This ppt contains all the information about the Immunizing agents - Vaccines, Immunoglobulines and Antisera. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Immunization (either natural or artificial) provides protection to body against foreign antigenic species. Recent developments in this field have lead to the successful treatment of many such health disorders.
This ppt contains all the information about Modes of disease transmission. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
this ppt contains all information about epidemiology of chickenpox. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in it
Immunization (either natural or artificial) provides protection to body against foreign antigenic species. Recent developments in this field have lead to the successful treatment of many such health disorders.
This ppt contains all the information about Modes of disease transmission. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
this ppt contains all information about epidemiology of chickenpox. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in it
This ppt contains all the information about the Immunity - Host defences. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens and parasites from one infected person (or animal) to another, causing serious diseases in human populations
This ppt contains all the information about the Immunity - Host defences. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens and parasites from one infected person (or animal) to another, causing serious diseases in human populations
David Haselwood | How vaccines prevent diseasesDavid Haselwood
David Haselwood - Vaccines provide immunity that protects you from disease without the risk of the infection. It contains a small amount of the germs or parts of the germs that cause disease. The germs in vaccines are either killed or weakened so they can't make you sick. Therefore, vaccination plays an important role in one’s health. #DavidHaselwood
http://davidhaselwood.blogspot.in/
https://medium.com/@davidhaselwood
https://davidhaselwood.wordpress.com/
https://gust.com/companies/david-haselwood
Vaccines (Immunotherapy) along with COVID-19 Overview, Types of Vaccines, Adjuvants, Antigen Uptake Mechanism, COVID-19 Mechanism Of Action, and much more.
Immunity, vaccine, prophylaxis,immune system contains:
➢innate components (composed of primitive bone marrow cells that
are programmed to recognise foreign substances and react)
➢adaptive components (composed of more advanced lymphatic cells
that are programmed to recognise self substances and don't react
General immunity - is formed when the pathogen enters the bloodstream, as a
result, IgM and IgG (humoral immunity) are formed, and / or lymphocytes
specific against this pathogen are activated with different functional directions,
performing cellular protection (cellular immunity).
▪ Local immunity - is formed in places of accumulation of lymphoid tissue
(mucous membranes, salivary, mammary glands), intended for local humoral
(IgA and IgG) and cellular protection. Lymphoid tissue is especially potent in
the intestinal mucosa, less in the respiratory tract.
▪ It should be noted that the strength of the immune system and the speed of the
immune response increase with repeated, especially multiple, meetings with
the pathogen (booster effect).
This ppt contains all the information about Revised NationalTuberculosis Control programme (RNTCP) It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all the information about National Leprosy Eradication programme (NLEP). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about World Health Organization (WHO). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of cholera. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of typhoid fever. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of Malaria. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of Pertussis ( Whooping Cough). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Diptheria. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of mumps. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Measles. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all information about Health statistics-Vital Statistics. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of tuberculosis. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about Concepts and levels of prevention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the Disinfection. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the Modes of intervention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the Concept and Levels of prevention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about the Epidemiology of leprosy. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt contains all the information about Primary Health Care. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
4. 1. Vaccines
Vaccine is an immuno-biological
substance when administered stimulates
production of antibody and protect
individual against particular disease.
Vaccines are used for active
immunization.
5. Types of vaccine
1. Live
2. Killed
3. Subunit vaccine
4. Combined
Subunit vaccine
1. Toxoid
2. Protein vac
3. Recombinant protein vac
4. Polysaccharide based vac
5. Conjugated vac
6. 1. Live vaccines
Live vaccines are prepared from live or
wild (generally attenuated) organisms.
These organisms are passed repeatedly in
the laboratory in tissue cultures or chick
embryos and have lost their capacity to
induce full blown disease but retain the
Immunogenicity.
E.g BCG, Measles, Oral polio
6
7. Live Vaccines Are More Potent Immunizing
Agents Than Killed Vaccines Because
Live organisms multiply in the host and the
resulting antigenic dose is larger than what is
injected.
Have all the major and minor antigenic
components.
Engage certain tissues of body (e.g. intestinal
mucosa by polio).
Other mechanisms such as persistence of latent
virus.
8. Contraindication of live vaccine
Immune deficiency disease
Person whose immune response is suppressed
because of leukemia, lymphoma, malignancy
or therapy with corticosteroids, alkylating
agents, anti-metabolic agents or radiation
Pregnancy
When two live vaccines are required they should
be given either simultaneously at different sites
or with an interval of at least three weeks.
10. 2. Killed or inactivated vaccines
Inactivated vaccines are produced by growing
virus or bacteria in culture media and then
inactivating them with heat or chemicals
(usually formalin)
They stimulate active immunity.
They are generally safe but less effective than
live vaccines.
Killed vaccine require a series of 2-3 doses of
vaccine to produce adequate antibody
response.
Most cases require booster dose.
11. The duration of immunity - varies from
months to many years.
Usually administered by subcutaneous or
intramuscular route.
Contraindication - severe local or general
reaction to previous dose.
