Power Quality Improvement Using A DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorer)
ABSTRACT
Power quality is one of major problems in the today’s scenario. It has become important with the introduction of complex devices, whose performance is very sensitive to the quality of power supply. Power quality problem is an occurrence developed as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure of end use equipment. Some of the major problems dealt here is the power sag and swell. This paper describes the effectiveness of using dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) in order to mitigate voltage sags and swells in low voltage distribution systems. Dynamic Voltage Restorer can provide the most cost effective solution to mitigate voltage sags and swells that is required by customer. The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a rapid, flexible and resourceful solution to power quality problems.
STATE OF THE ART: DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENTecij
Improved and controlled power quality is one of the essential and fundamental need in any power driven industry for optimum utilization of resources. However critical problems in power quality have been recognized such as sags, swells, harmonic distortions and other interruptions. Out of these sags and swells
are predominantly found and have severe impact on the electrical devices or electrical machines and therefore needs to be compensated at an earliest to ensure any mal-operation or failure. To crack these problems custom power devices are used like unified power-quality conditioner (UPQC), distributionSTATCOM (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The DVR is a one of the custom power device used for the compensation of voltage sag and swell with an advantage of active/reactive power control. A major volume of literature reported in past several years on different configurations of DVR and different control technique used in it. In context of this a detailed review on DVR has been presented with different possible power circuit topologies and control techniques available to reconcile these power quality issues. This review article will contribute in better selection of control strategy and power circuit for optimum performance of DVR for a particular requirement. Also it presents a very helpful investigation for the researcher in this field.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
Power Quality Improvement Using A DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorer)
ABSTRACT
Power quality is one of major problems in the today’s scenario. It has become important with the introduction of complex devices, whose performance is very sensitive to the quality of power supply. Power quality problem is an occurrence developed as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure of end use equipment. Some of the major problems dealt here is the power sag and swell. This paper describes the effectiveness of using dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) in order to mitigate voltage sags and swells in low voltage distribution systems. Dynamic Voltage Restorer can provide the most cost effective solution to mitigate voltage sags and swells that is required by customer. The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a rapid, flexible and resourceful solution to power quality problems.
STATE OF THE ART: DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENTecij
Improved and controlled power quality is one of the essential and fundamental need in any power driven industry for optimum utilization of resources. However critical problems in power quality have been recognized such as sags, swells, harmonic distortions and other interruptions. Out of these sags and swells
are predominantly found and have severe impact on the electrical devices or electrical machines and therefore needs to be compensated at an earliest to ensure any mal-operation or failure. To crack these problems custom power devices are used like unified power-quality conditioner (UPQC), distributionSTATCOM (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The DVR is a one of the custom power device used for the compensation of voltage sag and swell with an advantage of active/reactive power control. A major volume of literature reported in past several years on different configurations of DVR and different control technique used in it. In context of this a detailed review on DVR has been presented with different possible power circuit topologies and control techniques available to reconcile these power quality issues. This review article will contribute in better selection of control strategy and power circuit for optimum performance of DVR for a particular requirement. Also it presents a very helpful investigation for the researcher in this field.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
It consists of :
Introduction to Microgrid
Microgrid key Attributes
Interconnected Microgrid
How does it work ?
Microgrid : A Smart Choice for Tomorrow
Why Microgrid!
Conventional Grid V/s Microgrid
Advantages
Conclusion
As the technology for the power semiconductor devices and integrated circuit develops, the potential for applications of power electronics become wider.
This directional over current relay employs the principle of actuation of the relay....It has a metallic disc free to rotate between the poles of two...
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Practically, the capability of injection voltage by DVR system is 50% of nominal voltage. This allows DVRs to successfully provide protection against sags to 50% for durations of up to 0.1 seconds. Furthermore, most voltage sags rarely reach less than 50%.
Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile, Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of power supply.
The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free supply.
The substation is the part of a power system in which the voltage is transformed from high to low or low to high for transmission, distribution, transformation, and switching..etc
this is useful for peoples interested in power quality problems and their mitigation. it provides causes, effects of voltage sag and their mitigation techniques.
It consists of :
Introduction to Microgrid
Microgrid key Attributes
Interconnected Microgrid
How does it work ?
Microgrid : A Smart Choice for Tomorrow
Why Microgrid!
Conventional Grid V/s Microgrid
Advantages
Conclusion
As the technology for the power semiconductor devices and integrated circuit develops, the potential for applications of power electronics become wider.
This directional over current relay employs the principle of actuation of the relay....It has a metallic disc free to rotate between the poles of two...
Our catalog of MiCOM protection relays provides leading and reliable protection and control for any network application to help you operate with confidence. Easergy Schneider Micom Overcurrent & Earth Fault protection relay devices offer comprehensive protection of MV,HV & EHV networks.
Easergy Schneider Micom Numerical relays are flexible,modular hardware,ethernet communication and provides smarter cyber security. Schneider Devices are trusted devices to protect your critical power system assets.
Contact us for any Enquiry of the above product on: +91-9819614841, +91-9833686249
Know more at: https://www.dsgenterprises.in/schneider-322/micom
Practically, the capability of injection voltage by DVR system is 50% of nominal voltage. This allows DVRs to successfully provide protection against sags to 50% for durations of up to 0.1 seconds. Furthermore, most voltage sags rarely reach less than 50%.
Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile, Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of power supply.
The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free supply.
The substation is the part of a power system in which the voltage is transformed from high to low or low to high for transmission, distribution, transformation, and switching..etc
this is useful for peoples interested in power quality problems and their mitigation. it provides causes, effects of voltage sag and their mitigation techniques.
Mitigation of power quality problem due to starting of induction motoreSAT Journals
Abstract Power quality problems such as voltage sag which is to be generate effect on industrial distribution system. In this paper analyses the application of custom power devices using dynamic voltage restorer for mitigation of power quality problems voltage sag due to starting of three phase induction motor.contol strategies for DVR is based on dqo transformation feed forward control techniques. DVR to have less THD In distribution system. the propose control scheme simulation results carried out by MATLAB Simulink. The result shows that although period of voltage sag and rating of the load changes even then voltage sags are totally compensated. Keywords: Voltage sags, power quality, dynamic voltage restorer, THD, custom power device.
Enhancement of Power Quality Problem by Using Dynamic Voltage RestorerAM Publications
Dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs) are used to protect sensitive loads from the effects of voltage sags on the
distribution feeder. This paper presents and verifies a novel voltage sag detection technique for use in conjunction
with the main control system of a DVR. In all cases it is necessary for the DVR control system to not only detect the
start and end of a voltage sag but also to determine the sag depth and any associated phase shift. The DVR, which is
placed in series with a sensitive load, must be able to respond quickly to a voltage sag if end users of sensitive
equipment are to experience no voltage sag. The DVR can restore the load voltage within few milliseconds. A control
technique based on a proportional–integral (PI) controller and a selective controller is used. The controller is
designed in a synchronously-rotating reference frame. In fact, three independent controllers have been used to tackle
balanced and unbalanced voltage supplies. Simulation results using ‘MATLAB SIMULINK’ Sim Power System
Toolbox is presented to illustrate the principle and performance of a DVR operation in load voltage compensation.
Cascaded two level inverter-based multilevel statcom for high power applicationsAsoka Technologies
In this paper, a simple static var compensating scheme using a cascaded two-level inverter-based multilevel inverter is proposed. The topology consists of two standard two-level inverters connected in cascade through open-end windings of a three-phase transformer. The dc link voltages of the inverters are regulated at different levels to obtain four-level operation. The simulation study is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK to predict the performance of the proposed scheme under balanced and unbalanced supply-voltage conditions. A laboratory prototype is developed to validate the simulation results. The control scheme is implemented using the TMS320F28335 digital signal processor. Further, stability behavior of the topology is investigated. The dynamic model is developed and transfer functions are derived. The system behavior is analyzed for various operating conditions.
Power Quality Enhancement through Dynamic Voltage Restorer using SRF Theory f...IJERD Editor
Power quality is certainly a major concern in the present era, it becomes especially important with
the introduction of sophisticated devices, whose performance is very sensitive to the quality of power supply.
Voltage sag is one of the severe power quality problems. This report addresses all the different aspects related to
voltage sag problem, such as its types, consequences and mitigation.
At present, a wide range of very flexible controllers, which capitalize on newly available power electronics
components, are emerging for custom power applications. Among these, the distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM)
and the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) are most effective devices, both of them based on the
VSC principle.
DVR with Artificial Intelligent Controller for Voltage Sag MitigationMohamed Khaleeel
This paper concludes that DVR is an effective device to compensate the voltage sag in power distribution systems. In term of DVR applications, although Mamdani-type and Sugeno-type share the same functions and rules, there are some distinctions between them.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
• Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
• Information Engineering and Technology,
• Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
• Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
• Material and Chemical Engineering,
• Civil and Architecture Engineering,
• Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
• Environmental Engineering,
• Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
• Marine and Agriculture engineering,
• Aerospace Engineering.
Sag mitigation in distribution system by using Dynamic voltage Restorer (DVR)IJERA Editor
Power quality is most important concern in the current age. It’s now a day’s necessary with the refined devices, where performance is very perceptive to the quality of power supply. Power quality crisis is an incidence manifest as a typical voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure of end use equipments. One of the major crises dealt here is the power sag. Perceptive industrial loads and distribution networks suffer from different types of service interruptions and outages which results in a major financial loss. To improve the power quality, custom power-devices are used. The device considered in this work is Dynamic Voltage Restorer. This paper shows modelling, analysis and simulation of a DVR test systems using MATLAB.
