This document discusses indicators of health, which are variables that can be directly measured to provide information about the health status of a population. It describes different types of indicators, including mortality indicators like life expectancy and infant mortality rate, morbidity indicators like disease incidence and prevalence, and health care indicators like doctor-population ratio. The document also discusses the characteristics, uses, sources of data, and classification of various health indicators.
The document discusses various indicators used to measure health status and factors influencing health. It describes indicators as variables that reflect the health situation of a community. It then covers different types of indicators including mortality (such as life expectancy, infant mortality), morbidity (incidence and prevalence), disability (DALYs, HALE), nutritional status, health care access and utilization, and environmental factors. Characteristics, uses and data sources of indicators are also outlined.
Indicator is a variable which gives an indication of a given situation or a reflection of that situation.
Health Indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct measurement, that reflects the state of health of persons in a community.
Indicators help to measure the extent to which the objectives and targets of a programme are being attained.
This document discusses various types of health indicators that can be used to measure and monitor the health status of a population. It describes indicators such as mortality rates, morbidity rates, disability rates, nutritional status indicators, and utilization rates. Mortality indicators measure deaths, such as infant mortality rate and life expectancy. Morbidity indicators reflect disease burden through incidence and prevalence. Disability rates assess healthy life years lost. Nutritional status is indicated by metrics like stunting. Utilization rates reflect access to healthcare services. The document provides examples for many common health indicators.
This document discusses health indicators and their uses. It defines health indicators as variables that reflect the health status of a community and are susceptible to direct measurement. It provides examples of health status indicators like life expectancy and disease rates, and health determinant indicators like diet and income. The document also outlines characteristics of good indicators, sources of health data, classifications of indicators, and how indicators can be used to measure, describe, compare and plan health in communities.
The document discusses indicators used to assess the health status of a community. It provides definitions of key terms like health, illness, disease, and wellness. It also defines indicators and discusses characteristics of good indicators. The document categorizes indicators as quantitative and qualitative. It describes hierarchies of indicators and provides examples of common indicators used to measure mortality, morbidity, disability rates, nutritional status, health care delivery, utilization rates, social and mental health, the environment, socioeconomics, health policies, and quality of life.
India grapples with myriad health challenges in its large population. Health indicators and indices are essential tools for policymakers, healthcare providers, and public health practitioners to understand the health status of the population and monitor progress on health outcomes. They provide insights into facets of health like mortality rates and access to healthcare services. Measuring and monitoring health indicators establishes a foundation for measuring inequalities and guiding evidence-based decision-making in public health. Key health indicators include mortality, morbidity, disability rates, nutritional status, healthcare delivery, and socioeconomic factors. Examining India's health indicators reveals both progress on certain metrics like life expectancy as well as persistent disparities across regions, socioeconomic groups, and genders.
The document discusses various indicators used to measure health status and the progress of health programs. It defines health indicators as variables that can directly measure the health of a community. It classifies indicators into categories like mortality, morbidity, disability rates, and nutritional status. Examples are provided like infant mortality rate, life expectancy, and anthropometric measurements in children. Characteristics of good indicators and methods to measure health policy outcomes, quality of life, and socioeconomic factors are also summarized.
The document discusses various indicators used to measure health status and factors influencing health. It describes indicators as variables that reflect the health situation of a community. It then covers different types of indicators including mortality (such as life expectancy, infant mortality), morbidity (incidence and prevalence), disability (DALYs, HALE), nutritional status, health care access and utilization, and environmental factors. Characteristics, uses and data sources of indicators are also outlined.
Indicator is a variable which gives an indication of a given situation or a reflection of that situation.
Health Indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct measurement, that reflects the state of health of persons in a community.
Indicators help to measure the extent to which the objectives and targets of a programme are being attained.
This document discusses various types of health indicators that can be used to measure and monitor the health status of a population. It describes indicators such as mortality rates, morbidity rates, disability rates, nutritional status indicators, and utilization rates. Mortality indicators measure deaths, such as infant mortality rate and life expectancy. Morbidity indicators reflect disease burden through incidence and prevalence. Disability rates assess healthy life years lost. Nutritional status is indicated by metrics like stunting. Utilization rates reflect access to healthcare services. The document provides examples for many common health indicators.
This document discusses health indicators and their uses. It defines health indicators as variables that reflect the health status of a community and are susceptible to direct measurement. It provides examples of health status indicators like life expectancy and disease rates, and health determinant indicators like diet and income. The document also outlines characteristics of good indicators, sources of health data, classifications of indicators, and how indicators can be used to measure, describe, compare and plan health in communities.
The document discusses indicators used to assess the health status of a community. It provides definitions of key terms like health, illness, disease, and wellness. It also defines indicators and discusses characteristics of good indicators. The document categorizes indicators as quantitative and qualitative. It describes hierarchies of indicators and provides examples of common indicators used to measure mortality, morbidity, disability rates, nutritional status, health care delivery, utilization rates, social and mental health, the environment, socioeconomics, health policies, and quality of life.
