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Here's a powerpoint I created some time ago on Sustainability of Water and Wastewater provisions ~ presented to a Company in UK.
It may be of use or interest to someone and is a downloadable document ~ references are all cited and photo's I think are all creative commons or referenced :-)
This presentation covers the sustainable water resources in India. It also covers the concepts of sustainablity, government policies and the role of the society in promoting water sustainability.
Get your quality homework help now and stand out.Our professional writers are committed to excellence. We have trained the best scholars in different fields of study.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/ and place your order at affordable price done within set deadlines.We always have someone online ready to answer all your queries and take your requests.
Here's a powerpoint I created some time ago on Sustainability of Water and Wastewater provisions ~ presented to a Company in UK.
It may be of use or interest to someone and is a downloadable document ~ references are all cited and photo's I think are all creative commons or referenced :-)
This presentation covers the sustainable water resources in India. It also covers the concepts of sustainablity, government policies and the role of the society in promoting water sustainability.
Presentation is an attempt to showcase role and importance of water as a gift of nature and as critical element for the sustainability of humanity, flora and fauna, and needs to be preserved, protected, promoted so as to make it universally available to all living organsim occupying space on this planet
Future of water An initial perspective by Daniel Lambert and Michael O'Neill...Future Agenda
An initial perspective on the future of water by Daniel Lambert and Michael O'Neill of Arup Sydney. This is the starting point for the global future agenda discussions taking place through 2015 as part of the futureagenda2.0 programme. www.futureagenda.org
Cities are usually viewed as sinks; pulling in water resources for domestic and industrial needs. But they can also be seen as sponges as they release water. Usually , however, this is of decreased quality. But if we can make better use of this contaminated water, we can help avert resource crises in the future.
Sustainable Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Sustainable Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water. The survey data for determining water quality can be easily presented by using a water cycle management PowerPoint slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. It is possible to present the features that describe a suitable location for the monitoring program. It is easy to explain topics like wastewater treatment process, wastewater reuse, global wastewater reuse by sector, treated wastewater quality parameter, etc by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3tEV5qm
Water and Wastewater Mangement in India 2010 - SampleNetscribes, Inc.
Water is one of the most invaluable resources of nature and increasing water consumption is leading to its depletion. Various sectors across India are rapidly increasing and are actively contributing to the pollution of surface as well as groundwater. This calls for the active need of water management. Although water has been one of the most thriving and important issues amongst the government concerns, the private players are actively granting their support to market efficient techniques and equipments to manage water. The wastewater treatment market in India is growing at 20% and techniques like watershed management, rainwater harvesting, desalination, filtration, river-interlinking, effluent treatment and sewage treatment are finding huge importance in major cities which are the major contributors to water pollution in India.
The report begins with an overview of water situation and consumption structure in India across various sectors namely, agriculture, domestic and industries showing the growth in water consumption across the masses in India. This is followed by a section which depicts the amount of wastewater generated across sectors and the level of degradation.
It also highlights the lakes and water bodies that are under threat of depleting and being polluted.
The market overview section gives the size and growth of the wastewater treatment market and shows the various techniques of water and wastewater treatment. It also gives an in-depth analysis of the various techniques and their status in India. The characteristics and trends in the market have been analyzed and include increasing urbanization, initiatives taken at the corporate level, initiatives of various research and training institutes, increasing licensing agreements, various summits and seminars, initiatives for consumer awareness and public private partnerships. A brief analysis of the issues/challenges hindering growth are also highlighted including policy failures and institutional weaknesses, coordination and technological loopholes, multiplicity of organizations and inadequacy in generation of revenue to meet costs.
Various government bodies and programmes as well as initiatives by the NGOs that have been actively involved in conserving water and regulating its consumption and pollution have been showcased.
The competitive landscape provides a look into the nature of the market and the activities of the players and the level of competition between them. It also compares the private players according to the products and services provided by them. Brief profile with short description of the major domestic and foreign players is also included. Furthermore, key developments in the market over the last one year have also been highlighted.
A hand note on water resource management, specially in the context of Bangladesh. I prepared the note for the MS final exam on the course water resource management.
