WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY VITAMIS?, WHO COINED THE TERM? WHO CLASSIFIED VITAMINS? DIFFERNT ALTERNATE TERMS OF VITAMINS. FUNCTION OF VITAMINS, SOURCE OF VITAMINS, DEFICIENCY OF VITAMINS
Vitamins are chemical compounds that regulate human body functions and metabolism. They are necessary for converting food into energy and tissues. There are several types of vitamins including A, B1, B2, B12, C, D, E, and K. Each vitamin plays an important role and deficiency can cause specific health issues. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, while vitamin C deficiency results in scurvy. The document provides information on each vitamin's function, deficiency symptoms, and major food sources.
Describes about the importance of vitamins in our daily activities , classification of vitamins,various sources of vitamins and also about the problems which occurs due to the deficiency of vitamins.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential nutrients, required in small amounts for normal cell function. There are 13 essential vitamins that are either water soluble or fat soluble. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions including acting as hormones, antioxidants, enzyme cofactors, and metabolic precursors. They are important for growth, tissue maintenance, and converting nutrients into energy. Vitamins help support key bodily functions like vision, skin health, bone growth, blood cell production, and metabolic processes. Deficiencies can lead to conditions like night blindness, anemia, rickets, and scurvy. Vitamins work as cofactors that allow enzymes to catalyze biochemical reactions in the body.
This document defines vitamins, describes the different types including their sources and functions. It discusses vitamin toxicities and provides examples of common multivitamin tablets containing combinations of vitamins. The main types described are lipid soluble vitamins A, D, E, K and water soluble B complex and C vitamins. The document outlines several brand name multivitamin products and their ingredients.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential nutrients for normal growth and health. They serve as cofactors for enzymatic reactions and must be obtained from diet as the body does not synthesize them. There are two types of vitamins - fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K which are stored in the body, and water soluble vitamins like B complex and C which are not stored. Vitamins act as cofactors for enzymes and are involved in various metabolic processes like energy production, amino acid metabolism, vision, bone formation and blood clotting. Deficiency of vitamins can lead to various diseases which can be prevented by obtaining vitamins from dietary sources.
This document provides an overview of vitamin K. It discusses the functions of vitamin K, which include its role in calcium binding proteins and the coagulation cascade. It notes the dietary sources of vitamin K, including green vegetables, and recommends dietary allowances ranging from 2 mcg in infants to 120 mcg in adult men. Vitamin K deficiency can cause bleeding disorders due to inadequate gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors.
Vitamins are organic molecules that are essential micronutrients required for normal cellular function and tissue integrity. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B and C). Vitamin D is produced in the body from sunlight exposure and is important for calcium absorption and bone health. A deficiency can cause rickets or osteomalacia due to impaired bone mineralization, while excess intake can result in hypercalcemia and soft tissue calcification. Vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin to maintain appropriate serum calcium levels through effects on bone resorption and renal excretion.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal physiological functions. They were originally thought to be amines because they are required for life. Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble depending on how they are absorbed and transported in the body. Many vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in critical metabolic processes like energy production and blood cell synthesis. Deficiencies can result in diseases that are prevented by obtaining adequate vitamins from dietary sources or supplements.
Vitamins are chemical compounds that regulate human body functions and metabolism. They are necessary for converting food into energy and tissues. There are several types of vitamins including A, B1, B2, B12, C, D, E, and K. Each vitamin plays an important role and deficiency can cause specific health issues. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, while vitamin C deficiency results in scurvy. The document provides information on each vitamin's function, deficiency symptoms, and major food sources.
Describes about the importance of vitamins in our daily activities , classification of vitamins,various sources of vitamins and also about the problems which occurs due to the deficiency of vitamins.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential nutrients, required in small amounts for normal cell function. There are 13 essential vitamins that are either water soluble or fat soluble. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions including acting as hormones, antioxidants, enzyme cofactors, and metabolic precursors. They are important for growth, tissue maintenance, and converting nutrients into energy. Vitamins help support key bodily functions like vision, skin health, bone growth, blood cell production, and metabolic processes. Deficiencies can lead to conditions like night blindness, anemia, rickets, and scurvy. Vitamins work as cofactors that allow enzymes to catalyze biochemical reactions in the body.