India grapples with myriad health challenges in its large population. Health indicators and indices are essential tools for policymakers, healthcare providers, and public health practitioners to understand the health status of the population and monitor progress on health outcomes. They provide insights into facets of health like mortality rates and access to healthcare services. Measuring and monitoring health indicators establishes a foundation for measuring inequalities and guiding evidence-based decision-making in public health. Key health indicators include mortality, morbidity, disability rates, nutritional status, healthcare delivery, and socioeconomic factors. Examining India's health indicators reveals both progress on certain metrics like life expectancy as well as persistent disparities across regions, socioeconomic groups, and genders.
The document discusses various indicators used to measure health status and the progress of health programs. It defines health indicators as variables that can directly measure the health of a community. It classifies indicators into categories like mortality, morbidity, disability rates, and nutritional status. Examples are provided like infant mortality rate, life expectancy, and anthropometric measurements in children. Characteristics of good indicators and methods to measure health policy outcomes, quality of life, and socioeconomic factors are also summarized.
THIS SLIDE IS PREPARED BY SURESH KUMAR FOR MY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM TO WATCH THIS VIDEO VISIT YOUTUBE CHANNEL- Important links-
youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM
facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/
FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-Support-System-101733164924592
facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/241390897133057/
FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG –
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#indicatorsofhealth, #mortalityhindicators,#morbidityindicators, #crudedeathrate,#maternalmortalityrate, #communityhealthnursing #anm,#gnm,#bscnursing, #nursingstudents, #nursingtutor
health indicators.pptx public health......GauriJangpangi
This document discusses health indicators, which are variables used to measure changes in population health. It defines indicators and describes their characteristics and importance. The document outlines different types of health indicators including mortality, morbidity, disability, nutritional status, and health care delivery indicators. It provides examples of specific indicators like crude death rate, infant mortality rate, and bed occupancy ratio. The document also discusses criteria for developing indicators and data sources used. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive overview of health indicators, their measurement, classification, and uses.
This document discusses concepts of health including definitions of health, indicators of health, and classifications of health indicators. It provides details on commonly used indicators such as mortality indicators (e.g. crude death rate, life expectancy), morbidity indicators, disability rates, and nutritional, health care delivery, and social/mental health indicators. It also discusses characteristics and uses of indicators and classifications such as environmental and socioeconomic indicators. Physical quality of life index is introduced as a composite index used to measure health outcomes.
This document discusses health indicators and how they are used to measure and assess community health status. It provides classifications and examples of different types of indicators including: mortality indicators like infant mortality rate; morbidity indicators; disability rates; nutritional status indicators; and more. The characteristics of valid, reliable, and relevant indicators are also covered. Specific indicators discussed in detail include crude death rate, life expectancy, and indicators for measuring malnutrition prevalence.
The document discusses health indicators and provides definitions, characteristics, classifications, and examples of health indicators. It describes how health indicators can be used to measure community health status, describe health needs, compare communities, and evaluate and plan health services. Some key health indicators discussed include mortality rates, morbidity rates, nutritional status, health care access, and quality of life measures.
The document discusses health indicators which are variables used to measure changes in health status and the health system. It describes the characteristics of ideal indicators, such as being valid, reliable, sensitive, specific, feasible and relevant. It then categorizes and provides examples of different types of indicators including mortality, morbidity, disability, nutritional status, health care delivery, utilization rates, social/mental health, environmental, socioeconomic, health policy, and quality of life indicators. The document emphasizes that indicators should help monitor and evaluate health programs and allocate resources to improve health.
This document discusses health indicators and their use in measuring health status and goals. It defines health indicators as variables that can directly or indirectly measure health changes. The document then describes different types of indicators (e.g. mortality, morbidity), provides examples (infant mortality rate, life expectancy), and discusses how indicators can be classified (e.g. by type, related to inputs/outputs). It also outlines ideal characteristics of indicators and describes several specific health indicators in detail like mortality and nutritional status indicators.
This document discusses health indicators and how they are used to measure and assess health status. It defines what health indicators are, describes different types of indicators including mortality, morbidity, nutritional status, health care delivery, and socioeconomic indicators. It provides examples of specific indicators like infant mortality rate, life expectancy, hospital beds, and explains how each can be calculated and used. The document emphasizes that indicators should be valid, reliable, sensitive, specific, and feasible measures of health.
Health indicators are used to measure health indirectly since health cannot be measured directly. Indicators should be valid, reliable, sensitive, specific, and feasible. They are used to measure, describe, compare health across communities, identify health needs, and evaluate health services and programs. Common health indicators include mortality rates like infant mortality, morbidity rates from disease notifications, and socioeconomic factors associated with health outcomes.
The Eight Millennium Development Goals are:
to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;
to achieve universal primary education;
to promote gender equality and empower women;
to reduce child mortality;
to improve maternal health;
to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases;
to ensure environmental sustainability; and.
