Water demand has greatly increased in the Middle East due to population growth, urbanization, and improved lifestyles. However, water resources are limited in many countries in the region. Agricultural use accounts for over 80% of water withdrawals in some countries. While governments have focused on developing new water supplies, policy reforms and wastewater recycling are also needed to manage rising demand. Wastewater reuse remains limited but has potential to help address the growing water crisis across the Middle East and North Africa.
Water and Wastewater Mangement in India 2010 - SampleNetscribes, Inc.
Water is one of the most invaluable resources of nature and increasing water consumption is leading to its depletion. Various sectors across India are rapidly increasing and are actively contributing to the pollution of surface as well as groundwater. This calls for the active need of water management. Although water has been one of the most thriving and important issues amongst the government concerns, the private players are actively granting their support to market efficient techniques and equipments to manage water. The wastewater treatment market in India is growing at 20% and techniques like watershed management, rainwater harvesting, desalination, filtration, river-interlinking, effluent treatment and sewage treatment are finding huge importance in major cities which are the major contributors to water pollution in India.
The report begins with an overview of water situation and consumption structure in India across various sectors namely, agriculture, domestic and industries showing the growth in water consumption across the masses in India. This is followed by a section which depicts the amount of wastewater generated across sectors and the level of degradation.
It also highlights the lakes and water bodies that are under threat of depleting and being polluted.
The market overview section gives the size and growth of the wastewater treatment market and shows the various techniques of water and wastewater treatment. It also gives an in-depth analysis of the various techniques and their status in India. The characteristics and trends in the market have been analyzed and include increasing urbanization, initiatives taken at the corporate level, initiatives of various research and training institutes, increasing licensing agreements, various summits and seminars, initiatives for consumer awareness and public private partnerships. A brief analysis of the issues/challenges hindering growth are also highlighted including policy failures and institutional weaknesses, coordination and technological loopholes, multiplicity of organizations and inadequacy in generation of revenue to meet costs.
Various government bodies and programmes as well as initiatives by the NGOs that have been actively involved in conserving water and regulating its consumption and pollution have been showcased.
The competitive landscape provides a look into the nature of the market and the activities of the players and the level of competition between them. It also compares the private players according to the products and services provided by them. Brief profile with short description of the major domestic and foreign players is also included. Furthermore, key developments in the market over the last one year have also been highlighted.
Water Management in Rural Areas in a Changing ClimateCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Prof. Edward Pierzgalski from the Warsaw University of Life Sciences focuses on the main issues of water management in rural areas, climate change versus water resources, water management in agriculture versus climate change and what we should do.
Water and Wastewater Mangement in India 2010 - SampleNetscribes, Inc.
Water is one of the most invaluable resources of nature and increasing water consumption is leading to its depletion. Various sectors across India are rapidly increasing and are actively contributing to the pollution of surface as well as groundwater. This calls for the active need of water management. Although water has been one of the most thriving and important issues amongst the government concerns, the private players are actively granting their support to market efficient techniques and equipments to manage water. The wastewater treatment market in India is growing at 20% and techniques like watershed management, rainwater harvesting, desalination, filtration, river-interlinking, effluent treatment and sewage treatment are finding huge importance in major cities which are the major contributors to water pollution in India.
The report begins with an overview of water situation and consumption structure in India across various sectors namely, agriculture, domestic and industries showing the growth in water consumption across the masses in India. This is followed by a section which depicts the amount of wastewater generated across sectors and the level of degradation.
It also highlights the lakes and water bodies that are under threat of depleting and being polluted.
The market overview section gives the size and growth of the wastewater treatment market and shows the various techniques of water and wastewater treatment. It also gives an in-depth analysis of the various techniques and their status in India. The characteristics and trends in the market have been analyzed and include increasing urbanization, initiatives taken at the corporate level, initiatives of various research and training institutes, increasing licensing agreements, various summits and seminars, initiatives for consumer awareness and public private partnerships. A brief analysis of the issues/challenges hindering growth are also highlighted including policy failures and institutional weaknesses, coordination and technological loopholes, multiplicity of organizations and inadequacy in generation of revenue to meet costs.
Various government bodies and programmes as well as initiatives by the NGOs that have been actively involved in conserving water and regulating its consumption and pollution have been showcased.
The competitive landscape provides a look into the nature of the market and the activities of the players and the level of competition between them. It also compares the private players according to the products and services provided by them. Brief profile with short description of the major domestic and foreign players is also included. Furthermore, key developments in the market over the last one year have also been highlighted.
