The document summarizes the tannery process, associated wastewater treatment, and impact on public health. It describes the various stages of tanning including soaking, liming, pickling, and tanning. This generates wastewater high in salts, chromium, sulfides, and organic matter. Primary treatment includes screening, equalization, coagulation, and sludge dewatering to remove solids and reduce BOD and COD. Effluent standards vary by country but are often exceeded by tanneries. Pollutants from tanneries like chromium, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide can cause respiratory illness and dermatitis. Alternative treatment methods are evaluated based on cost, technical criteria, and
tannery industry is the industry where leather is manufactured from the skins of animals . the whole process and the way it affects the water and their treatment has been mentioned in this ppt.
Lecture notes of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
tannery industry is the industry where leather is manufactured from the skins of animals . the whole process and the way it affects the water and their treatment has been mentioned in this ppt.
Lecture notes of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
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The dairy industry involves processing raw milk into products such as consumer milk, butter, cheese, yogurt, condensed milk, dried milk (milk powder), and ice cream, using processes such as chilling, pasteurization, and homogenization. Typical by-products include buttermilk, whey, and their derivatives. Dairy industries have shown tremendous growth in size and number inmost countries of the world . These industries discharge wastewater which is characterized by high chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, nutrients, and organic and inorganic contents. Such wastewaters, if discharged without proper treatment, severely pollute receiving water bodies.
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Wastewater Treatment for Sugar Industry Hülya Pala
I decided to share my another presentation about wastewater treatment which is especially about sugar industry to be beneficial for you.( The link for slide 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EP_fgp7zYKk)
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The dairy industry involves processing raw milk into products such as consumer milk, butter, cheese, yogurt, condensed milk, dried milk (milk powder), and ice cream, using processes such as chilling, pasteurization, and homogenization. Typical by-products include buttermilk, whey, and their derivatives. Dairy industries have shown tremendous growth in size and number inmost countries of the world . These industries discharge wastewater which is characterized by high chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, nutrients, and organic and inorganic contents. Such wastewaters, if discharged without proper treatment, severely pollute receiving water bodies.
Dairy processing plants can be divided into two categories:
Fluid milk processing involving the pasteurization and processing of raw milk into liquid milk for direct consumption, as well as cream, flavored milk, and fermented products such as buttermilk and yogurt.
Industrial milk processing involving the pasteurization and processing of raw milk into value-added dairy products such as cheese and casein, butter and other milk fats, milk powder and condensed milk, whey powder and other dairy ingredients, and ice cream and other frozen dairy products.
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Prepared by
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Associate Professor,
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Solapur
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Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
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Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
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Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
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Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
1. Tannery process scheme, wastewater treatment, its
impact to public health and effluent discharge
standards
BY
1. WILLIAMS NDIFREKE ETUK 20153694
2. MOSES FARRELL LUKA 20150168
3. SULAIMAN ISHAQ MUKTAR 20162418
4. OGBOGU TELMA 20154374
1
3. Overview
• Leather tanning is a wide common industry all over the world.
• one of the most important industries in Mediterranean countries.
• Due to complex waste characteristics leather tanneries are generally
located in so called organized industrial districts.
• Fig a, some tanneries in Italy, a proportional distribution of the
leather tanneries in Italy and in EU countries is shown in Fig. b. The
industrial processing from the raw hides to finished leather is shown
in Fig. 2.
3
4. Figure 1 Spatial distribution of leather tanneries in (a) Italy and (b) among the member states (UNIC. www.unic.itum, 2013).
4
5. Figure 2 Overview of the tanning industry (Naturgerechte Technologien, 2002). 5
6. Tannery processing and contaminant load
• The production of fresh hides has been estimated at about 8-9 million
tonnes per year
• During the processing of these hides a total of 1.4 million tonnes of
solid waste is produced
• This means that in all likelihood ca 16% of the processed hides is
leather waste
• puts the figures for trimmings and splittings (i.e. leather waste) at a
total of 225 kg/ton hide (i.e. ca 23%).
• Tannery wastewater is slightly alkaline in nature ranging between pH
7.5-8.5. It is because of mixing of acidic liquor from pickling & chrome
tanning effluent with alkaline liquor from beam house operation.
6
7. Tannery processing and contaminant load
• The highest amount of the salt load occurs in the beam house area
• Soaking is intended for the removal of the salt, impurities etc. and for
increasing the moisture content, which is lost during the curing
operation. In soaking about 15% (w/w) to 40% (w/w) of common salt is
used for preserving animal skins and it is removed during the soaking
• Liming and unhairing is accomplished for removal of epidermis layer
and inter-fibre substances (mainly soluble protein and fats) providing
the room for the tanning agent.
