evaporation of saline ground water etc. (European
commission ,2000).
e.g. In arid and semi arid region this is very common.
3. ACIDIFICATION :
This soils are form due to excessive leaching of cations with high rainfall, resulting in lowering of pH and loss of
soil fertility
e.g. - acid soil develops in humid and per humid areas like Assam, Bihar etc.
9. 1. DEFORESTATION :
Over cutting of vegetation may accelerate the soil erosion process,
especially during rainy season.
2. INDUSTRIALIZATION :
Development of the industries for the economic growth of the country lead
to excessive deforestation and utilization of such in soil as way that has lost its natural
up gradation quality.
4. URBANIZATION :
Urban growth, road construction are major causes in soil degradation. For this valuable
agricultural land is often lost .
3. IMPROPER CROP ROTATION :
Due to shortage of land, increase of population ,and economic pressure ,the
farmers have adopted intensive cropping pattern of commercial crops in place of more
balanced cereal-legume rotations. During last two decade the area under food crops
decreased and that under non food crops increased. Intensive cultivation leads to removal
of large quantities of nutrients from the soil which results to the soil infertility.
10. 5. OVER GRAZING :
In India pasture land is
decreasing day by day due to
expansion of agricultural land.
Recent satellite data show
that the area under pasture
land is severely degraded due
to excessive grazing.
The unchecked and
indiscriminate grazing on
forest land also leads to
degradation of forest soils.
Over grazing directly leads to
disappearance of vegetation
which is one of the important
causes of wind and water
erosion in dry lands.
6. MINING :
Mining disturbs the
physical, chemical and
biological features of the
soil, the impact of mining on
soil depends on the physical,
chemical properties of the
waste generated.
The soil profile is
changed, the top soil is
turned deep inside the
terms. The erodible material
is almost devoid of organic
matter and lacks in mineral
plant nutrient.
7. IMPROPER USE OF
FERTILIZER :
Soil fertility is reduced due
to prolonged intensive cultivation,
the farmers maintain
productivity of soil by applying
chemical fertilizer but make less
use of organic manures.
All though the yield can be
maintained by using fertilizers
that provide deficient minerals
yet there use often results in
deficiencies of other nutrients.
11. 8. OVER POPULATION :
Day by day the population density is increasing so the amount of man land
ratio is decreasing respectively and huge pressure create on land.
On the other hand due to huge demand of vegetables more agricultural
work is mandatory. these point also create pressure on land. as a result soil
degradation occurs.
12. BIOLOGICAL CAUSES :
Biological as well as organic matter serve as a reservoir of chemical elements that are essential
for plant growth. Biological causes include floral faunal and microbial activities.
Loss Of Soil Micro Organism - Soil organism is important factors of soil degradation. Difference
type of micro organism like bacteria , fungus , algae and protozoa etc. plays an important role in the physical
and chemical properties .As a result different changes come in soil properties. This type of changes can able
to degrade the soil in an area.
Microbial Activities – Decomposition of organic matter produces carbonic acids(H2Co3),the
solvent action of carbonic acid on the mineral constituents of the soil is responsible for the removal of large
quantities of base forming cations (e.g. Ca++ and mg ++) by dissolution and leaching.
13. Soil degradation can be either a result of natural hazards or
due to unsuitable land use and inappropriate land management
practices. It can be categorised in two group -
CONSEQUENCES OF
SOIL DEGRADATION
Direct Indirect
• Soil Infertility
• Low Productivity
• Loss Of Arable
Land
• Natural Disaster
• Deterioration Of
Water Quality
• Impact On
Biodiversity
• Increased
Flooding
• Pollution And
Clogging Of
Waterways
• Drought &
Aridity
• Salinization
• Acidification
14. 1. LAND DEGRADATION :
Soil quality decline is one of the main causes of land degradation and it
considered to be responsible for 84% of the every diminishing acres (FAO, 2011).
70% of agricultural land suited for raising livestock or crops is already degraded in
Africa (FAO, 2011). About 40% of the world’s agricultural land is severely diminished
in quality because of erosion and the improper use of chemical fertilizers.
Soil degradation directly affects 1.5 billion people globally (Pugsley, 2013).
2. SOIL INFERTILITY :
Due to the continuous carry-out of the top soil, the amount of nutrient among it started to decline. It is observed
that the amount of loss of fertility through erosion is 20 times greater than the consumption of crops globally.
