This ppt contains all information about Health statistics-Vital Statistics. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Population policy in general refers to policies intended to decrease the birth rate or growth rate.
Statement of goals, objectives and targets are inherent in the population policy.
History
National Population Policy 2000
Objectives
National Socio-Demographic Goals
Conclusion
voluntary health agencies have its own administrative body or committee which raises fund through its membership or through private sources. It has staff either paid or on a voluntary basis. Works for health promotion, health education & health legislation, etc.
This ppt gives you the details about the NRHM scheme. The SWOT analysis has been done which helps you to know the strength and weakness part of the NRHM program.
BY: Dr.Pavithra R (M.H.A)
Vital statistics is accumulated data gathered on live births, deaths, migration, fetal deaths, marriages and divorces. The most common way of collecting information on these events is through civil registration, an administrative system used by governments to record vital events which occur in their populations.
Vital statistics is accumulated data gathered on live births, deaths, migration, fetal deaths, marriages and divorces. The most common way of collecting information on these events is through civil registration, an administrative system used by governments to record vital events which occur in their populations.
Population policy in general refers to policies intended to decrease the birth rate or growth rate.
Statement of goals, objectives and targets are inherent in the population policy.
History
National Population Policy 2000
Objectives
National Socio-Demographic Goals
Conclusion
voluntary health agencies have its own administrative body or committee which raises fund through its membership or through private sources. It has staff either paid or on a voluntary basis. Works for health promotion, health education & health legislation, etc.
This ppt gives you the details about the NRHM scheme. The SWOT analysis has been done which helps you to know the strength and weakness part of the NRHM program.
BY: Dr.Pavithra R (M.H.A)
Vital statistics is accumulated data gathered on live births, deaths, migration, fetal deaths, marriages and divorces. The most common way of collecting information on these events is through civil registration, an administrative system used by governments to record vital events which occur in their populations.
Vital statistics is accumulated data gathered on live births, deaths, migration, fetal deaths, marriages and divorces. The most common way of collecting information on these events is through civil registration, an administrative system used by governments to record vital events which occur in their populations.
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
tHESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about DISPOSAL OF WASTE IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #ASHA,#EPIDEMIOLOGY,#ICDS,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE
HSA 535 Week 11 Final Exam Part 2 -
1. Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology?
2. Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach
This ppt contains all the information about Revised NationalTuberculosis Control programme (RNTCP) It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all the information about National Leprosy Eradication programme (NLEP). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about World Health Organization (WHO). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of cholera. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of typhoid fever. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of Malaria. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of Pertussis ( Whooping Cough). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Diptheria. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of mumps. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Measles. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
this ppt contains all information about epidemiology of chickenpox. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in it
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of tuberculosis. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about Concepts and levels of prevention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the Immunizing agents - Vaccines, Immunoglobulines and Antisera. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the Disinfection. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the Modes of intervention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the Concept and Levels of prevention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the Immunity - Host defences. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. Health information
A health information system is defined as -"a
mechanism for the collection, processing,
analysis and transmission of information
required for organizing and operating health
services, and also for research and training"
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 2
3. Sources of health information
1. Census
2. Registration of vital events
Ex. Birth, death, marriage,
divorce etc.
3. Sample registration system
4. Notification of disease
5. Hospital records
6. Disease registers
7. Record linkage
8. Epidemiological surveillance
9. Other health service records
10. Environmental health data
11. Health manpower statistics
12. Population surveys
13. Other routine statistics
related to health
14. Non quantifiable
information
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 3
4. Sources of health information
1. Census
It is taken at regular intervals, usually of 10
years.
Definition - “The total process of collecting,
compiling and publishing demographic,
economic and social data pertaining at a
specified time or times, to all persons in a
country or delimited territory“.
Drawback of census - as a data source i.e. the
full results are usually not available quickly.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 4
5. 2. Registration of vital events
Whereas census is an intermittent counting of
population, registration of vital events (e.g.,
births, deaths) keeps a continuous check on
demographic changes.