This document defines vitamins, describes the different types including their sources and functions. It discusses vitamin toxicities and provides examples of common multivitamin tablets containing combinations of vitamins. The main types described are lipid soluble vitamins A, D, E, K and water soluble B complex and C vitamins. The document outlines several brand name multivitamin products and their ingredients.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential nutrients for normal growth and health. They serve as cofactors for enzymatic reactions and must be obtained from diet as the body does not synthesize them. There are two types of vitamins - fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K which are stored in the body, and water soluble vitamins like B complex and C which are not stored. Vitamins act as cofactors for enzymes and are involved in various metabolic processes like energy production, amino acid metabolism, vision, bone formation and blood clotting. Deficiency of vitamins can lead to various diseases which can be prevented by obtaining vitamins from dietary sources.
This document provides an overview of vitamin K. It discusses the functions of vitamin K, which include its role in calcium binding proteins and the coagulation cascade. It notes the dietary sources of vitamin K, including green vegetables, and recommends dietary allowances ranging from 2 mcg in infants to 120 mcg in adult men. Vitamin K deficiency can cause bleeding disorders due to inadequate gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors.
Vitamins are organic molecules that are essential micronutrients required for normal cellular function and tissue integrity. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B and C). Vitamin D is produced in the body from sunlight exposure and is important for calcium absorption and bone health. A deficiency can cause rickets or osteomalacia due to impaired bone mineralization, while excess intake can result in hypercalcemia and soft tissue calcification. Vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin to maintain appropriate serum calcium levels through effects on bone resorption and renal excretion.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal physiological functions. They were originally thought to be amines because they are required for life. Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble depending on how they are absorbed and transported in the body. Many vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in critical metabolic processes like energy production and blood cell synthesis. Deficiencies can result in diseases that are prevented by obtaining adequate vitamins from dietary sources or supplements.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for various biochemical reactions in the body. They are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. The document discusses the sources, functions, deficiency states, and other details of many important vitamins including A, D, E, K, B-complex, C, and folate. It provides classification, biochemical roles, and health impacts of deficiencies for each vitamin.
This document discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their sources, absorption, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity. The key points are:
1) Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues and excess intake can be harmful unlike water-soluble vitamins.
2) Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and cell growth. Too much can cause birth defects and liver damage.
3) Vitamin D aids calcium absorption and bone formation. The body produces it from sunlight but it is also found in foods. Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia.
4) Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells. Def
The document provides information about various vitamins, including their sources, daily requirements, and functions. It discusses both water-soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). For each vitamin, there is a section on dietary sources, daily intake recommendations, and the key roles the vitamin plays in the body.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small quantities to sustain life. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in many important biochemical reactions. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, or rickets. The document provides details on the structure, functions, dietary sources and deficiencies of several key vitamins.
Dr. P. Ravisankar M. Pharm., Ph.D.
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Definition
Introduction
Classification
Structures,Functions,Deficiency,Diseases,Toxicity and uses.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for various metabolic processes in the body. They are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A supports vision, growth, immunity, and skin health. Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and bone growth. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant and protects cell membranes. Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and supports wound healing and collagen production. The B vitamins function as coenzymes in energy production from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Deficiencies of various vitamins can lead to conditions like scurvy, beriberi, rickets, and pellagra
Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored in the body and play important roles in metabolism. Vitamin A supports vision, growth, and immunity. Vitamin D regulates calcium absorption and bone development. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant and protects cell membranes. Vitamin K is required for blood clotting through synthesis of coagulation factors. These vitamins have synergistic and antagonistic relationships with each other and other nutrients like minerals in carrying out their metabolic functions. Deficiencies can cause various health issues depending on the vitamin. Requirements vary between species, life stages, and physiological state.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from damage. It is essential for neurological function and reproduction. A lack of vitamin E can cause neurological issues like difficulty coordinating movements and peripheral neuropathy. While vitamin E supplements are generally safe, more research is still needed on their long-term health effects for conditions like heart disease and cancer prevention. Vitamin E is especially important for premature infants to prevent complications like anemia and hemolysis.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists as both tocopherols and tocotrienols. It is an important antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the body during oxidation. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E is absorbed with dietary fat and transported throughout the body associated with lipoproteins. A deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia, muscular dystrophy, and neurological problems due to increased lipid peroxidation in tissues.