7
8. Tannery processing and contaminant load
• This fundamental process is conducted in paddle operation, which is
followed by another task called fleshing. Thereafter ‘Deliming & Bating’ is
carried out in drum operation
• Deliming is practiced for the removal of the lime added during liming &
unhairing and also for lowering the pH
• Bating, a special operation is also followed along with deliming for the
production of good quality leather to be used in Bag making.
• During the liming and unhairing process, CaO and Na2S are normally used
during liming-unhairing operation.
8
9. Tannery processing and contaminant load
• If a tannery is processing salted hides then the biggest salt
component in the wastewater is always the NaCl from hide and skin
preservation
• Pickling & chrome tanning is accomplished after deliming and bating
in the same drum. Pickling & chrome tanning is considered as the
most polluting process in tanning operation due to presence of
untreated Basic chrome sulfate (BCS) in the form of Cr(III).
• In tanning process about 25–30% of the total chrome used emanate
through the wastewater.
9
10. Tannery processing and contaminant load
• The wet-end re-tanning, dyeing and fat liquoring processes have only a
minor impact on the total salt load dominantly originated from the hides in
the initial pre-soak and main soak
• The tanning wastewater contains the highest concentration of total
chromium (up to 4950 mgL−1)
• Coloring usually involves combining dyes with the tanned skin fibers to
form an insoluble compound.
• Retanning and wet finishing streams are relatively low in BOD and TSS, high
in COD and contain trivalent chromium, tannins, sulfonated oils and spent
dyes
10
11. Tannery processing and contaminant load
• reports the average composition of mixed effluents of leather
tanneries. The average influent chromium (III) concentration varies in
a wide range (30–260 mgL−1) depending on the tanning process
applied.
• Generally tannery effluents are rich in nitrogen, especially organic
nitrogen but very poor in phosphorous
11
12. Sources and types
of pollutants
generated in
leather processing
(Naturgerechte
Technologien,
2002)
12
13. Sources and types of pollutants generated in leather processing
(Naturgerechte Technologien, 2002)
Contd……….
13
14. Treatment stage in Tannery industry
• Primary treatment
• In order to carry out effluent treatment in the most effective manner,
flow segregation is useful to allow preliminary treatment of
concentrated wastewater streams, in particular for sulphide- and
chrome-containing liquors.
• Where segregation of flows is possible, thorough mixing of chrome-
bearing effluents and other effluent streams improves the efficiency
of the effluent treatment plant because the chromium tends to
precipitate out with the protein during pretreatment the layout is
shown in the Figure that follows
14
15. Primary treatment
• This treatment stage is majorly to eliminate the coarse matter,
remove almost completely Cr and sulphides, remove the major part
of suspended solids, and considerably reduce the BOD and COD
content which follows the following basic steps: screening (bar, self-
cleaning), pumping/lifting, fine screening (Fig. 6).
• Equalization, and sulphide oxidation, chemical treatment
(coagulation, flocculation), settling, sludge dewatering.
15
16. Flowchart of in-house segregation of streams, including chrome recycling, treatment of liming
effluents and pre-treatment of mixed effluent
16
17. Rough bar screen, operation principle (Hayelom and Adhena, 2014). 17
18. Layout of in-house segregation of streams, including chrome recycling and oxidation of sulphides in liming effluent (Aravindhan et al., 2004).
18
19. Equalization – homogenization – sulphide oxidation
• The main aims here are
• Homogenization of the effluent (quantity and quality); and
• sulphide elimination, mostly by catalytic oxidation.
• This is achieved by using mixing-cum-aeration devices such as
diffused-air systems (preferred), Venturi ejectors, and fixed or floating
aerators (lately avoided due to lower efficiency and the problem of
aerosols). In practice, to play it safe, the volume of the equalization
tank corresponds to the total daily effluent discharge.
19
20. Schematic view of an equalization, homogenization tank and Schematic view of the coagulation and flocculation
system (Aravindhan et al., 2004). 20
21. Simplified flowchart of the physical-chemical (primary) tannery effluent treatment (Naturgerechte Technologien, 2002).
21
22. Sludge dewatering
• The sludge drawn from the bottom of the tank is in the form of slurry with
a dry-solid (DS) content of only 2-4%. For its evacuation, special pumps –
usually of the Mohno type – are used.
• For further handling and disposal of sludge, it is necessary to reduce
drastically the water content.
• This is usually achieved by:
• (i) thickening in sludge thickeners (very much like circular clarifier);
• (ii) mechanical dewatering in filter presses, belt-filter presses or decanters
(centrifuges);
• (iii) natural drying in sludge-drying beds.
• In addition to power and chemical requirements, the key parameter for
equipment selection is the achievable dry matter content in the dewatered
sludge.