This document discusses health indicators which are variables that can be directly measured to reflect the health status of a community. Good health indicators are valid, reliable, sensitive, specific and feasible. They are used to measure, describe and compare community health, identify health needs, plan health resources, and measure health successes. Examples of common health indicators discussed are mortality rates, morbidity rates, disability rates, and nutritional indicators. Specific indicators described in detail include crude death rate, life expectancy, infant mortality rate, and maternal mortality rate. Challenges with health indicators and ways to improve them are also outlined.
This document discusses various determinants of health and health indicators. It describes how health is influenced by internal and external environmental factors, as well as genetics, behaviors, and access to health services. It also outlines several common health indicators used to measure factors like life expectancy, mortality rates, immunization coverage, and socioeconomic development. These indicators can help assess population health status, compare countries, and evaluate health programs.
The document discusses key concepts in health economics including economic efficiency, cost-effectiveness analysis, and the importance of defining value from multiple perspectives. It also outlines several important health indicators used to measure and analyze population health, such as birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, and maternal mortality ratio. Quality-adjusted life years and disability-adjusted life years are introduced as metrics for evaluating health interventions.
- Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behaviour in the production and consumption of health and healthcare.
- Economic efficiency implies that society makes choices which maximise health outcomes from resources allocated to healthcare. Cost-effectiveness analysis examines costs and health outcomes of interventions.
- Health indicators are quantifiable characteristics of a population used to describe population health. Common indicators include birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, and maternal mortality ratio.
This document discusses health indicators and provides information on various types of indicators used to measure health. It begins by defining health indicators as variables that reflect the health status of a community. It then covers the characteristics of good indicators, their uses, and various ways to classify indicators such as by mortality, morbidity, disability, nutrition, and health care delivery. Specific examples of indicators are given for Sudan, including crude death rate and infant mortality rate. The document emphasizes that indicators should be valid, reliable, sensitive, specific, feasible, and relevant.
This document discusses vital statistics, which are numerical data on important life events like births, deaths, diseases, and marriages that provide information on community health and development. It defines various rates used in vital statistics like crude birth rate and infant mortality rate. It also outlines sources of vital statistics in India like the census, civil registration system, and health surveys. The roles of community health nurses in collecting, analyzing, and presenting vital statistics are also summarized.
CM9.2 Describe calculate and interpret demographic index-death rate.pptxDr. Chirag Sonkusare
This document discusses demographic indicators that can be used to measure and compare the health status of communities and countries. It describes various mortality rates as important health indicators, including crude death rate, life expectancy, age-specific death rates, infant mortality rate, child death rate, and maternal mortality rate. These indicators provide information on disease burden, health risks, and effectiveness of healthcare programs in a population.
This presentation has made to health workers who have more than two decades of experience of managing/implementing public health programs in Nepal, especially at district level and below.
The document discusses various types of health indicators and how they are used. It defines health indicators as variables that can be directly measured to reflect the health status of a community. It then describes how indicators help measure program objectives and targets, compare health statuses of countries, assess health needs, and monitor/evaluate health services. The document provides examples of common indicators like infant mortality rate and life expectancy. It also discusses characteristics important for indicators such as being valid, reliable, and relevant.
THIS SLIDE IS PREPARED BY SURESH KUMAR FOR MY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM TO WATCH THIS VIDEO VISIT YOUTUBE CHANNEL- Important links-
youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM
facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/
FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-Support-System-101733164924592
facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/241390897133057/
FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG –
BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsupportsystem_nursing/
Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#indicatorsofhealth, #mortalityhindicators,#morbidityindicators, #crudedeathrate,#maternalmortalityrate, #communityhealthnursing #anm,#gnm,#bscnursing, #nursingstudents, #nursingtutor
health indicators.pptx public health......GauriJangpangi
This document discusses health indicators, which are variables used to measure changes in population health. It defines indicators and describes their characteristics and importance. The document outlines different types of health indicators including mortality, morbidity, disability, nutritional status, and health care delivery indicators. It provides examples of specific indicators like crude death rate, infant mortality rate, and bed occupancy ratio. The document also discusses criteria for developing indicators and data sources used. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive overview of health indicators, their measurement, classification, and uses.
This document discusses concepts of health including definitions of health, indicators of health, and classifications of health indicators. It provides details on commonly used indicators such as mortality indicators (e.g. crude death rate, life expectancy), morbidity indicators, disability rates, and nutritional, health care delivery, and social/mental health indicators. It also discusses characteristics and uses of indicators and classifications such as environmental and socioeconomic indicators. Physical quality of life index is introduced as a composite index used to measure health outcomes.
This document discusses health indicators and how they are used to measure and assess community health status. It provides classifications and examples of different types of indicators including: mortality indicators like infant mortality rate; morbidity indicators; disability rates; nutritional status indicators; and more. The characteristics of valid, reliable, and relevant indicators are also covered. Specific indicators discussed in detail include crude death rate, life expectancy, and indicators for measuring malnutrition prevalence.