I have considered single line to ground fault for linear load. The role of DVR is to “compensate load voltage” is examined during the different fault conditions like voltage sag, single phase to ground faults.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Analysis of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Level of Distribution Network Usi...IJERA Editor
The modern sensitive, Non-linear and sophisticated load affects the power quality. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) provides the fast, flexible and efficient solution to improve the power quality for such distribution network [8]. The active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operations are the major source of affecting power quality. The intent of this paper is to demonstrate the improvements obtained with DVR in power system network using MATLAB/SIMULINK. In this paper, an overview of the DVR, its functions, configurations, components, control strategies are reviewed. The Simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance of DVR in Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The results showed clearly the performance of using DVR in improving THD level.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper gives a systematic technique of the design and simulation of Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) the use of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM). though electricity great associated problems like voltage sags/swells arise both at the transmission aspect as well as the distribution facet, the terminology used for the compensation devices is exclusive. DVR is a series linked tool used for compensating voltage sags and swells at the distribution side. on this work, a step by step technique is given to determine out the additives which can be required for the layout and simulation of DVR. The detection of sags/swells is completed with the assist of d-q-o concept, whereas the manager of the voltage source inverter is achieved with the assist of SPWM. The VSI has been applied with the assist of both Bipolar SPWM in addition to Unipolar SPWM and the results were compared. The simulation becomes achieved with the help of SIMULINK & MATLAB and the consequences have been located to be in accordance with concept.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
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• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
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• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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Mitigation of voltage sag/swell using Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 8, Issue 4 (Nov. - Dec. 2013), PP 21-38
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 21 | Page
Mitigation of voltage sag/swell using Dynamic voltage restorer
(DVR)
Sanjay Haribhai Chaudhary, Mr. Gaurav gangil
B.E Electrical , M.TECH
Abstract: The most noticeable topic for electrical engineering is power quality in recent year. Power quality
problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency. Utility distribution
networks, sensitive industrial load and critical commercial operation suffer from various types of outages and
service interruption can cost significant financial losses. One of the major problems dealt here is the voltage
sag.
With the fast development in power electronics technology have made it possible to mitigate power
quality problems. This work concentrates on the power quality problem such as voltage sag. Many of the
devices such as STATCOM, tap changing transformer, UPFC and DVR are available to mitigate voltage sag
problems. Among these, dynamic voltage restorer can provide the most commercial solution to mitigate voltage
sag by injecting voltage as well as power in to the system.
Dynamic Voltage Restorer is a series connected power electronics based device that can quickly
mitigate the voltage sag in the system and restore the load voltage to the pre-fault value.
This thesis first gives an introduction to relevant power quality problems for a DVR and power electronics
controllers for voltage sag mitigation. Thereafter the operation and elements in DVR is described. In this thesis
proposed utilizes the error signal to control the triggering of the switches of an inverter using Sinusoidal Pulse
Width Modulation (SPWM) technique.
Modeling and simulation of proposed DVR is implemented in MATLAB SIMULINK
Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR):
It is a voltage source converter which is connected in series with supply through injection transformer
where voltage sag or swell takes place. The DVR is most technically advanced and economical device for
voltage sag mitigation in distribution system. Energy storage in DVR is responsible for supplying active power
needed during voltage sag. If this energy is obtained from neighbour feeder than it is called interline dynamic
voltage restorer.
I. Introduction:
“Reliability” is a key word for utilities and their customers in general, and it is crucial to companies
operating in a highly competitive business environment, because it affects profitability, which definitely is a
driving force in the industry. Although electrical transmission and distribution systems have reached a very high
level of reliability, disturbances cannot be totally avoided. Any disturbances to voltage waveform can cause
problems related with the operation of electrical and electronic devices. Users need constant sine wave shape,
constant frequency and symmetrical voltage with a constant rms value to continue the production. This
increasing interest to improve efficiency and eliminate variations in the industry has resulted more complex
instruments sensitive to voltage disturbances such as voltage sag, voltage swell, interruption, phase shift and
harmonic. Voltage sag is considered the most severe since the sensitive loads are very susceptible to temporary
changes in the voltage. In some cases, these disturbances can lead to a complete shutdown of an entire
production line, in particular at high tech industries like semiconductor plants, with severe economic
consequences to the affected enterprise.
The DVR is a power quality device, which can protect these industries against the bulk of these
disturbances, i.e. voltage sags and swells related to remote system faults. A DVR compensates for these voltage
excursions, provided that the supply grid does not get disconnected entirely through breaker trips. Modern
pulse-width modulated (PWM) inverters capable of generating accurate high quality voltage waveforms form
the power electronic heart of the new Custom Power devices like DVR. Because the performance of the overall
control system largely depends on the quality of the applied control strategy, a high performance controller with
fast transient response and good steady state characteristics is required. The main considerations for the control
system of a DVR include: sag detection, voltage reference generation and transient and steady-state control of
the injected voltage.
The typical power quality disturbances are voltage sags, voltage swells, interruptions, phase shifts,
harmonics and transients. Among the disturbances, voltage sag is considered the most severe since the sensitive
loads are very susceptible to temporary changes in the voltage.
2. Mitigation of voltage sag/swell using Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)
www.iosrjournals.org 22 | Page
Figure 4.1 Typical applications of DVR and its output.
The wide area solution is required to mitigate voltage sags and improve power quality. One new approach is
using a DVR .The basic operation principle is detecting the voltage sag and injecting the missing voltage in
series to the bus as shown in Fig.4.1. DVR has become a cost effective solution for the protection of sensitive
loads from voltage sags. The DVR is fast, flexible and efficient solution to voltage sag problems. DVR consists
of energy storage unit, PWM inverter, and filter and injection transformer as shown in Fig.4.1
1.1 Futures of DVR:
Lower cost, smaller size, and its fast dynamic response to the disturbance.