12. Inactivated or Killed Vaccines
12
Bacterial Viral
Typhoid Rabies
Cholera Salk polio
Pertusis Influenza
Plague Hepatitis A
Japanese encephalitis
13. 3. Toxoids
Certain organisms produce exotoxins e.g.
diphtheria and tetanus bacilli.
The toxins produced by these organisms are
detoxicated and used in preparation of the
vaccines.
The antibodies produced neutralize the toxin
produced during the infection.
The toxoid act against the toxin rather than act
on the organism.
Toxoid preparations are highly efficacious and
safe immunizing agents.
E.g. Dipththeria, tetanus
14. 4. Combined vaccines
If more than one kind of immunizing agent is
included in the vaccine it is called a mixed or
combined vaccine.
The aim of combined vaccines is to simplify
administration, reduce costs minimize the
number of contacts of the patient
with the health system, reducing the storage
cost, improving timelines of vaccination and
facilitating the addition of new
vaccine into immunization programme.
15. Examples of combined vaccines
DPT (Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus)
DT (Diphtheria-tetanus)
DP (Diphtheria-pertussis)
DPT and typhoid vaccine
MMR (Measles, mumps and rubella)
DPTP (DPT + inactivated polio)
Hepatitis A, and B
Hepatitis A, and typhoid
DTwP (Diphtheria, tetanus, whole-cell pertussis)
DPT-Hep B-Hib (Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus,
hepatitis B and haemophilus influenza type B)
17. 2. Immunoglobulines
The human immunoglobulin system is
composed of 5 major classes (IgG, IgM,
IgA, IgD and IgE) and sub-classes
within them.
The various classes and sub-classes of
immunoglobulins represent different
functional groups that are required to
meet different types of antigenic
challenges.
18. 1. IgG
80%
Major immunoglobuline
Antibodies to gram +ve
pyogenic bacteria
Antiviral, antitoxic
antibodies are found in
IgG
Half life - 21 days
Extra-vascular
Transported across
placenta
2. IgA
13%
Found in body secretion
e.g. saliva, milk, colostrum,
tears, bronchial secretion,
mucus secretion of
intestine
Half life -6-8 days
It provides primary defense
mechanism at mucus
membrane against local
infection
19. 3. IgE
<0.0005%
Found in submucus
tissue
Responsible for
immediate allergic
anaphylactic reaction
Increase in Helminthes
infestation
Half life -2days
4. IgM
6%
It represents antibody that is
promptly formed with
exposure to antigen
Its presence may be
indicative of recent infection
High agglutinating &
complement fixing ability.
Can be produced by fetus
undergoing infection
Half life -7days
20. 5. IgD
< 0.0003mg/ml
Half life – 2 days.
Act as antigen receptor when present on
certain B lymphocytes
21. Immunoglobuline preparation
It is the readymade antibody preparation
obtained from human beings.
It produces immediate immunity.
These are used for passive immunization.
These are -
a. Normal human immunoglobulin
b. Specific (hyper-immune) human
immunoglobulin
These are used in the prophylaxis of viral
and bacterial infections and in replacement of
antibodies in immuno-deficient patients.
22. Immunoglobulines are of two types -
1. Normal human immunoglobulin
2. Specific human immunoglobulin
Uses -
a. Used for prophylaxis of viral and
bacterial infection
b. Replacement of antibodies in immuno
deficient patients
23. a. Normal human immunoglobulin
It is antibody rich fraction, obtained from pool of at
least 1000 donors.
Prepared from plasma
WHO standards for preparation NHIg
Should contain 90% of intact IgG
All IgG sub classes should be present
Level of antibody against two bacterial species and two
virus.
There should be a low lgA concentration
Uses –
1. For prevention of measles in highly susceptible contacts.
2. Temporary protection (12weeks) against Hepatitis A
infection in travelers.
24. b. Specific human immunoglobulin
Prepared from the plasma of patients who have
recently recovered from an infection or are obtained
from individuals who have been immunized against a
specific infection.
They therefore have a high antibody content against
an individual infection and provide immediate
protection e.g.
1. Chickenpox prophylaxis of highly susceptible
individuals
2. Hepatitis B - post exposure prophylaxis
3. Rabies
4. Tetanus prophylaxis
25. Adverse reaction of Immunoglobulines
1. Local – Pain, sterile abscess
2. Systemic –
a. Rapid
Occurs within minutes
Anaphylactic
b. Late
Occurs within hours or days
Urticaria, diarrhoea, pyrexia, arthralgia
26. Human Normal Ig Human Specific Ig Non Human
Antisera
Rabies Diphtheria
Hepatitis A Tetanus Tetanus
Measles Mumps Gas gangerene
Hepatitis B Botulism
Varicella Rabies
Diphtheria
28. 3. Antisera or Antitoxins
Antisera are the materials prepared from non-human
source like animals-horse.
Used for passive immunization
Less effective
Immunity up to 2-3 week
Antitoxins prepared from non human sources are
Tetanus – ante tetanus serum
Diphtheria- anti diptheria serum
Anti snake venom
Anti Gas gangrene serum