The document discusses health indicators and provides definitions, characteristics, classifications, and examples of health indicators. It describes how health indicators can be used to measure community health status, describe health needs, compare communities, and evaluate and plan health services. Some key health indicators discussed include mortality rates, morbidity rates, nutritional status, health care access, and quality of life measures.
The document discusses health indicators which are variables used to measure changes in health status and the health system. It describes the characteristics of ideal indicators, such as being valid, reliable, sensitive, specific, feasible and relevant. It then categorizes and provides examples of different types of indicators including mortality, morbidity, disability, nutritional status, health care delivery, utilization rates, social/mental health, environmental, socioeconomic, health policy, and quality of life indicators. The document emphasizes that indicators should help monitor and evaluate health programs and allocate resources to improve health.
This document discusses health indicators and their use in measuring health status and goals. It defines health indicators as variables that can directly or indirectly measure health changes. The document then describes different types of indicators (e.g. mortality, morbidity), provides examples (infant mortality rate, life expectancy), and discusses how indicators can be classified (e.g. by type, related to inputs/outputs). It also outlines ideal characteristics of indicators and describes several specific health indicators in detail like mortality and nutritional status indicators.
This document discusses health indicators and how they are used to measure and assess health status. It defines what health indicators are, describes different types of indicators including mortality, morbidity, nutritional status, health care delivery, and socioeconomic indicators. It provides examples of specific indicators like infant mortality rate, life expectancy, hospital beds, and explains how each can be calculated and used. The document emphasizes that indicators should be valid, reliable, sensitive, specific, and feasible measures of health.
Health indicators are used to measure health indirectly since health cannot be measured directly. Indicators should be valid, reliable, sensitive, specific, and feasible. They are used to measure, describe, compare health across communities, identify health needs, and evaluate health services and programs. Common health indicators include mortality rates like infant mortality, morbidity rates from disease notifications, and socioeconomic factors associated with health outcomes.
The Eight Millennium Development Goals are:
to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;
to achieve universal primary education;
to promote gender equality and empower women;
to reduce child mortality;
to improve maternal health;
to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases;
to ensure environmental sustainability; and.
This document discusses health indicators which are variables that can be directly measured to reflect the health status of a community. Good health indicators are valid, reliable, sensitive, specific and feasible. They are used to measure, describe and compare community health, identify health needs, plan health resources, and measure health successes. Examples of common health indicators discussed are mortality rates, morbidity rates, disability rates, and nutritional indicators. Specific indicators described in detail include crude death rate, life expectancy, infant mortality rate, and maternal mortality rate. Challenges with health indicators and ways to improve them are also outlined.
This document discusses various determinants of health and health indicators. It describes how health is influenced by internal and external environmental factors, as well as genetics, behaviors, and access to health services. It also outlines several common health indicators used to measure factors like life expectancy, mortality rates, immunization coverage, and socioeconomic development. These indicators can help assess population health status, compare countries, and evaluate health programs.
The document discusses key concepts in health economics including economic efficiency, cost-effectiveness analysis, and the importance of defining value from multiple perspectives. It also outlines several important health indicators used to measure and analyze population health, such as birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, and maternal mortality ratio. Quality-adjusted life years and disability-adjusted life years are introduced as metrics for evaluating health interventions.
- Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behaviour in the production and consumption of health and healthcare.
- Economic efficiency implies that society makes choices which maximise health outcomes from resources allocated to healthcare. Cost-effectiveness analysis examines costs and health outcomes of interventions.
- Health indicators are quantifiable characteristics of a population used to describe population health. Common indicators include birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, and maternal mortality ratio.
This document discusses health indicators and provides information on various types of indicators used to measure health. It begins by defining health indicators as variables that reflect the health status of a community. It then covers the characteristics of good indicators, their uses, and various ways to classify indicators such as by mortality, morbidity, disability, nutrition, and health care delivery. Specific examples of indicators are given for Sudan, including crude death rate and infant mortality rate. The document emphasizes that indicators should be valid, reliable, sensitive, specific, feasible, and relevant.
This document discusses vital statistics, which are numerical data on important life events like births, deaths, diseases, and marriages that provide information on community health and development. It defines various rates used in vital statistics like crude birth rate and infant mortality rate. It also outlines sources of vital statistics in India like the census, civil registration system, and health surveys. The roles of community health nurses in collecting, analyzing, and presenting vital statistics are also summarized.
CM9.2 Describe calculate and interpret demographic index-death rate.pptxDr. Chirag Sonkusare
This document discusses demographic indicators that can be used to measure and compare the health status of communities and countries. It describes various mortality rates as important health indicators, including crude death rate, life expectancy, age-specific death rates, infant mortality rate, child death rate, and maternal mortality rate. These indicators provide information on disease burden, health risks, and effectiveness of healthcare programs in a population.
This presentation has made to health workers who have more than two decades of experience of managing/implementing public health programs in Nepal, especially at district level and below.