Water Management in Rural Areas in a Changing ClimateCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Prof. Edward Pierzgalski from the Warsaw University of Life Sciences focuses on the main issues of water management in rural areas, climate change versus water resources, water management in agriculture versus climate change and what we should do.
Water management is a global issue and it is the prime duty of all the people to save and conserve water so that it can be passed on safely to the future generation. Viewers please watch the ppt and leave your likes and comments.
Coping with Water Scarcity in Near East and North Africa: Shifting GearFAO
Plenary Session # 1: Coping with Water Scarcity in Near East and North Africa: Shifting Gear, ByProf. Mahmoud Abu-Zeid President, AWC, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Ms Neeta Sharma, MD, IAPMO India, gave presentation on water conservation and water efficient products in India at CII-IGBC 15th Green Building Congress 2017 event at Jaipur
Nepal's history of water management_Dr. Hari Krishna ShreshthaSaciWATERs
Nepal’s History of Water Management Institutions: Is there a Role for them in Adapting to
Water Scarcity?
- Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha, Nepal Engineering College
he management of water resources has become a critical need in Bangladesh because of growing demand for water and increasing conflict over its alternative uses. As populations expand and make various uses of water, its growing scarcity becomes a serious issue in developing countries such as Bangladesh.
Integrated Water Resources Management in MalaysiaIwl Pcu
Presentation by Datuk Ir. Keizrul bin Abdullah, Chair GWP South East Asia Steering Committee, 7 December 2004 at International Conference on IWRM in Tokyo.
Cities are usually viewed as sinks; pulling in water resources for domestic and industrial needs. But they can also be seen as sponges as they release water. Usually , however, this is of decreased quality. But if we can make better use of this contaminated water, we can help avert resource crises in the future.
Water management is a global issue and it is the prime duty of all the people to save and conserve water so that it can be passed on safely to the future generation. Viewers please watch the ppt and leave your likes and comments.
Coping with Water Scarcity in Near East and North Africa: Shifting GearFAO
Plenary Session # 1: Coping with Water Scarcity in Near East and North Africa: Shifting Gear, ByProf. Mahmoud Abu-Zeid President, AWC, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Ms Neeta Sharma, MD, IAPMO India, gave presentation on water conservation and water efficient products in India at CII-IGBC 15th Green Building Congress 2017 event at Jaipur
Nepal's history of water management_Dr. Hari Krishna ShreshthaSaciWATERs
Nepal’s History of Water Management Institutions: Is there a Role for them in Adapting to
Water Scarcity?
- Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha, Nepal Engineering College
he management of water resources has become a critical need in Bangladesh because of growing demand for water and increasing conflict over its alternative uses. As populations expand and make various uses of water, its growing scarcity becomes a serious issue in developing countries such as Bangladesh.
Integrated Water Resources Management in MalaysiaIwl Pcu
Presentation by Datuk Ir. Keizrul bin Abdullah, Chair GWP South East Asia Steering Committee, 7 December 2004 at International Conference on IWRM in Tokyo.
Cities are usually viewed as sinks; pulling in water resources for domestic and industrial needs. But they can also be seen as sponges as they release water. Usually , however, this is of decreased quality. But if we can make better use of this contaminated water, we can help avert resource crises in the future.
VI Campionato Italiano a Squadre del Settore Immobiliare - 4 giugno 2012 Golf...LIVIO LANTERI
Giocate a golf e lavorate nel real estate?
Antoitalia Vi invita a iscrivervi al VI Campionato Italiano a Squadre del Settore Immobiliare, 4 giugno 2012, Golf Club Milano, promosso da AGIRE Associazione Golf Italiana Real Estate.
Sarà un piacere incontrarVi sul green!
LE ISCRIZIONI SI CHIUDONO IL 28 MAGGIO 2012.
Per maggiori informazioni:
Segreteria organizzativa AGIRE
T 02 498 6178
email: events@laprincess.it
Regolamento e modulo di iscrizione nell'allegato.
_________________________
If you play golf and you work in the real estate industry, Antoitalia invites you to join the Sixth Italian Real Estate Golf Championship, on June 4, 2012, at Golf Club Milano (www.golfclubmilano.com) in Parco Reale di Monza, near Milan.