Ability to control activepower flow.
Higher energy capacity and lower costs compared to the SMES device.
less maintenance required. UPS is costly; it also requires a high level of maintenance because batteries leak
and have to be replaced as often as every five years.
1.2 Location of DVR:
DVR is connected in the utility primary distribution feeder. This location of DVR mitigates the certain
group of customer by faults on the adjacent feeder as shown in Fig 4.2.The point of common coupling (PCC)
feds the load and the fault. The voltage sag in the system is calculated by using voltage divider rule.
Figure 4.2 Location of DVR
The insertion of a DVR at the low voltage four-wire 440 V level is illustrated in Fig. 4.2. The increase in
impedance by insertion of a small rated DVR can be significant for the load to be protected from voltage dips.
Thereby, the per cent change in the impedance (Zincrease, %) in can be increased by several hundred per cent.
Inserting a DVR at LV-level has certain advantages:
The DVR can be targeted morespecifically at voltage dip sensitive loads.
a majority of electric customers have only access to the LV-level and the DVR can both be placed by the
customer at the customer domain or by the utility at the utility domain.
The short-circuit level is significantly decreased by the distribution transformer and the DVR is easier to
protect.
The disadvantages with a LV solution are:
The impedance increase after the insertion of the DVR for the protected load can be large, which may
influence the site short circuit level and protection. An increased load voltage distortion and load voltage
variation can be expected, which may be caused by non-linear and time varying load currents.
Voltage dips with a zero sequence voltage component can appear and in order to be able to compensate
loads connected between phase and neutral adequate, the DVR hardware and control should be able to
generate positive, negative and zero sequence voltages.
1.3 Basic Configuration:
Fig.1.1 illustrates some of the basic elements of a DVR, which are:
Converter
3. Mitigation of voltage sag/swell using Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)
www.iosrjournals.org 23 | Page
Line-filter
Injection transformer DC-link and energy storage
DC-link and energy storage
By-pass equipment
Disconnection equipment
1.3.1 Converter:
The converter is most likely a Voltage Source Converter (VSC), which Pulse Width modulates (PWM)
the DC from the DC-link/storage to AC-voltages injected into the system.
A VSC is a power electronic system consists of a storage device and switching devices, which can
generate a sinusoidal voltage at any required frequency, magnitude, and phase angle. In the DVR application,
the VSC is used to temporarily replace the supply voltage or to generate the part of the supply voltage which is
missing.
There are four main types of switching devices: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors
(MOSFET), Gate Turn-Off thyristors (GTO), Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT), and Integrated Gate
Commutated thyristors (IGCT). Each type has its own benefits and drawbacks.
The IGCT is a recent compact device with enhanced performance and reliability that allows building
VSC with very large power ratings. Because of the highly sophisticated converter design with IGCTs, the DVR
can compensate dips which are beyond the capability of the past DVRs using conventional devices. The purpose
of storage devices is to supply the necessary energy to the VSC via a dc link for the generation of injected
voltages. The different kinds
1.3.2 Line-Filter:
The line-filter is inserted to reduce the switching harmonics generated by the PWM VSC.
1.3.3 Injection Transformer:
In most DVR applications the DVR is equipped with injection transformers to ensure galvanic isolation
and to simplify the converter topology and protection equipment. The Injection / Booster transformer is a
specially designed transformer that attempts to limit the coupling of noise and transient energy from the primary
side to the secondary side. Its main tasks are:
1) It connects the DVR to the distribution network via the HV-windings and
Transforms and couples the injected compensating voltages generated by the voltage source converters to
the incoming supply voltage.
2) In addition, the Injection / Booster transformer serves the purpose of isolating the
Load from the system (VSC and control mechanism).
1.3.4 DC-Link and Energy Storage:
A DC-link voltage is used by the VSC to synthesize an AC voltage into the grid and during a majority
of voltage dips active power injection is necessary to restore the supply voltages. The dc charging circuit has
two main tasks.
1) The first task is to charge the energy source after a sag compensation event.
2) The second task is to maintain dc link voltage at the nominal dc link voltage.
1.3.5 By-Pass Equipment:
During faults, overload and service a bypass path for the load current has to be ensured. Illustrated in
Fig. 4.1 as a mechanical bypass and a thyristor bypass
1.4 Different Topologies Used For DVR:
DVR topology with no energy storage:
DVR topologies with no energy storage use the fact that a significant
Part of the supply voltage remains present during the sag and this residual supply can be used to
provide the boost energy required to maintain full load power at rated voltage. A passive shunt converter is used
because only unidirectional power flow is assumed necessary and it is cheap solution for voltage sag.
Two basic topologies can be used, which are categorized here according to the location of shunt
converter.
System-I- Supply side connected shunt converter:
The supply side connected converter has an uncontrollable dc-link voltage and the passive converter
will charge the dc-link capacitor to the actual state of the supply voltage. The dc-link voltage is approximately
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equal to the peak phase-phase value of supply voltage and hence, during voltage sags the dc-link voltage drop
proportionally to sag voltage according to,
𝑉𝑑𝑐 =𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 =𝛼 (4.1)
The maximum pu voltages for the shunt and series converter can be expressed as
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑡 =1 &𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 =1-𝛼 (4.2)
System-II- Load side connected shunt converter:
With the load side connected shunt converter the input voltage to the shunt converter is controlled and
the dc-link voltage can be held almost constant by injecting sufficient voltage.
