This document provides an overview of various vitamins and their oral manifestations. It defines vitamins and classifies them. It discusses the differences between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins. It then examines individual vitamins (C, B complex, A, D, E) detailing their properties, functions, deficiencies, dietary sources, and potential oral signs of deficiency. The document aims to inform readers about the roles of vitamins and how deficiencies can impact oral health.
The periodontal ligament is a connective tissue that connects the tooth to the alveolar bone. It contains collagen fibers, fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts and other cells. The principal collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament originate on the cementum and insert into the alveolar bone in different orientations to provide structural support to the tooth and resist various forces. The periodontal ligament is essential for functions such as tooth eruption and maintains the space between the tooth and bone.
This document discusses various developmental disturbances that can affect the tongue, including microglossia (small tongue), macroglossia (large tongue), ankyloglossia (tongue tie), cleft tongue, fissured tongue, median rhomboid glossitis (reddish patch on dorsal tongue), benign migratory glossitis (geographic tongue), hairy tongue, lingual varices (dilated veins on tongue), and lingual thyroid nodule (thyroid tissue on tongue). Many of these conditions can cause difficulties with speech, swallowing, or irritation of the tongue. Treatment may include surgery, antifungal medications, or thyroid hormone supplements.
The document summarizes the development and growth of the mandible. It begins with the development of the body, rami, and alveolar process from mesenchyme and Meckel's cartilage. Growth occurs through secondary cartilage in the condyle and subperiosteal bone formation. The mandible changes with age from a shell-like bone at birth to a reduced size in old age due to absorption of the alveolar process after tooth loss.
The document summarizes the development of the mandible from the first branchial arch. It begins as Meckel's cartilage, which later develops into the mandibular body, rami, and processes through intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification guided by secondary cartilages. The mandibular canal and alveolar process also develop during this time. The shape of the mandible changes with age from birth through childhood, adulthood, and old age. Developmental disturbances can result in conditions like agnathia, micrognathia, and macrognathia.
The periodontal ligament is the soft connective tissue between the cementum and alveolar bone. It has an hourglass shape that is thinnest in the middle and widens coronally and apically. During tooth eruption, fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that develop into principal fiber groups including the transseptal, alveolar crest, horizontal, oblique, apical, and interradicular fibers. The periodontal ligament contains collagen fibers, cellular elements like fibroblasts, and ground substances such as glycosaminoglycans. It functions to support the tooth, sense pressure, and maintain attachment through Sharpey's fibers embedded in the cementum and bone.
Growth & development of maxilla and mandiblePiyush Verma
The document summarizes the growth and development of the maxilla and mandible. It discusses the prenatal growth of the maxilla, including how the maxillary process develops from the first branchial arch and fuses with other structures to form the primitive palate. It also describes the development of the primary and secondary palate, with the palatal shelves growing horizontally to fuse and form the completed palate. The prenatal growth of the mandible is also discussed briefly.
The periodontal ligament is a connective tissue that connects the tooth to the alveolar bone. It contains collagen fibers, fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts and other cells. The principal collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament originate on the cementum and insert into the alveolar bone in different orientations to provide structural support to the tooth and resist various forces. The periodontal ligament is essential for functions such as tooth eruption and maintains the space between the tooth and bone.
This document discusses various developmental disturbances that can affect the tongue, including microglossia (small tongue), macroglossia (large tongue), ankyloglossia (tongue tie), cleft tongue, fissured tongue, median rhomboid glossitis (reddish patch on dorsal tongue), benign migratory glossitis (geographic tongue), hairy tongue, lingual varices (dilated veins on tongue), and lingual thyroid nodule (thyroid tissue on tongue). Many of these conditions can cause difficulties with speech, swallowing, or irritation of the tongue. Treatment may include surgery, antifungal medications, or thyroid hormone supplements.
The document summarizes the development and growth of the mandible. It begins with the development of the body, rami, and alveolar process from mesenchyme and Meckel's cartilage. Growth occurs through secondary cartilage in the condyle and subperiosteal bone formation. The mandible changes with age from a shell-like bone at birth to a reduced size in old age due to absorption of the alveolar process after tooth loss.
The document summarizes the development of the mandible from the first branchial arch. It begins as Meckel's cartilage, which later develops into the mandibular body, rami, and processes through intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification guided by secondary cartilages. The mandibular canal and alveolar process also develop during this time. The shape of the mandible changes with age from birth through childhood, adulthood, and old age. Developmental disturbances can result in conditions like agnathia, micrognathia, and macrognathia.
The periodontal ligament is the soft connective tissue between the cementum and alveolar bone. It has an hourglass shape that is thinnest in the middle and widens coronally and apically. During tooth eruption, fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that develop into principal fiber groups including the transseptal, alveolar crest, horizontal, oblique, apical, and interradicular fibers. The periodontal ligament contains collagen fibers, cellular elements like fibroblasts, and ground substances such as glycosaminoglycans. It functions to support the tooth, sense pressure, and maintain attachment through Sharpey's fibers embedded in the cementum and bone.
Growth & development of maxilla and mandiblePiyush Verma
The document summarizes the growth and development of the maxilla and mandible. It discusses the prenatal growth of the maxilla, including how the maxillary process develops from the first branchial arch and fuses with other structures to form the primitive palate. It also describes the development of the primary and secondary palate, with the palatal shelves growing horizontally to fuse and form the completed palate. The prenatal growth of the mandible is also discussed briefly.
This document provides an overview of dental amalgam, including its history, composition, manufacturing process, properties, and clinical use. Dental amalgam is an alloy made by mixing mercury with a silver-tin alloy. It has been used as a dental restorative material since the 1800s. The document discusses the various types of amalgam alloys, the chemical reactions involved in amalgam setting, and how properties like strength and creep vary between low-copper and high-copper amalgam formulations. It also outlines the indications and contraindications for using dental amalgam.