The document discusses various types of health indicators and how they are used. It defines health indicators as variables that can be directly measured to reflect the health status of a community. It then describes how indicators help measure program objectives and targets, compare health statuses of countries, assess health needs, and monitor/evaluate health services. The document provides examples of common indicators like infant mortality rate and life expectancy. It also discusses characteristics important for indicators such as being valid, reliable, and relevant.
Similar to indicatorsofhealth-150603070513-lva1-app6892.pdf (20)
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Indicators of Health
• Characteristics
• Uses
• Sources of data
• Classification of Indicators of Health
• Summary
• References
3. INTRODUCTION
• Health is defined as “a state of complete physical,
mental & social wellbeing, and not merely an
absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO)
• This statement has been amplified to include the ability
to lead a “socially and economically productive life”
• Health cannot be measured in exact measurable forms
• Hence measurement have been framed in terms of
illness (or lack of health), consequences of ill-health
(morbidity, mortality) & economic, occupation &
domestic factors that promote ill health- all the
antithesis of health.
4. INDICATORS OF HEALTH
• Indicator also termed as Index or Variable is only an
indication of a given situation or a reflection of that
situation.
• Health Indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct
measurement, that reflects the state of health of
persons in a community.
• Indicators help to measure the extent to which the
objectives and targets of a programme are being
attained.
• Numerical indication of the health of a given
population derived from a specified composite formula.
5. INDICATORS OF HEALTH
• Health status indicators measure different
aspects of the health of a population.
Examples include life expectancy, infant
mortality, disability or chronic disease rates.
• Health determinant indicators measure
things that influence health. Examples include
diet, smoking, water quality, income and
access to health services
6. CHARACTERISTICS
• Valid – they should actually measure what they are
supposed to measure.
• Reliable – the results should be the same when
measured by different people in similar circumstances.
• Sensitive – they should be sensitive to changes in the
situation concerned.
• Specific – they should reflect changes only in the
situation concerned.
• Feasible – they should have the ability to obtain data
when needed.
• Relevant – they should contribute to the understanding
of the phenomenon of interest.
7. USES OF INDICATORS OF HEALTH
• Measurement of the health of the community.
• Description of the health of the community.
• Comparison of the health of different
communities.
• Identification of health needs and prioritizing
them.
• Evaluation of health services.
• Planning and allocation of health resources.
• Measurement of health successes.
8. SOURCES OF DATA
• CENSUS
– Census Act 1948
– Once in a decade
– Extended de facto canvasser method used ( before
1931, synchronous de facto canvasser method
used)
– Two phases – House listing operations and
Population Enumeration
– Last census in 2011
9. SOURCES OF DATA
• The Sample registration System
– Annual information at national and state level
– Cont. enumeration of births and deaths in selected
sample units- resident part time enumerators
(aanganwadi workers or teachers)
– Independent survey every 6 months by SRS
supervisors
– SRS operational in 7597 sample units.
Sample units:
Rural – village or a segment of it if population is 2000 or
more
Urban – census enumeration block , population 750-1000
10. SOURCES OF DATA
• National Family Health Survey
– NFHS-1 : 1992-93
– NFHS-2 : 1998-99
– NFHS-3 : 2005-06
• District Level Household and Facility Survey
– DLHS-1 : 1998-99
– DLHS-2 : 2002-04
– DLHS-3 : 2007-08
– DLHS-4: 2012-13
11. CLASSIFICATION OF INDICATORS
Mortality Indicators
Morbidity Indicators
Disability Rates
Nutritional Indicators
Health Care Delivery Indicators
Utilization Rates
12. CLASSIFICATION (contd.)
Indicators of Social And Mental Health
Environmental Indicators
Socio-economic Indicators
Health Policy Indicators
Indicators of Quality of Life
Other Indicators
13. MORTALITY INDICATORS
Crude Death Rate is considered a fair indicator of the
comparative health of the people.
• It is defined as the number of deaths per 1000
population per year in a given community, usually the
mid-year population
• The usefulness is restricted because it is influenced by
the age-sex composition of the population,
socioeconomic and socio-cultural environment of the
communities.
• CDR India - 7.0 deaths/1,000 population (SRS 2014)
Haryana- 6.3 deaths/1,000 population
14. MORTALITY INDICATORS
Expectation of life is the average number of years that
will be lived by those born alive into a population if the
current age specific mortality rates persist.
• It is a statistical abstraction based on existing age-
specific death rates.
• Estimated for both sexes separately.
• Good indicator of socioeconomic development
• Life expectancy at birth:
Male: 64 years (WHO Global Health Observatory
,2012)
Female: 68 years
15. MORTALITY INDICATORS
Infant mortality rate
The ratio of deaths under 1yr of age in a given year to
the total number of live births in the same year, usually
expressed as a rate per 1000 live births
Indicator of health status of not only infants but also
whole population & socioeconomic conditions
Sensitive indicator of availability, utilization
&effectiveness of health care, particularly perinatal and
postnatal care.