If registration of vital events is complete and
accurate, it can serve as a reliable source of
health information.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 5
6. The Central Births and Deaths
Registration Act, 1969
Aim - To improve the civil registration system.
The Act provides for compulsory registration of
births and deaths throughout the country and
compilation of vital statistics in the States.
The Act also fixes the responsibility for
reporting births and deaths.
While the public (e.g., parents, relatives) are to
report events occurring in their households, the
heads of hospitals, nursing homes, hotels, jails
or dharmashalas are to report events occurring in
such institutions to the concerning Registrar.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 6
7. 3. Sample Registration System( SRS)
The SRS is a dual-record system, consisting of
continuous enumeration of births and deaths
by an enumerator and an independent survey
every 6 months by an investigator-supervisor.
The half-yearly survey, in addition to serving
as an independent check on the events
recorded by the enumerator, produces the
denominator required for computing rates.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 7
8. 4. Notification of diseases
Historically notification of infectious diseases was
the first health, information sub-system to be
established.
The primary purpose of notification is to effect
prevention and/or control of the disease.
Notification is also a valuable source
of morbidity data i.e., the incidence and
distribution of certain specified diseases which
are notifiable.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 8
9. Lists of notifiable diseases vary from country to
country, and also within the same country
between the States and between urban and rural
areas.
Usually diseases which are considered to be
serious menaces to public health are included in
the list of notifiable diseases.
At the international level, the following diseases
are notifiable to WHO in Geneva under the
International Health Regulations (IHR), viz.
cholera, plague and yellow fever.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 9
10. A few others louse-borne typhus, relapsing
fever, polio, influenza, malaria, rabies and
salmonellosis are subject to international
surveillance.
The concept of notification has been
extended to many non-communicable
diseases and conditions notably cancer,
congenital malformations, mental illness,
stroke and handicapped persons
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 10
11. 5. Hospital records
Hospital data constitute a basic and primary
source of information about diseases
prevalent in the community.
The eighth report of the WHO Expert
Committee on Statistics recommended that
hospital statistics be regarded in all countries
as an integral and basic part of the national
statistical programme.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 11
12. 6. Population surveys
Surveys for evaluating the health status of a
population
Surveys for investigation of factors affecting
health and disease, e.g., environment,
occupation.
Surveys relating to administration of health
services, e.g., use of health services.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 12
13. Survey methods
a. Health interview (face-to-face) survey
b. Health examination survey
c. Health records survey
d. Mailed questionnaire survey
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 13
14. 7. Epidemiological surveillance
In many countries, where particular diseases are
endemic, special control/eradication programmes
have been instituted, as for example national
disease control programmes against malaria,
tuberculosis, leprosy, filariasis etc.
As part of these programmes, surveillance systems
are often set up (e.g., malaria) to report on the
occurrence of new cases and on efforts to control the
diseases (e.g., immunizations performed).
These programmes have yielded considerable
morbidity and mortality data for the specific
diseases.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 14
15. Uses of health information
1. To measure the health status of the people
and to quantify their health problems and
medical and health care needs.
2. For local, national and international
comparisons of health status. For such
comparisons the data need to be subjected to
rigorous standardization and quality control.
3. For planning, administration and effective
management of health services and
programmes.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 15
16. 4. For assessing whether health services are
accomplishing their objectives in terms of
their effectiveness and efficiency.
5. For assessing the attitudes and degree of
satisfaction of the beneficiaries with the
health system.
6. For research into particular problems of health
and disease.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 16
18. Vital statistics
Vital statistics is accumulated data
gathered on live births, deaths, migration,
fetal deaths, marriages and divorces etc.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 18
20. Crude death rate
It is defined as "the number of deaths (from all
causes) per 1000 estimated mid-year population
in one year, in a given place".
It measures the rate at which deaths are
occurring from various causes in a given
population, during a specified period.
CDR = Number of deaths during the Year
Mid - year population
X l OOO
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 20
21. Specific death rates
It may be –
a. Cause or disease specific - e.g., tuberculosis,
cancer, accident
b. Related to specific groups e.g., age specific,
sex-specific, age and sex specific, etc.