This document provides an overview of enamel hypoplasia, including its definition, classification, etiology, clinical features, radiographic features, and management. Enamel hypoplasia is defined as an incomplete or defective formation of the enamel matrix of teeth. It can be hereditary or environmental in origin. Common causes include nutritional deficiencies, infections like syphilis, and dental fluorosis from excess fluoride intake. Clinical features range from mild pitting to severe absence of enamel. Treatment depends on severity and location, and may include desensitizing agents, composite restoration, crowns, or extractions for severely malformed teeth.
This document provides an overview of cementum, including:
- Its physical characteristics, composition, classification, and formation process (cementogenesis).
- The cells involved in cementum formation and maintenance, including cementoblasts and cementocytes.
- Its locations and junctions with other tissues like enamel and dentin.
- The functions of cementum in anchoring teeth, adaptation, and repair.
- Some developmental anomalies and abnormalities that can affect cementum.
Glass ionomer cement is a tooth-colored dental restorative material introduced in 1972. It bonds chemically to tooth structure and releases fluoride for a long period. It sets via an acid-base reaction between glass powder and polyacrylic acid liquid. Glass ionomer cement has properties like adhesion to tooth structure, anticariogenic activity due to fluoride release, and biocompatibility. However, its strength and esthetics are inferior to dental composites. Modifications to glass ionomer cement include resin-modified and metal-modified varieties to improve strength. The sandwich technique combines the benefits of glass ionomer cement with those of composite resin.
The dentogingival junction is the region where the tooth is attached to the gingiva. It initially forms with the emergence of the tooth into the oral cavity, with the enamel covered by epithelium. Over time, the junction shifts apically as the epithelium separates from the enamel surface in a process called passive eruption. The junctional epithelium, which is more permeable, eventually attaches at the cementoenamel junction. In unhealthy conditions, the junction and sulcus can shift further onto the root surface, forming a pathological periodontal pocket.
This document outlines the 9 steps in cavity preparation for class I dental restorations:
1. Outlining the cavity and initial depth preparation.
2. Developing the primary resistance form to withstand forces.
3. Adding primary retention features like cavity convergence.
4. Adding convenience features for restoration placement.
5. Removing infected material and old restorations.
6. Applying pulp protection as needed.
7. Adding secondary resistance and retention features like bonding agents.
8. Finishing external walls for optimal margins.
9. Cleaning, inspecting, and sealing the preparation prior to restoration.
This document provides information on nutrition and balanced diets. It defines key terms like nutrition, diet, and nutrients. It describes the classification of foods by origin, chemical composition, predominant function, and nutritive value. The major nutrients of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals are explained. A balanced diet is outlined as one containing different types of foods in adequate quantities and proportions to meet energy and nutrient needs. Recommended dietary allowances and nutritional assessment methods are also summarized.”
This document summarizes the prenatal development and postnatal growth of the mandible. It begins with an overview of the formation of pharyngeal arches during embryonic development, including the mandibular arch which gives rise to the lower jaw. Meckel's cartilage provides a template for mandibular growth. Ossification begins in the mandible through intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. After birth, various regions such as the ramus, body, angle, and condyle continue growing through bone deposition and resorption to accommodate the erupting teeth and enlarging muscles. Growth generally ceases around age 20.
This document provides an overview of anatomical landmarks in the maxilla that are important for complete denture construction. It discusses intraoral landmarks like the labial and buccal frenums, as well as maxillary arch structures like the residual alveolar ridge, hard palate, palatal rugae, incisive papilla, hamular notch, maxillary tuberosity, and fovea palatinae that serve as stress bearing or relief areas. The document emphasizes understanding the histology and functions of these structures to ensure dentures are designed and placed to avoid placing undue pressure on supporting tissues.
This document provides an overview of the gingiva. It begins with definitions of gingiva from various sources. It then discusses the development, macroscopic anatomy including the different regions of gingiva, and microscopic anatomy. The latter covers the histology of the epithelial layers and cell types present. It also describes the different types of gingival epithelium and concludes with the dentogingival unit.
Aging causes irreversible changes to the dental hard tissues over time. The three main tissues - enamel, dentin, and cementum - all undergo changes as part of the aging process. Enamel becomes less permeable and more discolored with age. Dentin develops more dead tracts and sclerotic dentin. Cementum may experience hypercementosis and the formation of cementicles. The alveolar bone also undergoes resorption, decreasing in height and width over time. These morphological and functional changes to the dental tissues are a natural part of the biological aging process.
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) was developed to combine properties of silicate and polycarboxylate cements. It sets via an acid-base reaction between fluoroaluminosilicate glass powder and polyacrylic acid liquid. The setting reaction forms a matrix of hydrated calcium and aluminum polysalts surrounding unreacted glass particles. GIC has advantages like aesthetics, fluoride release, and chemical bonding to tooth structure. However, its early formulations had limitations like opacity, discoloration over time, and moisture sensitivity during setting. Modifications to GIC include resin-modified, cermet, compomer, and giomer to improve properties while maintaining benefits like fluoride release.
https://userupload.net/3ppacneii1wj
Toxicologic Pathology (Second Edition), 2010
INTRODUCTION
The oral mucosa is, in many ways, similar to the skin in its architecture, function, and reaction patterns. This section only emphasizes those characteristics of the oral mucosa that influence or result in a distinct group of pathologic entities.
Because of its location at the entrance of the digestive and respiratory tracts and its proximity to the teeth, the oral mucosa is subjected to numerous natural and man-made xenobiotics. The peculiar architecture and absorption characteristics of the oral mucosa, especially in areas of extreme thinness, coupled with the rich microorganism flora of the mouth, makes the oral mucosa a peculiar site deserving separate discussion.