Current IMR :India- 40/1000live birth (SRS 2014)
Haryana - 41/1000live birth
16. MORTALITY INDICATORS
Under-5 Mortality rate
Defined as no. of deaths occurring in the
under-5 age group per 1000 live births.
Reflects both infant and child mortality
Current rate – 53/1000 live births (World
Bank ,2013)
17. CHILD MORTALITY RATE
• The number of deaths at ages 1-4yrs in a given
year, per 1000 children in that age group at the
mid-point of the year.
• Correlates with inadequate MCH services,
malnutrition, low immunization coverage and
environmental factors
• Current rate – 18/1000 (NFHS-3)
Other indicators are Perinatal mortality rate,
Neonatal mortality rate, Stillbirth rate, etc.
• Correlates with inadequate antenatal care and
perinatal care.
18. NFHS-3, India (2005-2006)
(figures per 1000 live birth)
37
21
58
23
79
41
15
56
14
70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Neonatal
Mortality
Postneonatal
Mortality
Infant Mortality Child Mortality Under-five
Mortality
Fem ale Male
19. MORTALITY INDICATORS
Maternal Mortality Ratio
• Ratio of number of deaths arising during
pregnancy or puerperal period per 100000 live
births
• Accounts for the greatest number of deaths
among women of reproductive age in developing
countries.
• Current MMR – India -178/100000 live births
Haryana - 146/100000 live births
(SRS 2013)
20. MORTALITY INDICATORS
Disease Specific Death Rate is mortality rate
which is computed for specific diseases.
Proportional Mortality Rate is the
proportion of all deaths attributed to the
specific disease
E.g. Coronary heart disease causes 25 to 30
% of all deaths in developed world.
21. MORBIDITY INDICATORS
Morbidity Indicators reveal the burden of ill
health in a community, but do not measure the
subclinical or inapparent disease states.
1. Incidence and Prevalence
Incidence
• The number of new events or new cases of a
disease in a defined population, within a specified
period of time.
• Eg. The incidence of Tuberculosis in India is 176
per 100000.
22. MORBIDITY INDICATORS
Prevalence
• The total number of all individuals who have
an attribute or disease at a particular time
divided by population at risk of having
attribute or disease at this point of time.
• Reflects the chronicity of the disease.
• Eg. The prevalence of Tuberculosis in India
is 230 per 100000 population.
23. MORBIDITY INDICATORS
2. Notification rates is calculated from the
reporting to public authorities of certain
diseases e.g. yellow fever , poliomyelitis
- They provide information regarding
geographic clustering of infections, quality of
reporting system etc.
3. Attendance rates at OPDs and at health
centers.
4. Admission, Re-admission and discharge
rates.
24. MORBIDITY INDICATORS
5. Duration of stay in hospital.
6. Spells of sickness or absence from work or
school.
- reflects economical loss to the community
7. Hospital data constitute a basic and primary
source of information about diseases
prevalent in the community.
25. DISABILITY RATES
Disability Rates are of two categories
• Event type Indicators
- number of days of restricted activity
- bed disability days
- work-loss days within a specified period
• Person type Indicators
- limitation of mobility e.g. confined to bed, confined
to house, special aid in getting around.
- limitation of activity e.g. limitation to perform the
basic activities of daily living (ADL) e.g. eating,
washing, dressing, etc.
26. DISABILITY RATES
Sullivan’s Index refers to “expectation of life
free of disability”.
• Sullivan’s Index = life expectancy of the
country -probable duration of bed disability and
inability to perform major activities.
• It is considered as one of the most advanced
indicators currently available.
.
27. DISABILITY RATES
HALE is Health Adjusted Life Expectancy.
• Based on the framework of WHO’s ICIDH
(International Classification of Impairments,
Disabilities, and Handicaps )
• Based on life expectancy at birth but includes
an adjustment for time spent in poor health.
• It is the equivalent number of years in full
health that a newborn can expect to live based
on current rates of ill-health and mortality.
28. DISABILITY RATES
DALYs: Disability Adjusted Life Years.
• It is defined as the number of years of healthy
life lost due to all causes whether from
premature mortality or disability.
• It is the simplest and the most commonly used
measure to find the burden of illness in a
defined population and the effectiveness of the
interventions
29. DISABILITY RATES
• Two things needed to measure DALYs are
- Life table of that country, to measure the
losses from premature deaths
- Loss of healthy life years resulting from
disability; the disability may be permanent
(polio) or temporary (TB, leprosy), physical or
mental.
• DALY = years of life lost + years lost to
disability
30. DISABILITY RATES
Uses of DALYs
• To assist in selecting health service priorities
• To identify the disadvantaged groups
• Targeting health interventions
• Measuring the results of health interventions
• Providing comparable measures for planning &
evaluating programmes
• To compare the health status of different countries
One DALY is one lost year of healthy life
31. DISABILITY RATES
• QALY is Quality Adjusted Life Year.
• It is the most commonly used to measure the
cost effectiveness of health interventions .
• It estimates the number of years of life added
by a successful treatment or adjustment for
quality of life.