The document discusses fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on the absorption process of fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine, requiring bile and entering the bloodstream through lymph vessels. Excesses of these vitamins are stored in the liver and fat tissues. Each vitamin's functions, sources, and deficiency signs are outlined, with vitamin A playing roles in vision, growth, and immunity, and vitamin D aiding calcium absorption. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant while vitamin K is important for blood clotting.
Small amounts of vitamins are required in the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are called the fat-soluble vitamins, because they are soluble in organic solvents and are absorbed and transported in a manner similar to that of fats.
This document provides information on water soluble vitamins B and C. It discusses the classification of vitamins based on solubility and describes key features of the B-complex vitamins including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, and cyanocobalamin. It also covers vitamin C, describing its isolation, sources, functions, deficiency manifestations, and role in collagen formation and wound healing. The roles of these vitamins as coenzymes in various metabolic pathways are emphasized.
Vitamin D
forms of vitamin D
difference between vitamin D2 and vitamin D3
Metabolism of vitamin D
Dietary requirement of vitamin D
Functions of vitamin D
Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency
This document summarizes key vitamins and their functions. It discusses both fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins (C, B-complex). Each vitamin is described in terms of its chemical properties, functions in the body, food sources, and deficiency symptoms. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the essential vitamins needed for human health.
Vitamin E was discovered in 1922 and is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists as tocopherols and tocotrienols. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form that acts as an antioxidant to protect tissues from free radical damage. Vitamin E is obtained through foods like vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. It helps maintain immune function, supports red blood cell formation, and protects PUFAs and vitamins A and C from oxidation. Deficiency can cause neurological issues, skin and hair problems, and increased risk of certain diseases. Toxicity is rare but can potentially increase bleeding risk with high doses.
This document discusses vitamin E, including its dietary sources, biochemical functions, absorption and transport, recommended daily allowance, deficiency symptoms, and toxicity. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant that prevents lipid peroxidation and protects cell membranes. Key dietary sources include nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. The RDA for vitamin E is 15 mg/day for adults. Deficiency can cause neurological and muscle problems, while toxicity is rare and requires extremely high doses over 1000 mg/day.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal physiological functions. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is important for calcium absorption and bone health. It can be obtained through exposure to sunlight, certain foods like fatty fish, and fortified foods. A lack of vitamin D can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, which are bone diseases characterized by softening and weakening of the bones.
Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients that our bodies need to function properly. Vitamins are organic compounds that must be obtained through our diets and help with growth, development, cell maintenance and energy production. There are two types of vitamins - fat soluble (A, D, E, K) and water soluble (the B vitamins and C). Minerals like calcium, iron and magnesium are also important for building bones and tissues, blood health, muscle function and many biochemical reactions. The document provides information on the roles and food sources of various vitamins and minerals.
Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that maintains the fluidity of cell membranes. It has eight naturally occurring forms, with alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active form in humans. Vitamin E is absorbed along with dietary fats and transported to the liver and then throughout the body. It acts as a chain-breaking antioxidant, protecting cells from free radical damage. Good dietary sources include vegetable oils, broccoli, and fish. While deficiency is rare, it can cause hemolytic anemia and neurological issues. Vitamin E supplements are sometimes used to treat conditions like restless leg syndrome and stress.
This document discusses vitamins and provides information on their classification, properties, functions, deficiencies and sources. It classifies vitamins as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B complex). Key points covered include that vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for metabolic reactions, deficiencies can cause disorders, and they were named by Casimir Funk in 1912. The document then goes into detail about each individual vitamin, their roles and deficiency symptoms.
Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for essential metabolic reactions. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B complex, C). Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in body fat while water-soluble vitamins are not stored and are excreted through urine. Deficiencies of specific vitamins can cause disorders like night blindness, rickets, scurvy, and beriberi. Vitamins are obtained through foods like fruits, vegetables, meat, eggs and dairy.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for various biochemical reactions in the body. They are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. The document discusses the sources, functions, deficiency states, and other details of many important vitamins including A, D, E, K, B-complex, C, and folate. It provides classification, biochemical roles, and health impacts of deficiencies for each vitamin.
This document discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their sources, absorption, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity. The key points are:
1) Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues and excess intake can be harmful unlike water-soluble vitamins.
2) Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and cell growth. Too much can cause birth defects and liver damage.
3) Vitamin D aids calcium absorption and bone formation. The body produces it from sunlight but it is also found in foods. Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia.
4) Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells. Def
The document provides information about various vitamins, including their sources, daily requirements, and functions. It discusses both water-soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). For each vitamin, there is a section on dietary sources, daily intake recommendations, and the key roles the vitamin plays in the body.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small quantities to sustain life. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in many important biochemical reactions. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, or rickets. The document provides details on the structure, functions, dietary sources and deficiencies of several key vitamins.
Dr. P. Ravisankar M. Pharm., Ph.D.
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Definition
Introduction
Classification
Structures,Functions,Deficiency,Diseases,Toxicity and uses.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for various metabolic processes in the body. They are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A supports vision, growth, immunity, and skin health. Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and bone growth. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant and protects cell membranes. Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and supports wound healing and collagen production. The B vitamins function as coenzymes in energy production from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Deficiencies of various vitamins can lead to conditions like scurvy, beriberi, rickets, and pellagra
Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored in the body and play important roles in metabolism. Vitamin A supports vision, growth, and immunity. Vitamin D regulates calcium absorption and bone development. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant and protects cell membranes. Vitamin K is required for blood clotting through synthesis of coagulation factors. These vitamins have synergistic and antagonistic relationships with each other and other nutrients like minerals in carrying out their metabolic functions. Deficiencies can cause various health issues depending on the vitamin. Requirements vary between species, life stages, and physiological state.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from damage. It is essential for neurological function and reproduction. A lack of vitamin E can cause neurological issues like difficulty coordinating movements and peripheral neuropathy. While vitamin E supplements are generally safe, more research is still needed on their long-term health effects for conditions like heart disease and cancer prevention. Vitamin E is especially important for premature infants to prevent complications like anemia and hemolysis.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists as both tocopherols and tocotrienols. It is an important antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the body during oxidation. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E is absorbed with dietary fat and transported throughout the body associated with lipoproteins. A deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia, muscular dystrophy, and neurological problems due to increased lipid peroxidation in tissues.
The document discusses fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on the absorption process of fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine, requiring bile and entering the bloodstream through lymph vessels. Excesses of these vitamins are stored in the liver and fat tissues. Each vitamin's functions, sources, and deficiency signs are outlined, with vitamin A playing roles in vision, growth, and immunity, and vitamin D aiding calcium absorption. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant while vitamin K is important for blood clotting.
Small amounts of vitamins are required in the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are called the fat-soluble vitamins, because they are soluble in organic solvents and are absorbed and transported in a manner similar to that of fats.
This document provides information on water soluble vitamins B and C. It discusses the classification of vitamins based on solubility and describes key features of the B-complex vitamins including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, and cyanocobalamin. It also covers vitamin C, describing its isolation, sources, functions, deficiency manifestations, and role in collagen formation and wound healing. The roles of these vitamins as coenzymes in various metabolic pathways are emphasized.
Vitamin D
forms of vitamin D
difference between vitamin D2 and vitamin D3
Metabolism of vitamin D
Dietary requirement of vitamin D
Functions of vitamin D
Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency
This document summarizes key vitamins and their functions. It discusses both fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins (C, B-complex). Each vitamin is described in terms of its chemical properties, functions in the body, food sources, and deficiency symptoms. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the essential vitamins needed for human health.
Vitamin E was discovered in 1922 and is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists as tocopherols and tocotrienols. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form that acts as an antioxidant to protect tissues from free radical damage. Vitamin E is obtained through foods like vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. It helps maintain immune function, supports red blood cell formation, and protects PUFAs and vitamins A and C from oxidation. Deficiency can cause neurological issues, skin and hair problems, and increased risk of certain diseases. Toxicity is rare but can potentially increase bleeding risk with high doses.
This document discusses vitamin E, including its dietary sources, biochemical functions, absorption and transport, recommended daily allowance, deficiency symptoms, and toxicity. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant that prevents lipid peroxidation and protects cell membranes. Key dietary sources include nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. The RDA for vitamin E is 15 mg/day for adults. Deficiency can cause neurological and muscle problems, while toxicity is rare and requires extremely high doses over 1000 mg/day.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal physiological functions. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is important for calcium absorption and bone health. It can be obtained through exposure to sunlight, certain foods like fatty fish, and fortified foods. A lack of vitamin D can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, which are bone diseases characterized by softening and weakening of the bones.
Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients that our bodies need to function properly. Vitamins are organic compounds that must be obtained through our diets and help with growth, development, cell maintenance and energy production. There are two types of vitamins - fat soluble (A, D, E, K) and water soluble (the B vitamins and C). Minerals like calcium, iron and magnesium are also important for building bones and tissues, blood health, muscle function and many biochemical reactions. The document provides information on the roles and food sources of various vitamins and minerals.
Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that maintains the fluidity of cell membranes. It has eight naturally occurring forms, with alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active form in humans. Vitamin E is absorbed along with dietary fats and transported to the liver and then throughout the body. It acts as a chain-breaking antioxidant, protecting cells from free radical damage. Good dietary sources include vegetable oils, broccoli, and fish. While deficiency is rare, it can cause hemolytic anemia and neurological issues. Vitamin E supplements are sometimes used to treat conditions like restless leg syndrome and stress.
This document discusses vitamins and provides information on their classification, properties, functions, deficiencies and sources. It classifies vitamins as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B complex). Key points covered include that vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for metabolic reactions, deficiencies can cause disorders, and they were named by Casimir Funk in 1912. The document then goes into detail about each individual vitamin, their roles and deficiency symptoms.
Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for essential metabolic reactions. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B complex, C). Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in body fat while water-soluble vitamins are not stored and are excreted through urine. Deficiencies of specific vitamins can cause disorders like night blindness, rickets, scurvy, and beriberi. Vitamins are obtained through foods like fruits, vegetables, meat, eggs and dairy.
This document discusses vitamins and provides details about 13 key vitamins. It begins by defining vitamins as organic compounds that are essential for normal metabolism but must be obtained through diet. Vitamins are then classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B vitamins, C). For each vitamin, the document outlines sources, structure, signs of deficiency, and main functions in the body. The goal is to educate readers on what vitamins are, where they are found, and why they are important for health.
This document discusses vitamins, minerals, and water. It explains that vitamins and minerals regulate body functions and must be ingested daily through foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Dark leafy greens contain the most vitamins and minerals. Water carries nutrients through the body, regulates temperature, and prevents dehydration. We should drink half our body weight in ounces of water daily. The document then provides details on specific vitamins (A, D, E, K, C, B vitamins) and minerals, their functions, sources, deficiencies, and toxicities.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required by the body in small amounts. They assist in various metabolic functions and cannot be synthesized by the body. Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K and can be stored in the body, while water-soluble vitamins like vitamin C and the B vitamins cannot be stored. Vitamins play important roles as coenzymes and catalysts in reactions throughout the body. Deficiencies can result in various diseases, while excess intake of fat-soluble vitamins can be toxic.
This document discusses vitamins and their properties. It describes vitamins as important organic compounds that are often enzyme cofactors or coenzymes. It distinguishes between fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins. For each vitamin, it provides the recommended daily intake, functions, deficiency and excess symptoms, and food sources. It also discusses vitamin units (IU, RE), antioxidant properties, and vitamin formation from carotenoids and cholesterol.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required for healthy cell growth, development and function. They are either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and must be replenished regularly, while fat-soluble vitamins are stored in fatty tissues and don't need to be replaced as often. There are 13 vitamins that serve various functions like bone health, vision, immune function and more. While vitamins provide many health benefits, consuming too high of doses can potentially cause harm through overdose, toxic additions or hiding other deficiencies.
This document summarizes key vitamins, including their chemical names, whether they are fat-soluble or water-soluble, their functions, deficiency symptoms, and good food sources. It discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K and the water-soluble B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, B6, folate, B12) and vitamin C. Each vitamin is described in 1-2 sentences on its classification, role, and impact of deficiency for concise but comprehensive coverage of essential vitamin information.
Vitamins in the human body wirh their sigsMukhtarJamac3
Vitamins are organic nutrients needed in small amounts that facilitate important body processes. They are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed into the lymph and stored in body fat, while water-soluble vitamins circulate freely and are not stored. The document defines several B vitamins and their roles, including thiamine (B1) which aids energy production, and niacin (B3) which helps metabolism and lowers cholesterol. Vitamin C aids immune function and wound healing as an antioxidant. Deficiencies of vitamins A, C, D, and B vitamins can cause diseases like scurvy or rickets.