Alveolar bone is the specialized bone that forms the sockets for teeth in the maxilla and mandible. It consists of alveolar bone proper surrounding the tooth root, supporting alveolar bone made of cortical plates and spongy bone, and bundle bone where periodontal ligament fibers insert. Osteoblasts build bone matrix while osteoclasts resorb it, allowing remodeling. With age, alveolar bone thins with wider marrow spaces and more fragile trabeculae, leading the alveolar crest to slope down distally as teeth tilt mesially.
Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
Theories of Mineralization
There are three main theories of mineralization:
1) Robinson's phosphate theory which involves alkaline phosphatase increasing local phosphate levels for hydroxyapatite formation.
2) Nucleation theory where nucleating substances like proteoglycans and collagen fibrils initiate crystal formation.
3) Matrix vesicle theory which is most accepted - matrix vesicles accumulate calcium and phosphate ions to form initial mineral complexes within their membranes before releasing crystals into the extracellular matrix.
This document provides an overview of gingival epithelium, including its microscopic features, structural characteristics, defense mechanisms, and renewal process. It defines gingiva as the part of oral mucosa that covers the alveolar process and surrounds tooth necks. Gingiva consists of three types: marginal, attached, and interdental gingiva. The gingival epithelium contains keratinocytes and melanocytes. Keratinocytes form the bulk of the epithelium and undergo continuous renewal, while melanocytes transfer melanin to keratinocytes. The degree of keratinization varies between oral mucosal sites.
This document provides information on the steps of cavity preparation, including defining cavity preparation, the objectives and principles. It describes Black's classification system for cavities in 6 classes. The steps of cavity preparation outlined include obtaining the outline form and initial depth, primary resistance and retention forms, and convenience form. It also discusses final cavity preparation steps like removing remaining decay, providing pulp protection, and finishing enamel walls and margins.
Fundamentals in tooth preparation (conservative dentistry)Adwiti Vidushi
Tooth preparation involves altering a tooth to receive a restorative material and reestablish health. It has initial and final stages. The initial stage establishes an outline form and primary resistance and retention forms. The outline form removes weakened enamel and extends to sound margins. Primary resistance form uses a box shape to resist forces, while primary retention form uses converging walls for amalgam and bonding for composites. Convenience form provides access and ease of operation.
This document discusses vitamin A, including its functions, sources, recommended daily allowance, deficiency, and treatment. Key points include:
- Vitamin A plays important roles in vision, immunity, cell growth and differentiation. Deficiency can cause night blindness and dry eyes.
- Liver, eggs, and dark green vegetables are good sources. The recommended daily allowance varies by age.
- Deficiency is treated with high dose oral vitamin A supplements according to WHO guidelines based on age. Toxicity can result from long-term excessive intake above 50,000 IU per day.
This document provides an overview of micronutrient deficiency disorders and their clinical signs. It discusses several key vitamins (A, D, K, C, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin) and deficiencies associated with each. For each vitamin, the document outlines functions, dietary sources, deficiency signs and symptoms, investigations for diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Common deficiency disorders covered include xerophthalmia, rickets, scurvy, beriberi, pellagra, and anemia. The summary focuses on clinical signs, diagnostic testing, and management strategies for different micronutrient deficiencies.
This document provides an overview of dental amalgam, including its history, composition, manufacturing process, properties, and clinical use. Dental amalgam is an alloy made by mixing mercury with a silver-tin alloy. It has been used as a dental restorative material since the 1800s. The document discusses the various types of amalgam alloys, the chemical reactions involved in amalgam setting, and how properties like strength and creep vary between low-copper and high-copper amalgam formulations. It also outlines the indications and contraindications for using dental amalgam.
This document provides an overview of enamel hypoplasia, including its definition, classification, etiology, clinical features, radiographic features, and management. Enamel hypoplasia is defined as an incomplete or defective formation of the enamel matrix of teeth. It can be hereditary or environmental in origin. Common causes include nutritional deficiencies, infections like syphilis, and dental fluorosis from excess fluoride intake. Clinical features range from mild pitting to severe absence of enamel. Treatment depends on severity and location, and may include desensitizing agents, composite restoration, crowns, or extractions for severely malformed teeth.
This document provides an overview of cementum, including:
- Its physical characteristics, composition, classification, and formation process (cementogenesis).
- The cells involved in cementum formation and maintenance, including cementoblasts and cementocytes.
- Its locations and junctions with other tissues like enamel and dentin.
- The functions of cementum in anchoring teeth, adaptation, and repair.
- Some developmental anomalies and abnormalities that can affect cementum.
Glass ionomer cement is a tooth-colored dental restorative material introduced in 1972. It bonds chemically to tooth structure and releases fluoride for a long period. It sets via an acid-base reaction between glass powder and polyacrylic acid liquid. Glass ionomer cement has properties like adhesion to tooth structure, anticariogenic activity due to fluoride release, and biocompatibility. However, its strength and esthetics are inferior to dental composites. Modifications to glass ionomer cement include resin-modified and metal-modified varieties to improve strength. The sandwich technique combines the benefits of glass ionomer cement with those of composite resin.
The dentogingival junction is the region where the tooth is attached to the gingiva. It initially forms with the emergence of the tooth into the oral cavity, with the enamel covered by epithelium. Over time, the junction shifts apically as the epithelium separates from the enamel surface in a process called passive eruption. The junctional epithelium, which is more permeable, eventually attaches at the cementoenamel junction. In unhealthy conditions, the junction and sulcus can shift further onto the root surface, forming a pathological periodontal pocket.