3. DEGRADATION OF WATER QUALITY :
The increase in the turbidity of water and the contribution of nitrogen and
of phosphorus can result in eutrophication which degraded the quality of water for
agricultural and livestock purpose .
4. IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY :
Soil degradation may involve perturbation of microbial communities,
disappearance of the climax vegetation and decrease in animal habitat, thus
leading to a biodiversity loss and animal extinction. And it is estimated that
27,000 species lost each year due to land and soil degradation.
15. 5. NATURAL DISASTER :
Natural disasters such as mud flows, floods are responsible for the death of
many living beings each year.
6. DROUGHT AND ARIDITY :
Drought and aridity are results highly influenced and amplified by soil
degradation. It is concerned with natural environments in arid and semi-arid areas.
According to the UNO drought and aridity are - anthropogenic induced factors
especially as an outcome of soil degradation. It can be occurred by overgrazing, poor
tillage methods.
7. POLLUTION AND CLOGGING OF WATERWAYS :
Most of the soil eroded from the land together with the chemical
fertilizers and pesticides utilized in agricultural fields are discharged into
waterways and streams. With time, the sedimentation process can clog waterways
which ultimately create scarcity and damage marine and freshwater ecosystems.
8. DEFORESTATION :
According to the FAO,
deforestation occurred by the soil
degradation in 2014 of various countries
can be shown by the following diagram -
16. 9. SOIL ACIDIFICATION :
Lowering of the soil pH caused by the build up of H+ & Al3+ ions in the
soil and the leaching of base cations. i.e. Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+ etc.. Top soil & sub
soil acidity (pH < 5.5) affect around 30 % & 75% respectively of the total ice free
land area of the world.
Top soil & sub soil acidity (pH < 5.5) affect around 30 % & 75% respectively
of the total ice free land area of the world
10. SOIL SALINIZATION :
Is defined as a change in the salinity status of the soil. It can
be caused by improper management of irrigation schemes , mainly in the
arid and semi arid regions covering small area. Finally salinization takes
place where human activities lead to an increased evapotranspiration in
soils on salt containing parent material or with saline ground waters.
11. INCREASING FLOOD :
The destruction of the forest in the river catchment is
caused of rapid erosion which lead to the amount of deposit of
mass debris on the river bed – which reduce the water holding
capacity of the stream and ultimately flood occurs.
17. INDIRECT CONSEQUENCES
3. TRANSPORTATION :
Roads and railway lines are eroded by flood water that creating hindrance in
transportation.
2. THE RISK OF FAMINE :
Due to the infertility , soil erosion , shortage of land ,production of food continuously decline and
on the other hand the world population increase rapidly , which may create risk of famine
1. ECONOMIC LOSS :
The estimated costs for land degradation are US $40 billion per year (FAO, 2011). It occurred
due to the increased use of fertilizers, loss of biodiversity and loss of unique landscapes.
18. Some of the used methods across the world, to conserve the soil & to take optimum benefits
1. Afforestation :
The planting of trees on a large scale – is known as afforestation. It reduce wind speed and free flow of
water to carry out the soil and reduce the soil degradation.
2. Mulching:
The bare ground between plants is covered with organic matter. I.E. Straw – which helps to retain the soil
moisture.
3.Contour Barriers :
Stones, grass, soil are used to build barriers along contours. The trenches are made in front of the barriers
to collect water.
4. Rock Dam :
Rocks are piled up to slowdown the flow of water. This prevents rills and gully development and further soil
erosion.
5. Terrace Farming :
This is a process in which hill slopes are used as cultivable land. The farmers cut terraces in slopes to create
flat areas for cultivation.
6. Crop Rotation :
This is a cropping practice in which different crops are grown in systematic succession. It helps to add
nutrient to the soil & reduce the pests.
19. 7. Contour Ploughs :
This is a cropping method in which the farmer ploughs the land along a slope rather than up & down the
slope which prevent the soil degradation.
8. Shelter Belts :
In the costal and dry regions, rows of trees are planted to check the wind movement to protect the soil
cover.
People can be a major asset in receiving a trend towards degradation. However, then it to be healthy, politically and
economically motivated to care for the land, as subsistence agriculture, poverty and illiteracy can lead important
causes of laws and policies aimed directly at preventing soil degradation.