The tournament is organized and promoted by AGIRE, the Italian Real Estate Golf Association (www.agire.org). President and founder of AGIRE is Fabio Tonello, Antoitalia chairman.
Registrations for the event close on May 28, 2012.
For more information please call AGIRE secretary at:
+39 02 498 6178
or email events@laprincess.it
We look forward to meeting you on the green on June 4!
_________________________
La sesta edizione del Campionato Italiano a Squadre del Settore Immobiliare si svolgerà lunedi 4 giugno 2012 al Golf Club Milano (golfclubmilano.com), nel parco reale di Monza. Antoitalia è sponsor ufficiale del torneo.
La gara - promossa da AGIRE (www.agire.org), Associazione Golf Italiana Real Estate aggregata alla Federazione Italiana Golf - è riservata alle Aziende che operano nel settore immobiliare, e si gioca secondo le regole del Royal &Ancient Golf Club di St. Andrews adottate dalla Federazione Italiana Golf e secondo quelle locali in vigore nel Circolo ospitante, il Golf Club Milano.
Al Campionato possono partecipare Squadre Aziendali composte da 4 giocatori dilettanti, in possesso di regolare hcp di gioco ed in regola con il tesseramento alla FIG per l’anno in corso, ed in ciascuna deve essere presente almeno un giocatore in rappresentanza dell’Azienda che dà il nome alla Squadra.
La stessa Azienda potrà iscrivere più Squadre all’evento.
Il Campionato si giocherà secondo Formula 18 buche Medal.
AGIRE - Associazione Golf Italiana Real Estate - è stata fondata nel 2006 da Fabio Tonello, presidente di Antoitalia, con l’obiettivo di aggregare intorno al gioco del golf gli operatori italiani del settore del real estate in Italia: società di advisory, agenti immobiliari, fondi immobiliari, imprese edili, sviluppatori, liberi professionisti e consulenti, accomunati dalla passione per il gioco del golf. Presidente di AGIRE è Fabio Tonello.
www.antoitalia.it
www.agire.org
Rainwater Harvesting Technologies in Makueni County, Kenyainventy
Rainwater harvesting has been in existence for many years and has positively impacted life, agriculture and economy. Despite these known benefits of rainwater harvesting, Makueni County's population is slowly adopting rainwater harvesting technologies. Water scarcity still remains a major constraint to life and economic development in the County. The aim of this paper is to evaluate rainwater harvesting technologies and the factors contributing to adoption of the technologies in the ASAL areas with Makueni County being the case study. The study was conducted in Wanzauni and Itetani locations in Tulimani division, Mbooni West district, Makueni County within Kenya's Eastern Region which lies within the arid and semi arid ecological zones of Kenya. A total of 160 household questionnaires were administered, focus group discussions and key informants interviews done during data collection exercise. The data was analyzed using Statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). Various rainwater harvesting technologies (RWHTs) are used within Makueni County including macro-catchment (earth dams, sand/sub-surface dams), micro-catchment (Zai pits, strip catchment, tillage, contour and semi-circular bunds) and rooftop rainwater harvesting technologies with rooftop catchment being the most commonly used technique. However, adoption of these RWHTs in Makueni County is slow irrespective of their potential to improve livelihoods. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict factors affecting adoption of RWHTs within 160 households in Makueni County. Some of the factors found to have statistically-significant positive effect on the adoption of RWHT are gender, literacy levels, social and economic status and technological know-how on RWHT. Ways of promoting the adoption of RWHTs such as capacity building and training, poverty alleviation through enhancement of income generation activities, enhanced formation of community groups aimed at water development activities, and improved designs incorporating mechanized technologies in favour of women and children, are recommended.
Presentation - Seventh Roundtable on Financing Agricultural Water - Jean Marc...
Water Scarcity in MENA
1. Regional Spotlight: Middle East & Africa
Quenching the Middle East’s Thirst
Water demand has soared exponentially across the Middle East alongside population, ur-
banisation and improving lifestyles. It hasn’t helped that low water tariffs are disproportion-
ate to high production costs. Vivek Gautam provides an overview of MENA countries and
discusses why policy reforms could be required to address demand issues.
H
istorically, water unavailability has been a Figure 1. Actual Annual Per Capita Renewable Water Resources
key concern across the Middle East and
Africa. Many countries in Middle East and
North Africa (MENA) have renewable wa-
ter resources per capita less than 1000
m3/year; the level that defines water scarcity.