This document outlines the 9 steps in cavity preparation for class I dental restorations:
1. Outlining the cavity and initial depth preparation.
2. Developing the primary resistance form to withstand forces.
3. Adding primary retention features like cavity convergence.
4. Adding convenience features for restoration placement.
5. Removing infected material and old restorations.
6. Applying pulp protection as needed.
7. Adding secondary resistance and retention features like bonding agents.
8. Finishing external walls for optimal margins.
9. Cleaning, inspecting, and sealing the preparation prior to restoration.
This document provides information on nutrition and balanced diets. It defines key terms like nutrition, diet, and nutrients. It describes the classification of foods by origin, chemical composition, predominant function, and nutritive value. The major nutrients of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals are explained. A balanced diet is outlined as one containing different types of foods in adequate quantities and proportions to meet energy and nutrient needs. Recommended dietary allowances and nutritional assessment methods are also summarized.”
This document summarizes the prenatal development and postnatal growth of the mandible. It begins with an overview of the formation of pharyngeal arches during embryonic development, including the mandibular arch which gives rise to the lower jaw. Meckel's cartilage provides a template for mandibular growth. Ossification begins in the mandible through intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. After birth, various regions such as the ramus, body, angle, and condyle continue growing through bone deposition and resorption to accommodate the erupting teeth and enlarging muscles. Growth generally ceases around age 20.
This document provides an overview of anatomical landmarks in the maxilla that are important for complete denture construction. It discusses intraoral landmarks like the labial and buccal frenums, as well as maxillary arch structures like the residual alveolar ridge, hard palate, palatal rugae, incisive papilla, hamular notch, maxillary tuberosity, and fovea palatinae that serve as stress bearing or relief areas. The document emphasizes understanding the histology and functions of these structures to ensure dentures are designed and placed to avoid placing undue pressure on supporting tissues.
This document provides an overview of the gingiva. It begins with definitions of gingiva from various sources. It then discusses the development, macroscopic anatomy including the different regions of gingiva, and microscopic anatomy. The latter covers the histology of the epithelial layers and cell types present. It also describes the different types of gingival epithelium and concludes with the dentogingival unit.
Aging causes irreversible changes to the dental hard tissues over time. The three main tissues - enamel, dentin, and cementum - all undergo changes as part of the aging process. Enamel becomes less permeable and more discolored with age. Dentin develops more dead tracts and sclerotic dentin. Cementum may experience hypercementosis and the formation of cementicles. The alveolar bone also undergoes resorption, decreasing in height and width over time. These morphological and functional changes to the dental tissues are a natural part of the biological aging process.
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) was developed to combine properties of silicate and polycarboxylate cements. It sets via an acid-base reaction between fluoroaluminosilicate glass powder and polyacrylic acid liquid. The setting reaction forms a matrix of hydrated calcium and aluminum polysalts surrounding unreacted glass particles. GIC has advantages like aesthetics, fluoride release, and chemical bonding to tooth structure. However, its early formulations had limitations like opacity, discoloration over time, and moisture sensitivity during setting. Modifications to GIC include resin-modified, cermet, compomer, and giomer to improve properties while maintaining benefits like fluoride release.
https://userupload.net/3ppacneii1wj
Toxicologic Pathology (Second Edition), 2010
INTRODUCTION
The oral mucosa is, in many ways, similar to the skin in its architecture, function, and reaction patterns. This section only emphasizes those characteristics of the oral mucosa that influence or result in a distinct group of pathologic entities.
Because of its location at the entrance of the digestive and respiratory tracts and its proximity to the teeth, the oral mucosa is subjected to numerous natural and man-made xenobiotics. The peculiar architecture and absorption characteristics of the oral mucosa, especially in areas of extreme thinness, coupled with the rich microorganism flora of the mouth, makes the oral mucosa a peculiar site deserving separate discussion.
Alveolar bone is the specialized bone that forms the sockets for teeth in the maxilla and mandible. It consists of alveolar bone proper surrounding the tooth root, supporting alveolar bone made of cortical plates and spongy bone, and bundle bone where periodontal ligament fibers insert. Osteoblasts build bone matrix while osteoclasts resorb it, allowing remodeling. With age, alveolar bone thins with wider marrow spaces and more fragile trabeculae, leading the alveolar crest to slope down distally as teeth tilt mesially.
Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
Theories of Mineralization
There are three main theories of mineralization:
1) Robinson's phosphate theory which involves alkaline phosphatase increasing local phosphate levels for hydroxyapatite formation.
2) Nucleation theory where nucleating substances like proteoglycans and collagen fibrils initiate crystal formation.
3) Matrix vesicle theory which is most accepted - matrix vesicles accumulate calcium and phosphate ions to form initial mineral complexes within their membranes before releasing crystals into the extracellular matrix.
This document provides an overview of gingival epithelium, including its microscopic features, structural characteristics, defense mechanisms, and renewal process. It defines gingiva as the part of oral mucosa that covers the alveolar process and surrounds tooth necks. Gingiva consists of three types: marginal, attached, and interdental gingiva. The gingival epithelium contains keratinocytes and melanocytes. Keratinocytes form the bulk of the epithelium and undergo continuous renewal, while melanocytes transfer melanin to keratinocytes. The degree of keratinization varies between oral mucosal sites.
This document provides information on the steps of cavity preparation, including defining cavity preparation, the objectives and principles. It describes Black's classification system for cavities in 6 classes. The steps of cavity preparation outlined include obtaining the outline form and initial depth, primary resistance and retention forms, and convenience form. It also discusses final cavity preparation steps like removing remaining decay, providing pulp protection, and finishing enamel walls and margins.
Fundamentals in tooth preparation (conservative dentistry)Adwiti Vidushi
Tooth preparation involves altering a tooth to receive a restorative material and reestablish health. It has initial and final stages. The initial stage establishes an outline form and primary resistance and retention forms. The outline form removes weakened enamel and extends to sound margins. Primary resistance form uses a box shape to resist forces, while primary retention form uses converging walls for amalgam and bonding for composites. Convenience form provides access and ease of operation.