Hence
𝑉𝑑𝑐 =𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎 𝑑 =𝛼 + 𝑉𝐷𝑉𝑅 (4.3)
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑡 =1 &𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 =1-𝛼 (4.4)
Topology with energy storage:
Storing of electrical energy is expensive but for certain types of voltage sags the performance of the
DVR can be improved and the strain on the grid connection is lower. Two methods are considered here and in
both the current flow from the grid is unchanged during a voltage sag.
System-III- Variable dc-link voltage energy stored in dc link capacitor:
Storing energy in the dc link capacitor is well suited solution forDVRs. A simple topology can be
operated with a variable dc-link voltage. The stored energy𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 is proportional to the square of the rated dc-
link voltage.
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
1
2
𝐶 𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑑𝑐,𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
2 (4.5)
System-IV- Constant dc-link voltage:
Direct energy storage method such as SMES, batteries or super capacitors can be used in a DVR by
adding separate high power rating converter to the system. Energy transferred from large energy storage to a
similar rated dc-link storage using this converter during sag. Hence the dc-link voltage remains constant.
Experimental test using 10 KVA DVR show that the no energy storage concept is feasible, but an
improved performance can be achieved for certain voltage sag using stored energy topology.
1.5 Equation Related To DVR:
Figure 4.3 Equivalent circuit diagram of DVR
The system impedance (𝑍𝑡) depends on the fault level of the load bus. When the system voltage (𝑉𝑡 ) drops, the
DVR injects a series voltage 𝑉𝐷𝑉𝑅 through the injection transformer so that the desired load voltage magnitude
𝑉𝐿 can be maintained. The series injected voltage of the DVR can be written as
𝑉𝐷𝑉𝑅 =𝑉𝐿+𝑍𝑡 𝐼𝐿-𝑉𝑡 (4.6)
Where
𝑉𝐿: The desired load voltage magnitude
𝑍𝑡: The load impedance.
𝐼𝐿: The load current
𝑉𝑡 : The system voltage during fault condition
The load current IL is given by,
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𝐼𝐿 = (
(𝑃 𝐿+𝑗 ∗𝑄 𝐿)
𝑉 𝐿
)* (4.7)
When VL is considered as a reference equation can be rewritten as,
𝑉𝐷𝑉𝑅 ∠∝=𝑉𝐿∠0+𝑍𝑡 𝐼𝐿∠ 𝛽 − 𝜃 − 𝑉𝑡 ∠𝛿 (4.8)
Here, 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛿 are angles of 𝑉𝐷𝑉𝑅 ,𝑍𝑡and 𝑉𝑡 respectively and θ is Load power angle
𝜃 = tan−1
𝑄 𝐿
𝑃𝐿
(4.9)
The complex power injection of the DVR can be written as,
𝑆 𝐷𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝐷𝑉𝑅 𝐼𝐿* (4.10)
1.6 Operating Modes:
Generally, the DVR is categorized into three-operation mode: protection mode, standby mode (during
steady state) and injection mode (during sag).
4.6.1 Protection Mode:
The DVR will be isolated from the system if the system parameters exceed the predetermined limits
primarily current on load side. The main reason for isolation is protecting the DVR from the over current in the
load side due to short circuit on the load or large inrush currents. The control system detects faults or abnormal
conditions and manages bypass (transfer) switches to remove the DVR from system thus preventing it from
damages as shown in Fig. 4.4. During the over current period, S1 will be closed; S2 and S3 will be opened so
there will be another path for current to flow. By removing the DVR from system at fault condition, the effects
of additional disturbances that can be caused by the DVR are prevented onto the system.
The DVR is protected from the over current in the load side due to short circuit on the load or large
inrush currents. The bypass switches remove the DVR from system by supplying another path for current as
shown in Fig.4.4
Figure 4.4 the aspect of power switches
1.6.2 Standby Mode:
Figure 1.5 the view of standby mode
In standby mode (normal steady state conditions), the DVR may either go into short circuit operation or
inject small voltage to compensate the voltage drop on transformer reactance or losses. Short circuit operation of
DVR is generally preferred solution in steady state because the small voltage drops do not disturb the load
requirements. The solid-state bypass switches are used to perform short circuit operation and they are placed
between the inverter and secondary (low side) of series injection transformer as shown in Fig. 4.5. If the
distribution circuit is weak there is need to inject small compensation voltage to operate correctly. During short
circuit operation, the injected voltages and magnetic fluxes are virtually zero thereby full load current pass
through the primary. The DVR will be most of the time in normal mode operation. During standby mode normal
operation, the short circuit impedance of the injection transformer determines the voltage drop across the DVR.