Vitamin A deficiency can lead to several health issues:
1) It can cause night blindness and poor vision due to inflammation of the eye.
2) It suppresses the immune system and increases risk of infections like colds.
3) Severe deficiency can cause xerophthalmia, a dryness of the eye, and keratomalacia, a softening and ulceration of the cornea.
Vitamins are complex substances that regulate body processes and act as coenzymes in enzyme reactions. They are named alphabetically and classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E and K can be stored in the body, while water-soluble vitamins like C and the B vitamins cannot be stored and must be replenished regularly through diet. Deficiencies in vitamins can cause a variety of symptoms and even permanent damage if left untreated. The document provides details on the functions, dietary sources, deficiency symptoms and risk factors for various vitamins.
Vitamins are organic substances that are essential for life and normal functioning of the body. There are 13 vitamins classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and cannot be stored in the body for long, while fat-soluble vitamins are stored in body tissues. Vitamins perform important roles like energizing metabolism, regulating cell growth, and enabling vision in low light. Common sources of vitamins include foods like fruits, vegetables, meat, and dairy. Deficiencies can lead to conditions like scurvy or rickets.
Vitamins are organic compounds that organisms require in limited amounts but cannot synthesize themselves. They have diverse biochemical functions, with many B vitamins acting as enzyme cofactors to help enzymes function as catalysts in metabolism. There are both water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. The water-soluble B vitamins include thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, biotin, and pantothenic acid which are important for energy production, vision, skin and the nervous system. The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K are obtained through diet and eating too much can lead to toxicity, though a normal balanced diet prevents
This document provides information about vitamins, including their classes, functions, deficiency signs, and sources. It discusses the differences between fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues while water-soluble vitamins are not stored and require a constant supply. The document then provides details for several important vitamins, including their roles, what may occur during a deficiency, and common food sources. Vitamins discussed include A, D, E, K, C, B-complex vitamins, and B12. The information aims to outline essential characteristics and functions of various vitamins for animal health.
This book is for Midwifery students who will be learning the basic science before starting actual midwifery program '. It contains basic Microbiology, First aid , A& P, Fundamental of nursing, Basic pharmacology
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal growth, maintenance and bodily functions. They cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet. There are two types of vitamins - fat soluble (A, D, E, K) which are stored in the body, and water soluble (B complex, C) which dissolve in water and excess is excreted. Vitamins play important roles like cell growth, immune function, bone health and acting as antioxidants. Deficiencies can cause diseases while toxicity can also occur from excessive intake of some vitamins.
Vitamin is an organic compound required in small amounts to sustain life.
Addition of fats, carbohydrates, protein, mineral etc.
Human body either does not produce enough of them or none at all.
Vitamins are organic compounds that organisms require in small amounts but cannot synthesize themselves. They must be obtained through diet. Vitamins are essential for many functions in the body like vision, bone growth, blood clotting, and protecting cells. Common vitamins include A, D, E, K, and B vitamins. Deficiencies can cause diseases like scurvy, rickets, beriberi, and pellagra with symptoms like weakness, skin issues, and mental conditions.
This document summarizes various vitamin and mineral deficiencies. It discusses fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, recommended daily allowances, and deficiency diseases like scurvy, beriberi, and rickets. Specific vitamins and minerals covered include A, D, E, K, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, and protein. Genetic disorders involving amino acid metabolism are also summarized, such as phenylketonuria and maple syrup urine disease.
This document provides information on various vitamin and nutrient deficiencies. It discusses both water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, listing sources of each and risks for deficiencies. Specific deficiencies like scurvy, beriberi, and rickets are explained. Protein deficiencies like kwashiorkor and marasmus are also summarized. Inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism like phenylketonuria and maple syrup urine disease are described.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
2. What do you mean by Vitamins?
Vitamins are substances that a body needs to grow and
develop normally. These micronutrients are not produced
in our bodies and must be derived from the food.
Vitamins are earlier supposed to be amines vital for
body and thus were called asVitamine by Casimer
Funk, however, all vitamins are not amines.
Discovery: first of all by N.I Lunin
Sir J.C. Drammond called them asVitamin by
dropping the letter “E”.