This document discusses vitamin A, including its functions, sources, recommended daily allowance, deficiency, and treatment. Key points include:
- Vitamin A plays important roles in vision, immunity, cell growth and differentiation. Deficiency can cause night blindness and dry eyes.
- Liver, eggs, and dark green vegetables are good sources. The recommended daily allowance varies by age.
- Deficiency is treated with high dose oral vitamin A supplements according to WHO guidelines based on age. Toxicity can result from long-term excessive intake above 50,000 IU per day.
This document provides an overview of micronutrient deficiency disorders and their clinical signs. It discusses several key vitamins (A, D, K, C, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin) and deficiencies associated with each. For each vitamin, the document outlines functions, dietary sources, deficiency signs and symptoms, investigations for diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Common deficiency disorders covered include xerophthalmia, rickets, scurvy, beriberi, pellagra, and anemia. The summary focuses on clinical signs, diagnostic testing, and management strategies for different micronutrient deficiencies.
This document provides an overview of micronutrient deficiency disorders and their clinical signs. It discusses several key vitamins and minerals including vitamin A, D, K, C, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, iron, and zinc. For each one, it describes their functions, dietary sources, deficiency disorders and their signs and symptoms, investigations for diagnosis, and treatment approaches. The purpose is to educate on the importance of these micronutrients for growth, health and development and the clinical impacts of deficiencies.
This document defines vitamins and classifies them as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. It provides details on several key vitamins, including recommended daily allowances, functions, deficiency symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Key vitamins discussed include A, D, E, K, C, thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), folate (B9), and cobalamin (B12). The document emphasizes the importance of vitamins for various metabolic processes and preventing deficiency diseases like scurvy, beriberi, rickets, and pellagra.
Vitamin A is essential for vision, immune function, and cell growth. Deficiency can cause night blindness and susceptibility to infection. Treatment involves oral vitamin A supplements. Toxicity from excessive intake is rare but can cause headaches and bone pain.
Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption and bone health. Deficiency causes rickets in children, characterized by bowed legs. Treatment involves vitamin D supplements and exposure to sunlight. Toxicity from high intake can raise calcium levels and cause nausea.
Thiamine (B1) deficiency, known as beriberi, affects nerve function and heart health. It is treated with thiamine supplements administered orally or intravenously.
Micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals are essential for human growth, health and development. Certain vitamins like A, D, C, B vitamins and minerals like iron and zinc must be obtained through diet as humans cannot synthesize them in sufficient amounts. Deficiencies of these micronutrients can lead to various health conditions. For example, vitamin A deficiency causes xerophthalmia and increases risk of infections; iron deficiency leads to anemia; and zinc deficiency is associated with skin lesions and impaired immunity. Diagnosis of deficiencies is based on clinical signs and symptoms as well as laboratory investigations. Treatment involves dietary modifications and supplementation to correct the deficiencies.
This document provides information on several B vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins. It discusses the functions, deficiency signs, and sources of vitamins A, D, E, K, B1, B2, B3, B4, C, and choline. Vitamins are essential nutrients that must be obtained through diet or supplementation as the human body cannot synthesize them. They support many important processes in the body including growth, vision, bone health, blood clotting, and energy metabolism. Deficiency in certain vitamins can lead to diseases like scurvy, rickets, or neurological disorders.
Vitamins are essential organic nutrients required in small amounts that cannot be synthesized by the body. They are divided into fat soluble and water soluble vitamins. The document defines several vitamins (A, D, E, K, B1-B12, C) and discusses their functions, deficiency signs, and food sources. It also covers vitamin-containing supplements like cod liver oil and shark liver oil.
This document provides information on water soluble vitamins. It discusses the structure, sources, daily requirements, functions and deficiency symptoms of various B vitamins including vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid and vitamin B12. For each vitamin, it describes key details about its chemical composition, major food sources, recommended intake levels and role in important metabolic processes in the body.
This document discusses vitamins, specifically vitamin A. It defines vitamins and explains that vitamin A has several important functions in the body related to vision, epithelial cell integrity, immune response, reproduction and growth. It describes the different forms of vitamin A found in foods and how they are absorbed and transported. Deficiency and toxicity of vitamin A are outlined as well as recommended intake amounts and treatment. The key functions and food sources of vitamin A are summarized.
Vit defficiency, micro, obesity_ consized.pptIsmet23
This document discusses vitamins and their roles and functions. It begins by defining a vitamin as an organic compound needed in small amounts for normal bodily processes that cannot be synthesized in the body. Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. The document then provides details on specific vitamins including Vitamin A, the B vitamins, Vitamin C, and Vitamin D. For each vitamin, the document outlines its biochemical functions, dietary sources, deficiency symptoms, recommended daily allowances, and other relevant information.
This document discusses several vitamins and minerals, their sources, functions, and deficiency diseases. It provides information on thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, calcium, iron, zinc, and iodine. For each one, it lists key dietary sources, the important roles they play in the body, and examples of deficiency signs and diseases that can result from not getting enough in the diet. Images are included to illustrate several deficiency conditions.
This document provides information about various vitamins in 3 sections:
1. It introduces vitamins and their classification as either water-soluble or fat-soluble.
2. Details are given for individual B vitamins, including their recommended daily intake, dietary sources, functions, and deficiency symptoms.
3. Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E are also described with their daily values, food sources, roles in the body, and health impacts of inadequacy.
This document provides information on water soluble vitamins B and C. It discusses the classification of vitamins based on solubility and describes key features of the B-complex vitamins including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, and cyanocobalamin. It also covers vitamin C, describing its isolation, sources, functions, deficiency manifestations, and role in collagen formation and wound healing. The roles of these vitamins as coenzymes in various metabolic pathways are emphasized.