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1.6.3 Injection Mode:
The primary function of Dynamic Voltage Restorer is compensating voltage disturbances on
distribution system. The DVR goes into injection mode as soon as the sag is detected. To achieve compensation,
three single- phase ac voltages are injected in series with required magnitude, phase and wave shape. The types
of voltage sags, load conditions and power rating ofDVR will determine the possibility of compensating voltage
sag. The DVR should ensure the unchanged load voltage with minimum energy dissipation for injection due to
the high cost of capacitors. The available voltage injection strategies are pre-sag, phase advance, voltage
tolerance and in phase method
1.7 Voltage injection methods:
Compensation of voltage sags/swells is dependent upon a number of factors including DVR power
rating, different load conditions and different types of voltage sags/swells. Some loads are very sensitive to
phase angle jump while others are tolerant to it. Therefore, the compensation strategy depends upon the type and
characteristics of the load connected to DVR. There are three different methods for DVR voltage injection
which are presented below.
1.7.1 Pre-Sag Compensation:
In this method DVR injects the difference voltage between during fault and pre-fault voltages to the
system. In this method the DVR compensates for both magnitude and Phase angle. The main drawback of this
technique is it requires a higher capacity energy storage device. It is the best solution to obtain the same load
voltage as the pre-fault voltage but there is no control on injected active power so high capacity energy storage
is required. Fig 4a shows the vector diagram for the pre-fault control strategy for a voltage sag event. This
method is best suited to loads sensitive to phase angle jumps as it compensates for both the magnitude and phase
angle. In this diagram, V pre-fault and V Sag are voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC), respectively
before and during the sag. In this case VDVR is the voltage injected by the DVR, which can be obtained as:
𝑉𝐷𝑉𝑅 = (𝑉𝐿
2
+ 𝑉𝑆
2
− 2𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝑆 cos 𝛿)
(4.11)
And the required angle of injection θinj is calculated as:
𝜃𝑖𝑛𝑗 = tan−1
𝑉𝑆 sin 𝜃
𝑉𝑆 cos 𝜃 − 𝑉𝐿
(4.12)
Figure 1.6 Vector diagram for pre-sag compensation
1.7.2 In Phase Compensation:
In Phase compensation technique is designed to compensate for the voltage magnitude only. In this
method jumps in the phase angle is not compensated .The injected voltage is in phase with supply voltage. As
shown in Fig 3.6 the phase angles of the pre-sag and load voltage are different but the most important criteria for
power quality that is the constant magnitude of load voltage is satisfied.
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝐿𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 (4.13)
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Figure 1.7 Vector diagram for In phase compensation
1.7.3Energy Optimized Compensation:
Another existing strategy is to use as much reactive power aspossible to compensate the sag. Therefore,
the DVR voltage iscontrolled in such a way that the needed compensation voltage
Of the DVR is controlled perpendicular to the load current. The basic idea of this strategy is to draw as much
active power fromthe grid as possible and thus to reduce the amount of active
Power needed from the DC-link. As long as the voltage sag isquite shallow, it is possible to compensate sag
with pure reactive power and therefore the compensation time is not limited. In Fig.4.8, the voltages for the
energy optimized compensationare depicted.Beside the enormous advantage of not requiring active power,this
strategy has in most cases two major disadvantages. On theone hand, a phase jump occurs and, on the other
hand, the required DVR voltage amplitude can become quite high. Furthermore, the compensation with pure
reactive power is only possible for shallow sags. If deep sag occurs, a large amount ofActive power is also
needed with this strategy.
a large amount ofActive power is also needed with this strategy.
Figure.1.8. Energy optimized compensation
1.8 Working of DVR:
Figure 1.9 Function blocks of designed DVR
Among the voltage transients (sags, swells, harmonics…), the voltage sags are the most severe disturbance. The
users may improve end-use devices or use protection devices to reduce the number of voltage sags. But overall
solution to mitigate the voltage sags and recovering the load voltage to the pre-fault value is using a Dynamic
Voltage Restorer (DVR). It is a solid state DC to AC switching power electronic converter that injects three
single-phase AC voltages in series between the feeder and sensitive load. Using a DVR is more reliable and
quick solution to maintain with a clean supply of electricity for customers. But standby losses, equipment costs
and required large investigation for design are the main drawbacks of DVR. The PWM inverter unit produces
required missing voltage by evaluating the control unit signals and this compensating voltage is inserted to the
system by injection transformers.
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1.8.1 Control strategy of DVR
Figure-1.10 Flowchart of feed forward control techniquefor DVR based on dqo transformation.
The basic functions of a controller i n a DVR are the detection of voltage sag/swell events in the system;
computation of the correcting voltage, generation of trigger pulses to theSinusoidal PWM based DC-AC
inverter, correction of any anomalies in the series voltage Injection and terminationofthe trigger pulses when the
event has passed. The controller may also be used to shift the DC-AC inverter into rectifier mode to charge the
capacitors in the DC energy link in the absence of voltagesags/swells. The dqo transformation or Park’s
transformation is used to control of DVR.The dqomethod gives the sag depth and phase shift information with
start and end times. The Quantities are expressed as the instantaneous space vectors. Firstly convert the voltage
from abc reference frame to dqoreference. For simplicity zero phase sequence componentsis ignored.
Figure-3.10 illustrates a flow chart of the feed forward dqo transformation for voltage sags/swells detection. The
detection is carried out in each of the three phases.