How do you make every drop of water count? On World Water Day, we highlight ICRISAT’s initiatives with partners that promote the SDG goals of building sustainable cities and communities and providing clean water.
Presentation is an attempt to showcase role and importance of water as a gift of nature and as critical element for the sustainability of humanity, flora and fauna, and needs to be preserved, protected, promoted so as to make it universally available to all living organsim occupying space on this planet
Future of water An initial perspective by Daniel Lambert and Michael O'Neill...Future Agenda
An initial perspective on the future of water by Daniel Lambert and Michael O'Neill of Arup Sydney. This is the starting point for the global future agenda discussions taking place through 2015 as part of the futureagenda2.0 programme. www.futureagenda.org
Cities are usually viewed as sinks; pulling in water resources for domestic and industrial needs. But they can also be seen as sponges as they release water. Usually , however, this is of decreased quality. But if we can make better use of this contaminated water, we can help avert resource crises in the future.
Sustainable Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Sustainable Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water. The survey data for determining water quality can be easily presented by using a water cycle management PowerPoint slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. It is possible to present the features that describe a suitable location for the monitoring program. It is easy to explain topics like wastewater treatment process, wastewater reuse, global wastewater reuse by sector, treated wastewater quality parameter, etc by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3tEV5qm
Water and Wastewater Mangement in India 2010 - SampleNetscribes, Inc.
Water is one of the most invaluable resources of nature and increasing water consumption is leading to its depletion. Various sectors across India are rapidly increasing and are actively contributing to the pollution of surface as well as groundwater. This calls for the active need of water management. Although water has been one of the most thriving and important issues amongst the government concerns, the private players are actively granting their support to market efficient techniques and equipments to manage water. The wastewater treatment market in India is growing at 20% and techniques like watershed management, rainwater harvesting, desalination, filtration, river-interlinking, effluent treatment and sewage treatment are finding huge importance in major cities which are the major contributors to water pollution in India.
The report begins with an overview of water situation and consumption structure in India across various sectors namely, agriculture, domestic and industries showing the growth in water consumption across the masses in India. This is followed by a section which depicts the amount of wastewater generated across sectors and the level of degradation.
It also highlights the lakes and water bodies that are under threat of depleting and being polluted.
The market overview section gives the size and growth of the wastewater treatment market and shows the various techniques of water and wastewater treatment. It also gives an in-depth analysis of the various techniques and their status in India. The characteristics and trends in the market have been analyzed and include increasing urbanization, initiatives taken at the corporate level, initiatives of various research and training institutes, increasing licensing agreements, various summits and seminars, initiatives for consumer awareness and public private partnerships. A brief analysis of the issues/challenges hindering growth are also highlighted including policy failures and institutional weaknesses, coordination and technological loopholes, multiplicity of organizations and inadequacy in generation of revenue to meet costs.
Various government bodies and programmes as well as initiatives by the NGOs that have been actively involved in conserving water and regulating its consumption and pollution have been showcased.
The competitive landscape provides a look into the nature of the market and the activities of the players and the level of competition between them. It also compares the private players according to the products and services provided by them. Brief profile with short description of the major domestic and foreign players is also included. Furthermore, key developments in the market over the last one year have also been highlighted.
A hand note on water resource management, specially in the context of Bangladesh. I prepared the note for the MS final exam on the course water resource management.
How do you make every drop of water count? On World Water Day, we highlight ICRISAT’s initiatives with partners that promote the SDG goals of building sustainable cities and communities and providing clean water.
Only one in three (34%) Global Citizens express confidence that waste water in their country does not pose a threat to their clean water supply.
Looking ahead one in two (48%) are worried that residential and industrial growth in their country over the next 5 to 10 years will put their clean water supply at risk.