This document provides information on vitamins, including their definition, classification, importance, and specific details about fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. Some key points:
- Vitamins are organic compounds needed in small amounts that must be obtained through diet as they are not synthesized by the body.
- They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B complex, C). Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with fat and stored in liver while water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored.
- Vitamins play important roles as coenzymes and precursors for biochemical reactions involved in growth, metabolism and disease
This document provides information on vitamins, including their definition, classification, importance, and specific details about fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. Some key points:
- Vitamins are organic compounds needed in small amounts that must be obtained through diet as they are not synthesized by the body.
- They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B complex, C). Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with fat and stored in liver while water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored.
- Vitamins play important roles as coenzymes and precursors for biochemical reactions involved in growth, tissue maintenance,
Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and must be consumed daily as they are not stored in the body. Vitamin C and the B vitamins are water-soluble. Vitamin B1 plays a role in energy production and cell growth. The document provides information on the functions, sources, toxicity, deficiency, and absorption of various B vitamins including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, myo-inositol, folic acid, cobalamin, and ascorbic acid.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction. They are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Deficiencies of specific vitamins can lead to diseases like scurvy, rickets, and beriberi. While vitamins are essential for health, excessive intake of certain vitamins can also be toxic. Maintaining a balanced diet is important to meet vitamin needs without risk of deficiency or toxicity.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts to maintain normal health. The word "vitamin" comes from the Latin word "vita" meaning life. There are two types of vitamins - fat soluble (A, D, E, K) and water soluble (B complex, C). Vitamin A is important for vision, epithelial cell integrity, reproduction, resistance to infection, and bone remodeling. Symptoms of vitamin A deficiency include night blindness, dry eyes, and corneal damage.
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2. Vitamins and its oral
manifestations
Presented By
Dr. Priyanka Tompe
Date:28/09/2018
3. CONTENT
Definition
Classification
Difference between fat soluble and water soluble
vitamins
Water soluble vitamins
Fat soluble vitamins
Properties
Functions
Deficiency
Oral manifestations
summary
4. Definition
Vitamins may be regarded as organic compounds
required in the diet in small amounts to perform
specific biological functions for normal maintenance
of optimum growth and health of organism.
7. Vitamin C
It is also called as ascorbic acid.
properties
Its highest concentration is seen in pituitary,
adenoids, eye and WBC.
The acidic properties are due to enolic hydroxyl
group.
Dehydroascorbic and ascorbic acid are its active
form.
8. Absorption and excretion
Absorption of ascorbic acid is takes place in the
upper part of small intestine and it is excreted by
kidney through urine.
12. Oral manifestation
Scurvy
Prolonged deficiency of vit.c may result in scurvy.
It is characterised by weakened blood vessels
particularly micro vessels having least muscular
support.
13.
14. Oral manifestations
Site –gingival and periodontal region.
Scurvy bud-interdental and marginal gingiva is bright red
swollen, smooth, shiny surface producing an appearance
known as scurvy bud.
Breath-typical fetid breath of patient
With fusospirochetal stomatitis
• In severe cases haemorrhage and
• Swelling of periodontal membrane
With loss of bone can occur leading
To loosening of teeth
15.
16. Capillary fragility test
The cuff of sphygmomanometer is placed around the arm.
It is inflated to a pressure approximately midway between the
subject's systolic and diastolic pressure (perhaps 100 mm Hg)
and left in place for four to six minutes
In a positive test, numerous small red spots appear in the skin
below the cuff; these are petechial haemorrhages arising from
capillary fragility.
• Bood plasma levels of vit.c
Diagnosis
17. Treatment
Scurvy is prevented by a diet rich in ascorbic acid;
citrus fruits and juices are excellent sources.
The administration of orange juice or tomato juice
daily will quickly produce healing but ascorbic acid is
preferable.
The daily therapeutic dose is 100-200 mg orally or
parenterally.
20. THIAMINE
Anti-beriberi or antineuritic vitamin.
It is vitamin for calm nerves also known as
ANEURIN.
Absorption and excretion
It is readily absorbed from small and large intestine
Excreted by kidney in urine.
23. Deficiency of vit.B1
BERIBERI
It is marked by cardiac manifestation with enlargment of
four chambers of heart ,pallor and myocardial flabbiness.
it has two types
Wet beriberi
Dry beriberi
Occurs essentially where highly polished rice is the
staple food
Major targets are:
Peripheral nerves (Dry beriberi)
Heart (Wet beriberi)
Brain (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)
24. Oral manifestation
Satinlike appearance of tongue and gingiva.(due to
atrophy of filliform papillae.)
Angular cheilosis
Management
Thiamine 50 mg IM for 3 days then 10mg 3 times daily
by oral route
25. RIBOFLAVIN
(Vitamin B2, Lactoflavin )
Functions
Constituent of 2 coenzymes:
1) Riboflavin 5’-phosphate (flavin mononucleotide
or FMN)
2) Flavinadenine dinucleotide (FAD)
Both are essential to the oxidative enzyme
systems in the electron transport system: role as
respiratory coenzyme & electron donor
26.
27. Oral manifestation
Glossitis
Soreness of the tip & the lateral margins of the
tongue
Filiform papillae become atrophic
Fungiform papillae become engorged &
mushroom shaped
A reddened, coarsely granular appearance,
called magenta tongue
28. Angular cheilosis
Paleness of the lips
laceration & fissuring at the angles of the mouth
A dry yellow crust develops & lips become red &
shiny
Fissures become deeper, bleed easily, painful
Angular cheilosis spreads to the cheek
29. Dermatitis:
Scaly, greasy dermatitis
Nasolabial folds & the alae nasi extending into a butterfly
distribution to involve the cheeks & skin about the ears
Ocular lesions:
Photophobia, superficial & interstitial keratitis
Erythroid hypoplasia with normocytic normochromic
anemia
30. NIACIN
(Vitamin B3, Nicotinic acid,Pellagra preventive factor
of Goldberg)
It is required for formation of
Coenzyme NAD and NADP
Which are important role in
Redox reaction involving
Carbohydrate ,protein,and
Lipid metabolism.