E.g. specific death rate due to tuberculosis
= Number of deaths from TB during a calender year
Mid - year population
X l OOO
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 21
22. Infant mortality rate
Number of all death of children less than 1 year
of age in a year
Number of live birth in the year
Maternal mortality rate (MMR)
Total no. of female death due to complication of pregnancy/
child birth or within 42days of delivery from puerperal
causes in an area during a given year
Total number of live births in the same area and year
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 22
X l OOO
or 1 lac
X l OOO
23. Case fatality rate
= Total number of deaths due to a particular disease
Total number of cases due to the same disease
It represents the killing power of a disease.
It is simply the ratio of deaths to cases.
Case fatality rate is typically used in acute
infectious diseases (e.g., food poisoning,
cholera, measles).
The case fatality rate for the same disease may
vary in different epidemics because of changes
in the agent, host and environmental factors.
X l OO
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 23
24. Proportional mortality rate (Ratio)
It is sometimes useful to know what proportion
of total deaths are due to a particular cause (e.g.,
cancer) or what proportion of deaths are
occurring in a particular age group (e.g., above
the age of 50 years).
Proportional mortality rate expresses the
"number of deaths due to a particular cause (or in
a specific age group) per 100 (or 1000) total
deaths".
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 24
25. a. Proportional mortality from a specific disease
Number of deaths from the specific disease in a year
Total deaths from all causes in that year
b. Under-5 proportionate mortality rate
No. of deaths under 5 years of age in the given year
Total number of deaths during the same period
c. Proportional mortality rate for aged 50 years and above
Number of deaths of persons aged 50 years and above
Total deaths of all age groups in that year
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
X l OOO
X l OOO
X l OOO
25
27. Morbidity rates
Definition - "any departure, subjective or objective,
from a state of physiological well-being“
The term is used equivalent to such terms as
sickness, illness, disability etc.
The WHO Expert Committee on Health Statistics
noted in its 6th Report that morbidity could be
measured in terms of 3 units
persons who were ill
the illnesses (periods or spells of illness) that these
persons experienced
the duration (days, weeks, etc) of these illness
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 27
28. Three aspects of morbidity are commonly
measured by morbidity rates or morbidity
ratios, namely frequency, duration and severity.
1. Disease frequency is measured by incidence
and prevalence rates.
2. The average duration per case or the disability
rate, which is the average number of days of
disability per person, may serve as a measure
of the duration of illnesses.
3. The case fatality rate may be used as an index
of severity.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 28
29. Incidence
Definition - “The number of NEW cases
occurring in a defined population during a
specified period of time.”
Number of NEW cases of specific
disease during a given time period
Population at risk during that period
Obtained from disease register or cohort study
or trial.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
X l OOO
=
29
30. Special incidence rates
Examples include: Attack rate (case rate),
Secondary attack rate, Hospital admission rate,
etc.
Attack rate – It is an incidence rate (usually
expressed as a per cent), used only when the
population is exposed to risk for a limited period
of time such as during an epidemic.
Number of new cases of a specified
disease during a specified time interval
Total population at risk during the same interval
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
X l OOO
=
30
31. b. Secondary attack rate
It is defined as the number of exposed persons
developing the disease within the range of the
incubation period following exposure to a primary
case.
Uses of incidence rate
It is useful for taking action -
To control disease
For research into aetiology and pathogenesis,
distribution of diseases, and efficacy of preventive
and therapeutic measures.
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 31
32. Prevalence
Definition - “The total number of all individuals
who have an attribute or disease at a particular
time (or during a particular period) divided by the
population at risk of having the attribute or
disease at this point in time or midway through
the period’’
Includes all current cases (old & new)
Obtained from cross-sectional studies or disease
registers
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 32
34. Fertility rates
a. Birth rate
Number of live births during the year
Estimated mid year population
b. General fertility rate
No. of live birth in an area during the year
Mid year female population age 15-44 in same area
in same year
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
X l OOO
X l OOO
=
=
34
35. c. Marriage rate
Number of Marriages in the year
Mid year population
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
X l OOO
=
35