Furthermore, the geographic distribution of these limited
water resources is highly uneven. Over 80% of the region is
desert and receives little or no rainfall. Water supply provi-
sions under such conditions have always been a key policy
issue with social, economic and environmental ramifica-
tions. In the past it has been erratic rainfall and prolonged
drought periods, widely believed to be manifestations of
climate change, which have added a new dimension to the
problem. This is particularly the case with Syria, Jordan,
Israel and Algeria, which are facing severe water shortages.
Source: FAO Aquastat 1993-2012
While supplies are constrained, the demand for freshwater over
the years has continued to increase at a rapid pace. This increase in ation. Although doing away with freshwater supply augmentation
demand is a result of several interplaying forces. Across MENA, the projects may not be possible, there is a strong case in favor of tap-
agricultural sector is the prime consumer of water. In some countries, ping non-conventional water resources like sewage and industrial ef-
it accounts for over 80% of the total annual water withdrawals. Agri- fluents, which have traditionally been neglected. Industry experts are
cultural subsidies, improving irrigation and pumping technologies and of the opinion that policy reforms are required to address demand
the discovery of fossil groundwater reserves have helped expansion side issues, while addressing supply side problems require practicing
of agricultural activity. integrated water resource management.
GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES WASTEWATER RECYCLING
In several areas, water demand for irrigation far exceeds the natu- From the economical and environmental standpoint, wastewater
ral recharge of groundwater reservoirs. Over-extraction of aquifers reclamation and reuse makes good sense. It can reduce or eliminate
has led to a decline in the water table. At the same time, groundwater health and environmental hazards associated with effluent discharg-
quality has deteriorated due to an influx of saline water from laterally es. At the same time, it generates an alternative resource and thereby
surrounding areas, excessive use of fertilisers and localised discharge prevents immediate investment in costly water supply schemes (stor-
of brine and sewage effluent into deserts. age, transfer or desalination plants).
In the case of the municipal sector, water demand has been soar- Despite these potential benefits, so far wastewater reuse across
ing due to growing population, urbanisation and improving lifestyles. most MENA countries has remained limited. One of the impeding
In the resource-rich Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, per factors is inadequate wastewater infrastructure. Though MENA
capita household consumption is much higher that the per capita countries have made considerable progress in extending sewage
consumption in some developed societies. For instance, in Abu Dha- collection network in urban areas, treatment capacities remain un-
bi, the per capita demand varies from 170-200 liters per day in flats even. Much of the collected wastewater is discharged without any
to as high as 270-1760 liters per day for people living in villas. treatment into the sea or desert. Even where a considerable percent-
In urban areas, a large proportion of desalinated water is used age of the collected wastewater is treated, societal perceptions have
for household gardening, maintaining public and private parks, car
Figure 1. Per Capita Water Consumption for Select Countries
washing, etc. Water tariffs are low and disproportionate to the high
production cost, thereby allowing such extravagant use of this scarce liters/capita/day
resource. Besides agricultural and municipal sector, expanding in- United Arab Emirates 653
dustrial activity too has contributed its fair share towards the overall Bahrain 571
water demand. Kuwait 441
With many countries approaching the limit of water resource devel- Jordan 143
opment and others reeling under severe supply shortages, the prob- Palestine 50
lem of water scarcity is turning into a crisis. Governments and planning
agencies are being forced to think of alternative options to ease the situ- Source: Economic & Social Council West Asia (ESCWA), 2009
38 February/March | 2009 www.wwinternational.com
2. Jordan’s Disi water conveyance
Regional Spotlight: Middle East & Africa
project involves a 325-km pipeline
being built through the Jordanian
desert to Abu Alanda and Dabuk
reservoirs.
kept the demand for reclaimed
wastewater low.
However, considering the fact
that MENA countries are facing
a situation of dwindling renew-
able water resources per capita
and an ever-increasing demand,
it may no longer be possible to
neglect this valuable resource.