32. Pellagra
Pelle agra” = rough skin in Italian
3 D’s:
Dermatitis,
Diarrhea &
Dementia
Dermatitis:
Symmetrical
Areas of exposure to chronic irritation or sunlight
Sharply outlined areas of depigmentation & increased pigmentation.
Skin becomes markedly thickened by subcutaneous fibrosis & scarring
Skin rashes in the neck region: Casal’s necklace
33. Diarrhea
Inflammation of the mucosal lining of esophagus, stomach &
colon
Dementia
Degeneration of the neurons in the brain & spinal cord tracts
Periods of depression & apprehension with insomnia,
headache & dizziness
Tremulous movements or rigidity of the limbs, loss of the
tendon reflexes & numbness of extremities
In profound deficiency encephalopathy
34. Oral manifestation
Tongue: Bald tongue
Burning sensation
Becomes swollen & presses against the teeth causing
indentations
Tip & lateral margins become red
Epithelium of entire tongue desquamates- ‘Raw beef’
appearance
Entire mucosa becomes fiery red & painful
Tenderness, pain & ulcerations at the interdental
gingival papillae
35. Managment
Niacin 10 mg or 10,000 mcg per day and vitamin B
complex should also be given
Alcohol consumption should stop in alcoholic patient
36. PANTOTHENIC ACID (B5)
• (Vitamin B5,Calcium Pantothenate )
• Water soluble,Helps in cell building, maintaining
normal growth, and development of the central
nervous system.
• Vital for the proper functioning of the adrenal
glands.
• Essential for conversion of fat and sugar to
energy.
• Necessary for synthesis of antibodies, for
utilisation of PABA and choline.
37. The RDA is 10 mg. for adults. Can be synthesised in
the body by intestinal bacteria.
Best Natural Sources:
38. Deficiency
Fatigue, sleep disturbances, headache, malaise,
nausea, abdominal stress, fatty liver & anemia
Parasthesia of hands & feet, cramping of leg
muscles & impaired coordination – Burning foot
syndrome
Treatment
It is given in the dose of 1000mg daily for 6 weeks.
39. PYRIDOXINE
(Vitamin B6 A complex of 3:Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal,&
Pyridoxamine)
Functions
Metabolism of Protein.
Stabilization of muscle phosphrylase
Transmission of neural impulses
Role in the immune response
Prevent hyperoxaluria & renal stones
Anticaries agent
40. The recommended adult intake is 1.6 to 2.0 mg. daily,
with higher doses suggested during pregnancy and
lactation
BEST NATURAL SOURCES:
Brewer’s yeast, wheat bran, wheat germ, liver, kidney,
heart, cabbage, blackstrap molasses, milk, eggs,
beef.
42. Oral manifestations
Cheilosis-cracking at corner of the lip.
Glossitis-inflammation of the tongue.
Others-angular stomatitis,tooth decay and halitosis.
Treatment
10 -50 mg daily in divided doses.
43. FOLIC ACID vit.B9
It is also known as folacin or folate.
It is yellow crystalline substance.
Functions
Functions in coenzyme system, particularly in amino
acid metabolism.
Regeneration of enzymes.
Essential for DNA synthesis & cell division.
44. DEFICIENCY
Characterized by:
Glossitis, diarrhea & macrocytic anemia
Glossitis appears initially as a swelling & redness of
the tip & lateral margins of the dorsum
Filiform papillae are the first to disappear
fungiform papillae remains as prominent spots
Fungiform papillae are lost, tongue becomes slick,
smooth, & fiery red in color
45. Management
A daily dose of 5000 mcg to 10000 mcg of folic acid is
sufficient and maintenance dose of 5000 mcg once in
week is given in cases of anaemia.
46. VITAMIN B 12
(Cyanocobalamin, Antipernicious anemia factor)
It is cobalt containing porphyrin.
Functions
Same as those of folic acid
Plays a biochemical role in maintenance of myelin
Conversion of RNA to DNA
47. Dose -
Recommended adult dose is 3 mcg., with larger
amounts suggested for pregnant and lactating
women
Sources-
48. Deficiency
Pernicious anemia
Hematological changes (megaloblasts in bone marrow &
macrocytic red cells in peripheral blood)
Glossitis (hunters glossitis), glossodynia & glossopyrosis
Gradual atrophy of the tongue papillae
Smooth, bald tongue
Detachment of periodontal fibers
Bone loss
Halitosis
Angular chilitis
49. Management
Orally it is given in range of 6 to 150 mcg.
Parentaral dose is 1000 mcg twice in week in cases
of anaemia.
50.
51. Vitamin A
Vitamin A is fat soluble. It requires fats as well as
minerals to be properly absorbed digestive tract.
It occours in two forms —
performed Vitamin A, called retinol (Found only in
foods of animal origin ),and
Provitamin A,Known as carotene (provided by foods
of both plant and animal origin )
52. 10.000 IU daily is the average
adult dosage, though the need
increases with greater body
weight.
53. FUNCTIONS
Maintains normal vision in reduced light
For synthesis of rhodopsin (George Wald,1967)
Potentiates the differentiation of specialized
epithelial cells, mainly mucus-secreting cells
Retinyl phosphate synthesize mucus
Maintenance of healthy epithelial tissue
Retinol & retinoic acid prevent excess keratin synthesis
Facilitates RNA transcription
54. • For maintenance of healthy oral mucosa
• Differentiation & function of ameloblasts,
odontoblasts & salivary gland acini .