Alphabetical nomenclature of vitamins proposed by
Drammond
4. Fat soluble vitamins:
1.Vitamin A (Retinol/antixerothalmic): discovered by Macollum
while isolated by Holmus.
Derived from kerotene
Require for normal vision
Source: mango, cod liver oil, egg, carrot, guava, Beta-carotene
(from plant sources): Leafy, dark green vegetables; dark orange
fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (carrots, winter
squash, sweet potatoes, pumpkin.
Provide resistance against normal diseases
Store in liver
Vitamin A:
(a) A1: Retinol for vision
(b) A2: Dehydroretinol: require for epithelium linning and tears
production
5. Deficiency: vitamin A causes:
Night blindness/ Nyctolopia/Henrolopia:
deficiency of vit. A1
Xeropthalamia: vit. A2: cornea get dry and
keratinisation start; tear formation absent;
lead to total blindness
Keratomalesia: vit. A2; keratinisation follow
by ulcer formation
Keratinizatioin: takes place in lining of nasal
chamber, trachea and bronchi
Dermatosis: in this skin become dry like
scales
Atrophy of the lachrymal glands of the eyes.
6. Vitamin D:
Vitamin D/ Calciferol (plant
origin)/cholecalciferol(animal origin) /sunshine
vitamin/antiricket vitamin.
Regulation absorption of calcium and
phosphorous
Necessary for bone and teeth formation.
Deficiency: Rickets in children and Osteomalacia
in adults
Sources: Egg yolks, liver, fatty fish, fortified milk,
fortified margarine. When exposed to sunlight,
the skin can make vitamin D.
7. Vitamin E:
Beauty vitamin/Fertility vitamin/
Antisterility vitamin/Tocopherol.
Act as antioxidant, reduce the chances of
prostrate and breast cancer.
Source: Polyunsaturated plant oils (soybean,
corn, cottonseed, safflower); leafy green
vegetables; wheat germ; whole-grain
products; liver; egg yolks; nuts and seeds.
8. Vitamin K
Napthoquinon/blood
clotting/Phytonadione):
Deficiency: Hemorrhagic manifestation, loss
of blood clotting.
Source: Leafy green vegetables and
vegetables in the cabbage family; milk; also
produced in intestinal tract by bacteria.
9. Water soluble vitamins:
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine/ anti beri beri factor/anti
neurotic factor):
Deficiency: dry beri beri results atrophy and paralysis
of limbs while wet beri beri results loss of weight and
reduce in movement.
Sources: Found in all nutritious foods in moderate
amounts: pork, whole-grain or enriched breads and
cereals, legumes, nuts and seeds
Vitamin B2( Riboflavin/Ovoflavin /yellow
enzymes/Lactoflavin):
Forms coenzymes FAD with phosphoric acid
Deficiency cause cheilosis where lips become red,
swell and crack appears at the angle of mouth
Sources: cheese, eggs, milk,liver and yeast.
10. Vitamin B3 /Pantothenic acid/yeast
factor)
Deficiency cause burning feet
syndrome.
Sources: all food including liver
and kidney
Vitamin B5 (Antipellagra factor/
Niacin/Nicotinic acid):
Deficiency: Pellagra/ 4D syndrome i.e.
dermatitis (redness of skin), diarrhoea,
dementia and death
sources: Kidney, liver, milk and yeast
11. Vitamin B6( Pyridoxine)
Deficiency: Anaemia, nervousness, irritability,
mental disorder and morning disease,
difficulty in walking
Sources: Meat, fish, poultry, vegetables, fruits
Vitamin B7 (Biotin/Vit. H):
Deficiency: Muscular pain
Sources: Widespread in foods; also produced in
intestinal tract by bacteria
12. Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamine/cobamide cyanide):
Deficiency: Perinicious anaemia
Sources: fish, meat, liver, egg and milk
Folic acid (Folaccin/PGA-Pteroglutamic acid):
Essential for synthesis of R.B.Cs and DNA.
Sources: Leafy green vegetables and legumes, seeds,
orange juice, and liver; now added to most refined
grains
Vitamin C (Anti viral/anti cancer/ ascorbic acid/anti
scurvy/anti rabies):
Deficiency: Scurvy
Sources: Tomato, citrus fruits.