The control i s based on the comparison of a voltage reference and the measured terminal voltage (Va,Vb,V c)
.The voltage sags is detected when the supply drops below 90% of the reference value whereas voltage swells is
detected when supply voltage increases up to 25% of the reference value.
The error signal is used as a modulation signal that allows generating a commutation pattern for the power
switches (IGBT’s) constituting the voltage sourceconverter. The commutation pattern is generated by means of
the sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique (SPWM) ; voltages are controlled through the modulation.
The block diagram of the phase locked loop (PLL) is illustrated in Figure-4.10 The PLL circuit is used to
generate a unit sinusoidal wave in phase with mains voltage.
𝑉𝑑
𝑉𝑞
𝑉𝑜
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos(𝜃 − 2𝜋/3) 1
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −sin(𝜃 − 2𝜋/3) 1
1/2 1/2 1/2
𝑉𝑎
𝑉𝑏
𝑉𝑐
(4.14)
Equation defines the transformation from three phase system abc to dqo stationary frame. In this transformation,
phase A is aligned to the d -axis that is in quadrature with the q-axis. The theta (θ) is defined by the angle
between phase A to the d-axis.
Figure 1.11 Block diagram of PLL
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II. Simulation and Results
2.1 Simulation for Sag and Swell without DVR:
Figure 2.1: simulation circuit for voltage sag and swell without DVR
The system consists of voltage of 1 pu, 50 Hz source with 10kw 3-phase RLC load shown in fig 5.1.
voltage sag is occurred at 0.5 sec to 1 sec of .5 pu and voltage swell occurred of 0.5 pu for 0.2 sec to .25 sec.
Fig: 5.2 shows three phase voltage waveform under fault condition without DVR. As shown fig 5.1,
sag occurs at 0.1 sec to 0.15 sec. Now the function of DVR would be to inject acompensating voltage,
which would result in fairly constant voltage across the load terminal. With the use of the fast acting
power electronics converters, DVR is capable to inject voltage for such a small duration of few cycles.
The simulation parametersare given in following table
Supply Source 3-Ф, 1 puV, 50 Hz
Load 10kW, 100Var
Filter L=20mH, C=30µF
DC Voltage Source 600V
Figure 2.2: simulation result for voltage sag and swell without DVR
2.2 Simulation of system with PLL circuit:
Fig 5.3 shows the simulation of system with PLL circuit which gives the output of frequency wt, and
sin_cos function which is as shown in fig. 2.4, fig,2.5 and fig 2.6 respectively,
Figure 2.3: Simulation of system with PLL circuit
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Time(sec)
Voltage(pu)
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Figure 2.4: Simulation result of voltage for system with PLL circuit
Figure 2.5: Simulation result of Frequency for system with PLL circuit
Figure 2.6: Simulation result of angle (wt) for system with PLL circuit
Figure 2.7: Simulation result of function sin_cos for system with PLL circuit
2.3 Simulation for system with PLL circuit and abc to dq0 Block
Fig 2.8 shows the simulation of system with abc to dq0 transformation block which convert voltage
waveform into dq0 form as shown in fig 5.9
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time(sec)
Voltage(sec)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
Time(sec)
Frequency(HZ)
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Time(sec)
wt
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time(sec)
sinc
os
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Figure 2.8: Simulation for system with PLL circuitand abc to dq0 Block
Figure 2.9: Simulation result of voltage in dq0 for system with PLL circuit and abc to dq0 block
2.4 Simulation for system with error signal generated
Fig 2.9 shows the simulation of comparison of reference voltage and supply voltage fig 5.10 shows the
supply voltage and reference voltage in steady state condition.
Figure 2.10: Simulation for system with error signal generated
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time(sec)
voltage(v)
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Figure 2.11: Simulation result of supply voltage and reference voltage
Figure 2.12: Simulation result of supply voltage and reference voltage and error signal in dq0
Figure 2.13: Simulation result of supply voltage and reference voltage in the event of sag and swell in one
phase
Figure 2.14: Simulation result of supply voltage and reference voltage and error signal in dq0 in the event
of sag and swell in one phase
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time(sec)
Voltage(pu)
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Time(sec)
Voltage(pu)
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time(sec)
Voltage(pu)
-1
0
1
2
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.3
-0.5
0
0.5
Time(sec)
Voltage(pu)
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Figure 2.15: Simulation result of error signal in abc in the event of sag and swell in one phase
Figure 2.16: Simulation result of supply voltage and reference voltage in the event of sag and swell in all
phases
Figure 2.17: Simulation result of supply voltage and reference voltage and error signal in dq0 in the event
of symmetrical sag and swell
Figure 2.18: Simulation result of error signal in abc in the event of symmetrical sag and swell
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.3
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time(sec)
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time(sec)
Voltage(pu)
-1
0
1
2
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time(sec)
Voltage(pu)
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Time(sec)
Voltage(pu)
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Fig 2.16,fig.2.17 and fig.2.18 shows the output of voltage,Simulation result of supply voltage and
reference voltage and error signal in dq0 in the event of symmetrical sag and swell,Simulation result of error
signal in abc in the event of symmetrical sag and swell respectively.
2.5 simulation of SPWM based inverter
2.5.1 Generation of Gate pulse:
Fig. 2.19 shows the pulse generation circuit in which reference wave is compared with carrier wave.