• DEFICIENCY
• Eyes:Xerophthalmia, Bitot’s spots, Keratomalacia
• Night blindness (nyctalopia)
• Respiratory mucosa -airway infections
• Sebaceous & sweat glands -follicular hyperkeratosis
55. Oral Manifestations
Oral mucosa - hyperkeratotic areas
Salivary ductal epithelium - xerostomia
Altered taste
Odontogenic epithelium
increased rate of cell proliferation epithelial i.e
invasion of pulpal tissue.
Enamel hypoplasia
Dentin lacks normal tubular arrangement & contains
cellular & vascular inclusions
Eruption rate of tooth is retarded .
56. Hypervitaminosis A
Acute-Headache, vomiting, papilledema
Chronic- Anorexia, weight loss, nausea, vomitting;
dry skin with desquamation & itching;
hepatomegaly with parenchymal damage; bony
exostoses; visual & mental disturbances
Atrophy of the oral mucosa with gingivitis & scaling
of the lips
Treatment-
depending upon deficiency symptoms it is given in
the 7500-15,000mcg per day for month.
57. VITAMIN D
Sources
Vitamin D is known as sunshine vitamin because it is created
in the body when it is exposed to sunlight.
Endogenous synthesis in the skin:
Precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol in the oily secretions of the
skin ,UV light in sunlight converts it to vitamin D3
The RDA for adults is 400 IU or 5-10 mcg.
58. Functions
Absorption & maintenance of normal plasma levels
of calcium & phosphorous
Collaborates with PTH in the resorption of calcium &
phosphorous from the bone
For normal mineralization of epiphyseal cartilage &
osteoid matrix
Immunity: Promote phagocytosis
59. Deficiency:
Rickets: Any disorder in the vitamin D-calcium-
phosphorous axis resulting in hypomineralized bone
matrix
Types :-
Vitamin D-deficient rickets (Juvenile rickets)
Osteomalacia (Adult rickets)
Renal rickets
Vitamin D-resistant rickets
(Familial hypophosphatasia)
60.
61. ORAL MANIFESTATION
Developmental abnormalities of dentin & enamel
(hypoplasia)
Abnormally wide pre dentin zone
Increased interglobular dentin
Higher caries index
Retarded eruption rate of deciduous & permanent
teeth
62. Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets
Isolated renal tubular defects
Inability to reabsorb calcium & phosphate
Hypocalcified dentin, elongated pulp horns
Lamina dura absent or poorly defined
Enamel hypoplasia
Abnormal alveolar bone pattern
63. • Sorensen reported the results of a investigation
of 55 edentulous patients.
• She found a positive correlation between severe
ridge resorption and a combination of low
calcium intake and low dietary calcium-
phosphorus ratio.
• She also found a significant positive correlation
between minimal ridge resorption and a
combination of high calcium intake and high
calcium-phosphorus ratio in the diet.
64. Vitamin E
(Anti-sterility vitamin)
Sources:
Vegetables, grains, nuts & their oils, dairy products,
fish, meat, diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA)
65. Antioxidants:
Olcott & Emerson recognized the antioxidant property of
vitamin E
Prevent peroxidation of PUFA
Protects against peroxide-induced hemolysis of RBCs
Protects against heart diseases as prevent oxidation of LDL
Absorption of amino acids
Synthesis of nucleic acids
Storage of creatinin in skeletal muscles
66. Deficiency
Hemolysis & decrease in RBC life time
Ataxia, dysarthria
Loss of position & vibration sense
Muscle weakness
Impaired vision & disorders of eye movement
progressing to total ophthalmoplegia
Atrophic, degenerative changes in the enamel organ
Oral symptoms-loss of pigmnetation,atrophic
degeneration changes in enamel seen.
67. VITAMIN K
Three forms:
Vitamin K1 or Phylloquinone:
Derived from vegetable & animal sources
Vitamin K2 or Menaquinone:
Synthesized by bacterial flora
Vitamin K3 or Menadione:
Chemically synthesized provitamin
Water-soluble
Converted into menaquinone by the liver
Most potent member
68. Functions
The principal function is in several steps of the blood-
clotting process in the liver these include Clotting
factors II, VII, IX, and X.
Bone mineralization: Activation of osteocalcin
69. Dose
approximately 300 mg. is generally considered
adequate. Newborn infants need more.
Best Natural Sources:
Yoghurt, egg yolk, sunflower oil, soyabean oil, fish
liver oils, leafy green vegetables
71. Summary
Vitamins are essential for the normal growth and
development of a multicellular organism.
These nutrients facilitate the chemical reactions that
produce among other things, skin, bone, and
muscle.
If there is serious deficiency in one or more of these
nutrients, a child may develop a deficiency disease.
Even minor deficiencies may cause permanent
damage
72. For the most part, vitamins are obtained with food,
but a few are obtained by other means.
Once growth and development are completed,
vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy
maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs that
make up a multicellular organism; they also enable a
multicellular life form to efficiently use chemical
energy provided by food it eats, and to help process
the proteins, carbohydrates, and fats required for
respiration
73. Refrences
Davidson 9th edittion
Harrison textbook of internal medicine 19 th edition
Shafer’s Textbook Of Oral Pathology 20 th edition
Harsh Mohan Text Book of Pathology 7th Edition
Wical, K. E., & Brussee, P. (1979). Effects of a
calcium and vitamin D supplement on alveolar ridge
resorption in immediate denture patients. The
Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 41(1), 4–11.
Editor's Notes
Synthesis of collagen chondratin sulphate and neurotransmitter
Maintance-folate pool mobility and phagocutic activity of neutrophils maintance of bone
Absorption-irom
Metabolism-tryptophn nor epinephrine and tyrosine require vit c
overdose
Denture wearing discomfort due to decreased muscular tone