22
23. National and International Standards of Tannery Industry
• Solid and liquid wastes are the inevitable by-products of the leather
industry process, which cause significant pollution unless treated
prior to discharge.
• . In most cases, liquid waste is discharged into sewage systems
(indirect discharge) where it undertakes full-scale treatment before
being returned to the surface waters.
• . Effluent discharge standards limits are set by the authorities for
compliance by industries in order to protect the environment (Table
1-2).
23
24. Standard limits
• (a) Based on standards which have been widely applied and found
generally acceptable.
• (b) Set along the lines of mass-balance, whereby the quality of the
water upstream and the quality requirements of the water
downstream (for industrial or drinking purposes) are determined. The
difference between the two figures determines the tolerance levels at
the point of discharge.
24
25. Pollution limits for discharge of effluents into water bodies and sewers
Parameter Argentina
Surface
Argentina
Sewer
Austria
Surface
Austria
Sewer
China
Surface
China
Sewer
Nigeria
Surface
Nigeria
Sewer
pH 5.5 5.5-10 6.5-8.5 6.0-9.5 6.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 6-9 6-9
Temp 45 45 30 30 70-150 400 Less than 40 Less than 40
Sus Solids
(mg/L)
- - 70 150 200 10 30 -
Sett.Solids
(mg/L)
0.5 0.5 - - - 10 - -
BOD(mg/L) 50 200 25 - 20-100 600 50 500
COD(mg/L) 250 700 200 - 100-300 1000 - -
TDS (mg/L) - - - - - - 2000 2000
Shlphide
(mg/L)
- 1000 0.1 2.0 1.0 10 0.2 -
Chlorides
(mg/L)
- - - - - - 600 600
Sulhates
(mg/L)
- 1000 - - - - 500 1000
Phosp - - 2.0 - - - 5 1025
28. Bangladesh Tannery
• As shown in the Table 3, all the parameters analysed by the
researchers highly exceeded the standard permissible limits
prescribed by NEQS-2000, ISI-2000 and ISW-BDS-ECR -1997.
• For this reason, European commission considered banning leather
imported from Hazaribag, because the tanneries discharge extremely
hazardous chemicals in to the open environment.
28
30. Table 4 Common pollutants, their sources and associated health effects on human
Pollutant Sources Health effects
Salt, Dust, Hair, Soot Fleshing, Dehairing, Soaking,
Washing process.
Can cause cancer, aggravates respiratory and
heart diseases, is toxic at high level causes
coughing, irritates throat and causes chest
discomfort.
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Decomposition wastes, Liming,
Pickling.
Has unpleasant odor, nausea, irritates and
throat, if toxic at high level.
Chromium (Cr) Chrome tanning Mainly effect on skin and respiratory system,
including mucous membrane irritation,
sensitization, erosion, dermatitis and chrome
ulceration, can also cause cancer.
Ammonia Mainly deliming, Bating. Inflame upper respiratory passages.
Sulfuric Acid Pickling process, Chrome tanning. Aggravates respiratory diseases, impairs
breathing, and irritates eyes and respiratory
tract.
Arsine (Arsenic) Tanning process. Breakdown red cells in blood, damage kidneys,
causes jaundice
Nitrogen Oxides Tanning, Polishing, Finishing. Aggravates respiratory and heart diseases,
irritates lungs, affects respiratory systems30
31. Alternative treatment
• The details of wastewater treatment alternatives with hierarchy are
presented in the Table below.
• The economic criterion has three components which includes capital
& O&M costs and land area requirement for the treatment
alternative.
• The technical criterion is mostly used to judge the suitability of the
treatment process.
• In the present project, factors such as BOD, COD, TDS, SS removal,
permeate recovery & reject generation, total treatment time, sludge
handling and operating flow capacity have been used.
31
33. Details of wastewater treatment alternatives along with hierarchies.
(Girish et al., 2011)
33
34. References
• UNIC. www.unic.itum, (2013).
• Naturgerechte Technologien (2002). Treatment of Tannery Wastewater Bau- und
Wirtschaftsberatung (TBW) GmbH, Frankfurt (Germany). Infogate. 1-11
http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
• Aravindhan, R., Madhan B., Rao, J. R., Nair, B. U., and Ramasam, T. I (2004).
“Bioaccumulation of chromium from tannery wastewater: An approach for
chrome recovery and reuse,” Environmental Science and Technology, American
Chemical Society, 38(1):300–306
• Hayelom Dargo and Adhena Ayalew (2014). Tannery Waste Water Treatment: A
Review International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology.
1(9):1488-1494
• Girish R. Pophali, Asha B. Chelani , Rita S. Dhodapkar (2011). Optimal selection of
full scale tannery effluent treatment alternative using integrated AHP and GRA
approach Expert Systems with Applications. 38: 10889–10895
34