• Each year in perfect health is assigned a value
of 1.0 down to a value of 0.0 for death.
32. NUTRITIONAL STATUS
INDICATORS
Nutritional Status is a positive health indicator.
Newborns are measured for their
i. Birth weight ii. Length iii. Head
circumference
They reflect the maternal nutrition status
Anthropometric measurements of pre-school children
i. Weight – measures acute malnutrition
ii. Height – measures chronic malnutrition
iii. Mid-arm circumference - measures chronic
malnutrition
33. NUTRITIONAL STATUS
INDICATORS
• Underweight: weight for age < –2 standard
deviations (SD) of the WHO Child Growth
Standards median
• Stunting: height for age < –2 SD of the WHO
Child Growth Standards median
• Wasting: weight for height < –2 SD of the
WHO Child Growth Standards median
• Overweight: weight for height > +2 SD of the
WHO Child Growth Standards median
34. NUTRITIONAL STATUS
INDICATORS
Growth Monitoring of children is done by
measuring weight-for-age, height-for-age,
weight-for- height, head & chest
circumference and mid-arm circumference.
In adults Underweight, Obesity and Anemia
are generally considered reliable nutritional
indicators.
35. Trends in Child Nutritional Status
(figures in %)
51
45
43
40
20
23
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Stunted Underweight Wasted
NFHS-2 NFHS-3
36. Health Care Delivery Indicators
These indicators reflect the equity of
distribution of health resources in different
parts of the country and of the provision of
health care.
• Doctor-population Ratio – 6/10000 (World
Health Statistics Report 2011)
• Nurse-population ratio – 13/10000
• Population-bed Ratio – 8.9/10000
The WHO Joint Learning Initiative has established
a threshold of 25 health workers (doctors, nurses
and midwives) per 10,000 population, with a WHO
endorsed lower threshold of 23 workers per 10,000.
37. Health Care Delivery Indicators
• Population per PHC – 34641 (Rural Health
Statistics Report 2012)
• Population per Sub centre - 5615.
Norms Present Status
Sub centre 3000-5000 5615
PHC 20000-30000 34641
CHC 80000-120000 172375
Rural Health Statistics Report 2012
38. UTILISATION RATES
Utilisation Rates or actual rates is expressed as
the proportion of people in need of a service who
actually receive it in a given period, usually a
year
• It depends on availability & accessibility of
health services and the attitude of an individual
towards health care system
• They direct attention towards discharge of social
responsibility for the organization in delivery of
services.
39. UTILISATION RATES
• Examples
1. Proportion of infants who are fully immunized
– 43.5% (NFHS-3)
2. Proportion of pregnant women who receive
ANC care or have institutional deliveries
3. Percentage of population who adopt family
planning
4. Bed occupancy ratio, bed-turn over ratio, etc.
41. Knowledge of Modern Spacing
Methods (figures in %)
49
8
11
85
69
74
79
97
45
17
20
83
51
93
87
95
Injectables
Female condom
Emergency contraception
Pill
IUD
Condom/Nirodh
Male sterilization
Female sterilization
Men Women
NFHS-3,2005-06
42. Women who received atleast 1
ANC(For birth in last 3 yrs)
65
83
59
66
86
60
77
91
72
Total Urban Rural
NFHS-1 NFHS-2 NFHS-3
HARYANA: 88%
43. INDICATORS OF SOCIAL AND
MENTAL HEALTH
• These include rates of suicide, homicide, other
crime, road traffic accident, juvenile delinquency,
alcohol and substance abuse, domestic violence,
battered-baby syndrome, etc.
• These indicators provide a guide to social action
for improving the health of people.
• Social and mental health of the children depend
on their parents.
• E.g. Substance abuse in orphan children
44. ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS
• These reflect the quality of physical and biological
environment in which diseases occur and people live.
• The most important are those measuring the proportion
of population having access to safe drinking water and
sanitation facilities.
• These indicators explains the prevalence of
communicable diseases in a community.
• The other indicators are those measuring the pollution
of air and water, radiation, noise pollution, exposure to
toxic substances in food and water.
45. Percentage of Household by Improved
Source of Drinking Water
25
18
43
13
3 Piped water into
dwelling
Public tap
Tube well
Protected well
Non-improved
According to WHO an improved source of drinking water includes water piped into
dwelling/yard/plot, water available from public tap or stand pipe or a tube well or
borehole, or a protected well or spring
47. SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
These do not directly measure health but are
important in interpreting health indicators.
These are
• Rate of growth of population: India-
decadal(2001-2011)-17.64%, Haryana -19.9%
(2001-2011)
• Per capita GNI (gross national income) – 5350
US$(World Bank 2013)
• Dependency ratio - 52
48. SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
• Literacy rates: India - 74.04% (2011) , Haryana -
76.64 % (2011) (source: www.census.gov.in/2011)
• Housing – the number of persons per room
• Per capita “calorie” availability
Countries with favorable socioeconomic
indicators have reported less health related
problems.