Planning agencies have to con-
template ways to realise the po-
tential of wastewater as a water
supply resource. enhance water supplies. Ashkelon desalination plant, which is the
In a bid to bring best technologies and adoption of international largest reverse osmosis-based plant across the world, was opened in
best practices in development and management of wastewater infra- 2005. It is expected to provide 100 million m3/year of desalinated wa-
structure, GCC countries have embarked upon privatisation of such ter. Algeria, too, has favored seawater desalination to ensure continu-
utilities. National Water Company in Saudi Arabia has rolled out a ous water supplies irrespective of the rainfall. In 2008 it implemented
two-phase strategic transformation initiative to develop wastewater four desalination plants with total capacity of 720,000 m3 /year. Since
infrastructure in 15 cities. Similarly, Haya Water (Oman Wastewater desalination has become more affordable over the years due to tech-
Services Company) has prepared a three-phase wastewater master nological advances, it will not be surprising if more nations opt for it.
plan for the Muscat governorate with an objective to cover 80% of
the population by 2014. WATER CONSERVATION AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT
Many private sector residential projects and townships too have In recent times, there has been an increasing realisation that the
set-up wastewater treatment plants, in some cases even with tertiary MENA region has to be more cautious when using a resource as
treatment. At the same time, to address the issue of low demand indispensable and scarce as water. Planning agencies and water au-
for treated wastewater several alternative uses are being considered. thorities feel that an incessant supply addition may not be the most
Israel, Jordan and Tunisia’s experience in wastewater reuse suggests pragmatic approach to deal with the water scarcity issue.
application of treated sewage effluent (TSE) for agriculture, forestry Accordingly, authorities are contemplating both technological and
and ground water recharge. policy measures to promote efficient usage of water. For instance,
Besides this, in the last few years the water demand for non-po- Abu Dhabi’s water resources master plan suggests bringing down
table applications such as landscaping, golf courses, district cooling, transmission and distribution losses from the current 17% to 10%.
construction work, etc. has gone up significantly, thereby providing On the policy side, a progressive increase in water tariffs is being
alternative avenues for wastewater reuse. Initiatives are required on advocated. Among other water conservation measures, recently the
behalf of the local authorities to bring in the necessary changes in Environmental Agency Abu Dhabi (EAD) has announced a drive to
regulation, redraft guidelines and open up these areas for use of re- install flow restrictors in 55,000 households and 5,000 public build-
claimed wastewater. ings. These devices can reduce the flow of water from 12 litre/min to
3-6 litre/min and should result in considerable water savings.
SUPPLY AND DEMAND The agricultural sector, the largest and most inefficient consumer
Over the last five decades, supply augmentation has been the of water across MENA, presents greatest potential for water con-
central approach to deal with water scarcity. The resource rich GCC servation. Many experts have suggested bringing about a shift in
countries, with little renewable water, have invested heavily in seawa- crop patterns and encouraging drought tolerant varieties. However,
ter desalination. Countries with considerable surface water resourc- governments have been slow in implementing such measures since
es, such as Egypt, Lebanon, Syria and Morocco have focused on social implications can be wide-ranging and less understood. In
building water conveyance and storage structures. Also throughout comparison, encouraging adoption of advanced and more efficient
MENA much effort has been made towards discovery and develop- irrigation techniques is much favored. For instance, Morocco’s new
ment of fossil groundwater aquifers. water strategy has set a target to convert 480,000 ha, over a 10-
While in the present context, the importance of measures for water year period, into drip from the existing surface irrigation. Syria, too,
demand management and wastewater reclamation and reuse can- is providing strong incentives to farmers to shift from surface to drip
not be understated, these may not be sufficient to plug the demand- irrigation. A fund has been set up to assist this modernisation.
supply gap. Although Israel and Jordan have wastewater reuse rates The water supply situation in the MENA region is precarious. To-
as high as 80%, they have adopted highly efficient irrigation tech- day, it presents the biggest risk to the sustained socio-economic
nologies (drip irrigation). Jordan’s Disi water conveyance project is development of the region. Any future strategies to deal with this
one such attempt. The US$1 billion project involves construction and increasingly challenging situation must consider wastewater reuse,
operation of a 325-Km pipeline to transfer water extracted from the water conservation and demand management as a central part
Disi well field in Jordan’s southern desert to Abu Alanda and Dabuk of the solution. WWi
reservoirs. The project should deliver 100 million m3 of water every
year and help address acute water shortages in the capital city of Author’s note: Vivek Gautam is an industry analyst, envi-
Amman and surrounding areas. ronment and building technologies practice, South Asia and
Unlike Jordan, Israel has a long coastline along the Mediterranean Middle East for Frost & Sullivan. For feedback/enquiries please
Sea, hence a number of desalination plants have been planned to email: tanu.chopra@frost.com Enquiry No. 111
www.wwinternational.com February/March | 2009 39