Anarde Clean Drinking Water, Conservation and ManagementANaRDe Foundation
ANARDE is serving as catalyst in society since 1979 on various social causes with proven success track in uplifting less privileged and empowering rural India. Total 15000 villages all over India are served by ANARDE as a Non-profit organization, empanelled NGO – CSR by Ministry of Drinking Water and sanitation, Govt. of India
2. Our Causes:
Our core areas of community based actions as CSR initiatives includes providing-
• Water Management: Clean drinking water plants and related projects
• Infrastructure Development: Sanitation/Shauchalaya, Low cost Housing
• Financial Inclusions: Micro Credits, Micro Insurance, Self-help group development
• Need Based Projects: Entrepreneurship Development and Skill Development training, Enterprise Training
3. Benefits to Donors and Partners of ANARDE:
• 35% AC, 100% tax benefit to donors and corporates. Certificate No.S.O.NO.1960 (E) dated 20.01.2015.
• 80-G Certificate No.DIT(E)/MC/80G/913/2009-10
• FCRA Registration No. 083780317 with Ministry of Finance
• Better societal image and stakeholder’s confidence.
• Joy of giving to the society as we take inputs
Preliminary study on Potable Water Solutions for the rural poorAbhishek Aggarwal
Drinking water quality is an immensely vast field, and challenges vary greatly by geography and local conditions. This is a preliminary study which focuses on the poor Drinking water quality of existing water sources - the challenges faced by the poor rural communities.
This study considers the drinking water problems that are common in the hilly regions in north Thane district (now Palghar), and explores possible treatment methods and existing enterprise solutions that may be applied there.
It also provides a picture of the conditions/way of living of the rural villagers in Mumbai, India - Health, Education, Water, Connectivity, Awareness, Sanitation conditions. Also, the participation of the NGOs.
Did you know bottled water isn't always safer than tap water? Learn more about common contaminants found in bottled water and why you should test your home drinking water.
To develop a water purification system especially designedKanhaiya Kumar
This is the report of purification of water system.I had given a presentation on this report in national level techfest in 2015.This report may help those student who want to make purification of water system for rural area and also for mini project.
Water is Life or Tó éí ííńá át’é in the Diné language. This presentation showcases global awareness and love of the liquid elixir of life. Featured is the crowdsourced gallery of photos and posters for water-focused celebrations, including World Water Day. You are welcome to adapt and reuse with the attribution-sharealike license. We welcome your interaction -- comments, questions, suggestions, shares, clips, favorites, likes and hearts.
Planeta.com
http://planeta.com/water
http://planeta.com/world-water-day
Wiki
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/water
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/worldwater
Flickr
http://www.flickr.com/groups/worldwater
Green Solutions for Water and Waste is one of VTT’s Spearhead Programmes that has been running since 2011. This publication presents some of the research highlights from the first half of the programme. Focal areas of this programme have been water treatment technologies and waste management. In water treatment the research has focused in enzyme and membrane technologies and membrane surface treatment methods, water monitoring technologies, and sludge treatment. Regarding waste treatment methods and technologies the focus has been in refining organic waste and conceptualising new business on valorisation of waste streams.
Developing the urban circular water economyRobert Brears
Around the world, there is a transition towards the ‘circular economy’ that focuses on the 3Rs of reducing material
consumption, reusing materials, and recovering materials from waste. In the context of urban water resources management, a variety of cities and their respective water utilities are implementing circular economy concepts that promote the reduction of water consumption, reuse of water, and recovery of materials from wastewater.
How do Waste Water Treatment Devices Assist Production of Clean Water?Halgan Services
The sewerage projects comprise a basic infrastructure of a nation and are an indisputable indicator of development and civilization. The project pivots greatly around efficient waste water treatment devices to effectively serve the purpose.
Water conservation encompasses the policies, strategies and activities made to manage fresh water as a sustainable resource, to protect the water environment, and to meet current and future human demand. Population, household size, and growth and affluence all affect how much water is used. Factors such as climate change will increase pressures on natural water resources especially in manufacturing and agricultural irrigation.
Water conservation refers to any beneficial reduction of water usage, loss or waste.
A Bold Move for Clean Water by Gautam Adani (1).pptxGautam Adani
The efforts to promote sustainable development continue to include water. Policymakers are concentrating on infrastructure initiatives that help with water conservation due to growing worries about the supply and availability of water resources. Renovating existing STPs (sewage treatment plants) and constructing new sewage treatment facilities, can be helpful. Additionally, Gautam Adani concentrates on business prospects including development of irrigation infrastructure, ample water supply and distribution projects, and desalination projects to create potable water for human consumption or industrial usage.