49. Literacy among women has doubled in 30 years; however, even among
the youngest one-fourth of women and one-tenth of men are illiterate
(figures in %)
55
74
64
55
48
43 40 38
78
89
84 81
76
70 69 68
15-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Women Men
Literacy rates -NFHS-3, India, 2005-06
51. HEALTH POLICY INDICATORS
The single most important indicator of political
commitment is allocation of adequate resources.
The relevant indicators are
• Proportion of GNP(gross national product) spent
on health services.
• Proportion of GNP spent on health related
activities like water supply and sanitation &
housing and nutrition.
• Proportion of total health resources devoted to
primary health care.
52. INDICATORS OF QUALITY OF
LIFE
Life expectancy is now less important.
The Quality of Life has gained its importance.
Physical Quality of Life Index
• It consolidates infant mortality, life expectancy at age
of 1yr and literacy.
• For each component the performance of individual
country is placed on a scale of 1 to 100.
• The composite index is calculated by averaging the
three indicators giving equal weight to each of them.
• The result is placed on the 0 to 100 scale.
• The PQLI does not consider the GNP.
53. INDICATORS OF QUALITY OF
LIFE
Human Development Index
It is defined as a composite index combining indicators
representing 3 dimensions –
i. Longevity( life expectancy at birth)
ii. Education (mean and expected years of schooling)
iii. Gross national income (GNI) per capita
The result is placed on the 0 to 1 scale
HDI for India was 0.702 (UNDP-2013)
HDI ranking of India is 135
54. OTHER INDICATORS
Social Indicators: UN Statistical Office
Population
Family formation
Families & households
Learning & educational
services
Learning activities
Distribution of income
Consumption &
accumulation
Social security &
welfare services
Health services &
nutrition
Housing & its
environment
Public order & safety;
time use
Social stratification &
mobility
55. OTHER INDICATORS
• Basic Needs Indicators are used by ILO and
include calorie consumption, access to water,
life expectancy, deaths due to disease,
illiteracy, doctors and nurses per population,
rooms per person, GNP per capita.
56. OTHER INDICATORS
Health For All Indicators
• For monitoring the progress towards the goal of
Health For All by 2000 , the WHO had listed the
following four categories of indicators.
1. Health policy indicators
• Political commitment to HFA
• Resource allocation
• Degree of equity of distribution of health services
• Community involvement
• Organisational framework and managerial process
57. OTHER INDICATORS
2.Social and economic indicators related to health
• Rate of population growth
• GNP or GDP
• Income distribution
• Work conditions
• Adult literacy rate
• Housing
• Food availability
3.Indicators for the provision of health care
• Availability
• Accessibility
• Utilisation
• Quality of care
58. OTHER INDICATORS
4. Health status indicators
• Low birth weight
• Nutritional status and psychosocial development of
children
• Infant mortality
• Child mortality rate (1-4yrs)
• Life expectancy at birth
• Maternal mortality rate
• Disease specific mortality
• Morbidity – incidence and prevalence
• Disability prevalence
59. MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT
GOALS
• Adopted by United Nations in year 2000.
• Opportunity for concerted action to improve
global health.
• The 8 MDGs, break down into 21 quantifiable
targets that are measured by 60 indicators.
60. Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Indicator 13.Under 5 mortality rate
14.Infant mortality rate
15.Proportion of 1 year old immunised against measles
Goal 5:improve maternal health
Indicator 16.Maternal mortality ratio
17.Proportion of birth attended by skilled birth personal
Goal 6:combat HIV/AIDS , Malaria and other diseases
Indicator18.HIV prevalence among young people
19.Condom use rate
20.No.of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS
21.Prevalance and death rates associated with malaria
22. Proportion of population in malaria risk areas using prevention
23.Prevalence and death rates associated with TB
24.Proportion of TB cases detected and cured.
61. SUMMARY
• Health not measured directly but using
indicators.
• Indicator should be valid, sensitive, specific,
reliable, relevant and feasible.
• Used in measuring, describing, comparing,
identifying health needs and planning and
evaluation of health services.
62. SUMMARY
• No single comprehensive indicator of a
nation’s health.
• Each available indicator reflects an aspect of
health.
• Search for a single global index of health
status continues.
• Use of multiple indicators arranged in profiles
or patterns used to make comparisons between
areas , regions and nations.
63. REFERENCES
Park K. Textbook of preventive and social medicine. 21st ed.
Jabalpur, India: Bhanot; 2011. p.24-27
Census 2011[online].2011[cited 2011 Sep 19] Available from URL:
http://www.census.gov.in/2011
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. National Family Health
Welfare [online].2011 Available from URL:
http://www.mohfw.nic.in/NFHS-PRESENTATION.htm
SRS bulletin September 2014. Available from Census of India :
Sample Registration System (SRS) Bulletins
Global health indicators – WHO. Available from
http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_W
HS2013_Part3.pdf
Rural health statistics 2012. available from
http://nrhm.gov.in/images/pdf/publication/RHS-2012.pdf