Figure 2.19: Generation of Gate Pulse
Figure 2.20: waveforms of Gate Pulse Generation
Fig 5.20 shows the phenomenon of pulse generation, when the reference wave magnitude is more than carrier
wave the pulse is generated.
-1
0
1
0
0.5
1
0
0.5
1
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
0
0.5
1
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Figure 2.21: Gate Pulses
5.5.2 Generation of Gate pulse
Figure 2.22: SPWM based inverter Without Filter Circuit
Fig 2.22 shows the SPWM without Filter circuit the output waves contains harmonics as shown in fig.5.23
Figure 2.23: SPWM based inverter Voltage waveforms Without Filter Circuit
0
0.5
1
0
0.5
1
0
0.5
1
0
0.5
1
0
0.5
1
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
0
0.5
1
Time(sec)
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
Time(sec)
Voltage
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2.5.3 Simulation of SPWM inverter with filter circuit
Figure 2.24: SPWM based inverter With Filter Circuit
Fig 2.24 shows the simulation of SPWM inverter with Filter circuit so that the output voltage is purely
sinusoidal as shown in fig, 2.25
Figure 2.25: SPWM based inverter Voltage waveforms With Filter Circuit
LIST OF FIGIRE
1.1 Typical applications of DVR and its output.
1.2 Location of DVR
1.3 Equivalent circuit diagram of DVR
1.4 The aspect of power switches
1.5 The view of standby mode
1.6 Vector diagram for pre-sag compensation
1.7 Vector diagram for In phase compensation
1.8 Energy optimized compensation
1.9 Function blocks of designed DVR
1.10 Flowchart of feed forward control techniquefor DVR based on dqo transformation.
2.1 Block diagram of PLL
2.1 simulation circuit for voltage sag and swell without DVR
2.2 simulation result for voltage sag and swell without DVR
2.3 Simulation of system with PLL circuit
2.4 Simulation result of voltage for system with PLL circuit
2.5 Simulation result of Frequency for system with PLL circuit
2.6 Simulation result of angle (wt) for system with PLL circuit
2.7 Simulation result of function sin_cos for system with PLL circuit
2.8 Simulation for system with PLL circuit and abc to dq0 Block
2.9 Simulation result of voltage in dq0 for system with PLL circuit and abc to dq0 block
2.10 Simulation for system with error signal generated
-500
0
500
-500
0
500
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
-500
0
500
time(sec)
Voltage(volts)
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2.11 Simulation result of supply voltage and reference voltage
2.12 Simulation result of supply voltage and reference voltage and error signal in dq0
2.13 Simulation result of supply voltage and reference voltage in the event of sag and swell in one
phase
2.14 Simulation result of supply voltage and reference voltage and error signal in dq0 in the event of
sag and swell in one phase
2.15 Simulation result of error signal in abc in the event of sag and swell in one phase
2.16 Simulation result of supply voltage and reference voltage in the event of sag and swell in all
phases
2.17 Simulation result of supply voltage and reference voltage and error signal in dq0 in the event of
symmetrical sag and swell
2.18 Simulation result of error signal in abc in the event of symmetrical sag and swell
2.19 Generation of Gate Pulse
2.20 waveforms of Gate Pulse Generation
2.21 Gate Pulses
2.22 SPWM based inverter Without Filter Circuit
2.23 SPWM based inverter Voltage waveforms Without Filter Circuit
2.24 SPWM based inverter With Filter Circuit
2.25 SPWM based inverter Voltage waveforms With Filter Circuit
III. Conclusion and future work
3.1 Conclusion:
In this thesis the main objectives for the utilization of the studied equipment to mitigate the voltage sag
and voltage swell. In order to protect critical loads from more sever fault in distribution network. The
facility available in MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to carry out extensive simulation study.
Supply voltage is compared with reference voltage to get error signal which is given to the gate pulse
generation circuit as a reference sine wave which is compared with carrier signal to get pulses for inverter.
PLL circuit is used to extract angle from supply voltage so that this circuit can be used at supply of any
frequency so the error signal will be synchronisedsupply frequency.
3.2Future Work:
Use error signal as a reference signal for pulse generation.
Connect DVR with main supply through Boosting Transformer.
Test the performance under various values of voltage sag and swell.
Acknowledgements
I express my thanks to Almighty for providing me inspiration, strength, energy and patience to start
and accomplish my work with the support of all concerned a few of them I am trying to acknowledge.
I heartily and courteously thank my guide Mr GAURAV GANGILwho has been main source of
inspiration to guide this work throughout the course of the work. he is a person with tremendous force,
resourceful, creativity and of friendly nature. He proved hirself to be the best guide by the way of inspiring to
work in right direction, presenting research papers in seminars and conferences.
I thank Mr gaurav gangil , Department of Electrical Engineering
Shobhasaria engg college ,sikar
For helping me in all ways for registering me as M.Tech.Student, for providing laboratory facilities. I am also
thankful to for their assistance and help.
I express my thanks to all my colleagues for their help and throughout support. Last but not least, I
express my thanks to my familyfor all support, inspiration and love provided to me with all inconveniencies
caused because of my engagement in this work.
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