Ending the era of landfills and waste discharges to waterways by converting biomass and organic waste into green fuels, power and products can also create prosperity and valuable jobs for many of the world\'s poor that are forced to survive by scavenging through landfill waste
Water Conservation Essay
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Persuasive Speech : Water Conservation
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Speech On Water Conservation
Water Conservation
UN-Water Report Calls for Wastewater Focus in Post-2015 AgendaGraciela Mariani
#Wastewater
UN-Water Report Calls for Wastewater Focus in Post-2015 Agenda
Only 20 percent of global wastewater is currently being treated, leaving low-income countries hardest hit by contaminated water supplies and disease, according to the UN report which encourages governments to see treated wastewater as a valuable resource, and a priority for the post-2015 development agenda. This is accompanied by the realization that the focus on drinking-water and sanitation without due attention being paid to wastewater may have exacerbated some of the water quality problems seen globally. It is increasingly being recognized that the issues of wastewater management and water quality have cross-linkages with a range of other water- and non-water issues, not least in respect of the water, energy and food nexus. It has also been acknowledged that wastewater management clearly plays a role in achieving future water security in a world where water stress will increase. Against this backdrop, there is an emerging consensus on the need for a dedicated water goal in the post-2015 Development Agenda, one which includes explicit recognition of the importance of good wastewater management and its contribution to protecting water quality. The report ’Wastewater Management- A UN-Water Analytical Brief’ looks at some of the problems caused by the neglect of wastewater management, but also at the benefits and opportunities that can be realized through proper attention to this area, and highlights why it is crucial that wastewater management and water quality stop being the ’poor relations’ and receive attention in their own right.
#AguasResiduales
Informe de ONU-Agua destaca la importancia de las aguas residuales para la agenda post-2015
Sólo el 20% de las aguas residuales a nivel global están siendo tratadas, siendo los países de bajos ingresos los más afectados por las aguas contaminadas y las enfermedades, según señala el último informe de la ONU sobre aguas residuales. Dicho informe insta a los gobiernos a tratar las aguas residuales como un recurso valioso y como una prioridad para la agenda de desarrollo post-2015. Atender el agua potable y el saneamiento sin la debida atención a las aguas residuales puede haber exacerbado algunos de los problemas de calidad del agua presentes en todo el mundo. Se reconoce de manera creciente que la gestión de las aguas residuales desempeña claramente un papel en el logro de la seguridad hídrica futura en un mundo en el que la escasez de agua aumentará. En este contexto, existe un consenso emergente sobre la necesidad de una meta dedicada al agua en la agenda de desarrollo post 2015, que incluya el reconocimiento explícito de la importancia de una buena gestión de las aguas residuales y su contribución a la protección de la calidad del agua. El informe 'Gestión de las Aguas Residuales- Nota Analítica de ONU-Agua ' analiza algunos de los problemas causados por la negligencia de la gest
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Halogenation process of chemical process industries
WORLD WATER DAY 2017
1. 1
World Water Day 2017:
Why waste water?
INTRODUCTION
World Water Day, on 22 March every year, is about
taking action on water issues. In 2017, the theme is
wastewater and the campaign, ‘Why waste water?’,
is about reducing and reusing wastewater.
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 6.3
requires us by 2030 to “improve water quality by
reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and mini-
mizing release of hazardous chemicals and materi-
als, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater
and substantially increasing recycling and safe re-
use globally.”
Progress towards target 6.3 will also help achieve
the SDGs on health and well-being (SDG 3), safe
water and sanitation (SDG 6), affordable and clean
energy (SDG 7), sustainable cities and communities
(SDG 11), life below water (SDG 14), and life on land
(SDG 15), among others.
FACTSHEET
2. 2
TOP LINE MESSAGES
• Globally, over 80% of the wastewater generated by
society flows back into the ecosystem without be-
ing treated or reused.1
• 1.8 billion people use a source of drinking water
contaminated with faeces2
, putting them at risk of
contracting cholera, dysentery, typhoid and polio.
Unsafe water, poor sanitation and hygiene cause
around 842,000 deaths each year.3
• 663 million people still lack improved drinking wa-
ter sources.4
• By 2050, close to 70% of the world’s population
will live in cities, compared to 50% today5
. Current-
ly, most cities in developing countries do not have
adequate infrastructure and resources to address
wastewater management in an efficient and sus-
tainable way.
• The opportunities from exploiting wastewater as a
resource are enormous. Safely managed wastewa-
ter is an affordable and sustainable source of water,
energy, nutrients and other recoverable materials.
• The costs of wastewater management are greatly out-
weighed by the benefits to human health, economic
development and environmental sustainability – pro-
viding new business opportunities and creating more
‘green’ jobs.
WASTEWATER AND THE WATER CYCLE
Water has to be carefully managed during every
part of the water cycle: from fresh water abstrac-
tion, pre-treatment, distribution, use, collection and
post-treatment, to the use of treated wastewater and
its ultimate return to the environment, ready to be ab-
stracted to start the cycle again.
1 On average, high-income countries treat about 70% of the wastewater they generate, while that ratio drops to 38% in upper-middle-income coun-
tries and to 28% in lower-middle-income countries. In low-income countries, only 8% of industrial and municipal wastewater undergoes treatment of
any kind (Sato et. al, 2013).
2 WHO/UNICEF (2014), Progress on drinking water and sanitation: 2014 update: https://www.unicef.org/gambia/Progress_on_drinking_water_and_
sanitation_2014_update.pdf
3 WHO (2014), Preventing diarrhoea through better water, sanitation and hygiene: exposures and impacts in low- and middle-income countries: http://
apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/150112/1/9789241564823_eng.pdf
4 WHO/UNICEF (2015) Progress on sanitation and drinking water, 2015 Update and MDG Assessment https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_
upload/resources/JMP-Update-report-2015_English.pdf
5 UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2014), World Urbanization Prospects: 2014: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Publications/Files/
WUP2014-Highlights.pdf
3. 3
Due to population growth, accelerated urbanisation
and economic development, the quantity of waste-
water generated and its overall pollution load are in-
creasing globally. However, wastewater management
is being seriously neglected, and wastewater is gross-
ly undervalued as a potentially affordable and sus-
tainable source of water, energy, nutrients and other
recoverable materials. It therefore needs to be seen
as a resource, rather than a burden to be disposed of.
There are many treatment processes and operational
systems that will allow us to use wastewater to meet
the growing water demand in growing cities, support
sustainable agriculture, and enhance energy produc-
tion and industrial development.
WASTEWATER AND CITIES
By 2030, global demand for water is expected to grow
by 50%6
. Most of this demand will be in cities and will
require new approaches to wastewater collection and
management. Indeed, reused wastewater may help
address other challenges including food production
and industrial development.
Mainly in low-income areas of cities and towns with-
in developing countries, a large proportion of waste-
water is discharged directly into the closest surface
water drain or informal drainage channel, sometime
without or with very little treatment. In addition to
household effluent and human waste, urban-based
hospitals and industries such as small-scale mining
and motor garages, often dump highly toxic chemi-
cals and medical waste into the wastewater system.
Even in cities where wastewater is collected and
treated, the efficiency of treatment may vary accord-
ing to the system used. Traditional wastewater treat-
ment plants may not remove certain pollutants, such
as endocrine disruptors, which can negatively affect
people and the ecosystem.
Examples:
• Dual distribution systems delivering reclaimed
water. Since 1977 in St Petersburg, Florida, USA,
a parallel network of pipes, separate from potable
water mains, has served a mix of residential proper-
ties, and commercial and industrial parks, enabling
them to use recycled water for irrigation, laundry,
vehicle and building washing, and ornamental wa-
ter features.
• Biologically purifying wastewater before discharg-
ing. The effluent volume from Schiphol Airport, Am-
6 UNHABITAT (2016), World Cities Report 2016: Urbanization and development: http://wcr.unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2016/05/
WCR-%20Full-Report-2016.pdf
4. 4
sterdam, is comparable to that of a small city with
a population of 45,000. About half of the wastewa-
ter originates from passengers and businesses at
the airport, 25% is discharged by aircraft and cater-
ing, and the remaining volume is produced by other
aviation-related businesses. The on-site wastewa-
ter treatment plant biologically purifies water to a
quality fit for discharge into local waterways.
WASTEWATER AND INDUSTRY
Societal and environmental pressures over recent
years have led to a growing movement for industry to
reduce its wastewater and to treat it before discharge.
Wastewater is now seen as a potential resource and
its use, or recycling after suitable treatment, can pro-
vide economic and financial benefits.
Wastewater can be used within the business itself or
between several businesses through ‘industrial sym-
biosis’. Industrial water consumption is responsible
for 22% of global water use (UN-Water, 2012). In 2009
in Europe and North America, water consumption by
industries was 50% as compared to 4-12% in devel-
oping countries (WWAP, 2009). It is expected that in
rapidly industrialising countries, this proportion could
increase by a factor of five in the next 10-20 years.
Therefore, there is a strong incentive to use wastewa-
ter in-house and locally, based on cost savings alone.
Businesses can directly use some wastewater, pro-
viding it is fit for purpose. For instance, using process
water for cooling or heating, or rainwater from roof
collection or concrete aprons for toilet flushing, irriga-
tion or vehicle washing.
Examples:
• An industrial ecosystem. In Kalundborg, Denmark,
the by-products of one enterprise are used as a
resource by other enterprises, in a closed cycle.
The Asnæs Power Station receives 700,000 m3 of
cooling water from Statoil each year, which it treats
and then uses as boiler feed water. It also uses
about 200,000 m3 of Statoil’s treated wastewater
for cleaning each year. The savings to local water
resources are considerable: nearly 3,000,000 m3
of groundwater and 1,000,000 m3 of surface water
per year.7
• Reclaiming water from mining. The Witbank coal-
fields are located around Emalahleni, a small city in
7 Domenech and Davies (2011), “Structure and morphology of industrial symbiosis networks: The case of Kalundborg”, Procedia - Social and Beha-
vioral Sciences, vol 10, 2011, pages 79-89: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042811000127
5. 5
South Africa dealing with worsening water scarcity.
The Anglo American mining company built a water
treatment plant that uses desalination technology
to convert water from the mine into drinking water,
and treat industrial water so it can be safely released
into the environment. As an added benefit, in the
treatment process, gypsum is separated from the
water and used as a construction material. The plant
provides a safe and secure water source to the city,
meeting 12% of Emalahleni’s daily water needs.8
WASTEWATER IN AGRICULTURE
Partly to help maximise yields to meet demand, usage
of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has increased
in recent years, both in industrial and small farming,
making agriculture a potential source of environmen-
tal pollution.
Pollution of groundwater and surface water by agricul-
tural use of untreated or inadequately treated waste-
water is a major issue in many developing countries
where such irrigation is practised.
Farmers are increasingly looking into non-convention-
al water resources, mainly wastewater, whether due to
its high nutrient content or lack of conventional water
resources. If applied safely, wastewater is a valuable
source of both water and nutrients, contributing to wa-
ter and food security and livelihood improvements.
Improved wastewater management can improve the
health of workers, especially in agriculture, by reduc-
ing the risk of pathogen exposure. It can also create
direct and indirect jobs in water-dependent sectors
and beyond.
Example:
• Use of wastewater in farming. It is estimated that
more than 40,000-60,000 km2 of land is irrigated
with wastewater or polluted water (Jimenez and
Asano, 2008), posing health risks to farmers and
to eventual consumers of the agricultural products.
Available technologies allow removal of almost all
contaminants from wastewater, making them suita-
ble for every use. The WHO Guidelines on Safe Use
of Wastewater in Agriculture and Aquaculture and
the Sanitation Safety Planning (SSP) approach pro-
vides a comprehensive framework to ensure that
health risks are managed to protect public health.
8 For more information: “The eMalahleni Water Reclamation Plant in South Africa”: http://www.iwa-network.org/filemanager-uploads/WQ_Compen-
dium/Cases/The%20eMalahleni%20Water.pdf