Visibility lrg
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This document discusses vessel speed and safety at sea. It states that every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed to take proper action to avoid collisions and stop within a safe distance based on conditions like visibility, traffic, vessel manageability, hazards, and draft. In determining a safe speed, factors like state of visibility, traffic density, vessel handling characteristics, background lighting, wind/sea conditions, and navigational hazards must be considered.
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Types of fog lrg
This document discusses different types of fog and their formation. It describes radiation fog, which forms at night from the cooling of land surfaces. It also discusses advection fog, which forms when moist air moves over a cooler surface, as well as upslope and valley fogs caused by air cooling as it rises over terrain. Several other fog types are mentioned, including frontal and precipitation fogs associated with rain. The document concludes with a short poem about fog by Carl Sandburg.
Types of fog
Fog forms through three main processes: radiation fog, advection fog, and upslope fog. Radiation fog occurs at night in clear, humid conditions as the ground cools. Advection fog forms when warm, moist air moves over colder surfaces. Upslope fog develops as humid air rises up sloping land, cooling adiabatically. Each type has distinguishing characteristics in terms of formation, thickness, duration and location.
Fog
This document discusses the four main types of fog: radiation fog, which forms at night when the ground cools and humid air condenses; advection fog, which forms over oceans when warm, moist air moves over cooler surfaces; upslope fog, which occurs when moist air is pushed up mountains; and evaporation fog, which forms when cold air moves over warm water and adds vapor to the air. Each type of fog has specific environmental conditions that cause its formation.
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Tiny particles in the air called hygroscopic nuclei can cause water vapor to condense and form clouds. Clouds are classified by their appearance and altitude into low, middle, and high clouds. Low clouds include stratus, nimbostratus, and stratocumulus and form near the surface. Middle clouds such as altocumulus and altostratus form between 7,000 to 20,000 feet. High clouds like cirrus, cirrostratus, and cirrocumulus are made of ice crystals and form above 20,000 feet. Different cloud types can indicate upcoming weather conditions.
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This document discusses different types of fog and their formation. It describes radiation fog, which forms at night from the cooling of land surfaces. It also discusses advection fog, which forms when moist air moves over a cooler surface, as well as upslope and valley fogs caused by air cooling as it rises over terrain. Several other fog types are mentioned, including frontal and precipitation fogs associated with rain. The document concludes with a short poem about fog by Carl Sandburg.
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Fog forms through three main processes: radiation fog, advection fog, and upslope fog. Radiation fog occurs at night in clear, humid conditions as the ground cools. Advection fog forms when warm, moist air moves over colder surfaces. Upslope fog develops as humid air rises up sloping land, cooling adiabatically. Each type has distinguishing characteristics in terms of formation, thickness, duration and location.
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This document discusses the four main types of fog: radiation fog, which forms at night when the ground cools and humid air condenses; advection fog, which forms over oceans when warm, moist air moves over cooler surfaces; upslope fog, which occurs when moist air is pushed up mountains; and evaporation fog, which forms when cold air moves over warm water and adds vapor to the air. Each type of fog has specific environmental conditions that cause its formation.
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Tiny particles in the air called hygroscopic nuclei can cause water vapor to condense and form clouds. Clouds are classified by their appearance and altitude into low, middle, and high clouds. Low clouds include stratus, nimbostratus, and stratocumulus and form near the surface. Middle clouds such as altocumulus and altostratus form between 7,000 to 20,000 feet. High clouds like cirrus, cirrostratus, and cirrocumulus are made of ice crystals and form above 20,000 feet. Different cloud types can indicate upcoming weather conditions.
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Clouds are formed when warm air rises and cools, causing water vapor to condense on particles in the air. There are three main categories of clouds based on altitude - high, middle, and low clouds. High clouds like cirrus are wispy and predict fair weather, while middle clouds like altostratus often precede rain or snow. Low clouds such as stratus are uniform gray sheets that can produce light precipitation. Cumulus clouds are puffy fair weather clouds that can develop into storm clouds. Fog is a cloud on the ground composed of water droplets. Different types of fog form through processes like cooling or evaporation.
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Clouds are formed when warm air rises and cools, causing water vapor to condense on particles in the air. There are three main categories of clouds based on altitude - high, middle, and low clouds. High clouds like cirrus are wispy and predict fair weather, while middle clouds like altostratus often precede rain or snow. Low clouds such as stratus are uniform gray sheets that can produce light precipitation. Cumulus clouds are puffy fair weather clouds that can develop into storm clouds. Fog is a cloud on the ground composed of water droplets. Different types of fog form through processes like cooling or evaporation.
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This document provides information about storms, including what defines a storm, the causes of storms, types of clouds associated with storms, and common types of storms. It defines a storm as any disturbed state of an environment's atmosphere, especially affecting its surface. Storms are created by opposing high and low pressure systems that can create winds and storm clouds. Common storm types discussed include thunderstorms, snowstorms, blizzards, wind storms, hailstorms, and tropical cyclones.
Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms are formed by cumulonimbus clouds and are characterized by lightning and thunder. They develop when certain atmospheric conditions are met, such as unstable lapse rates and sufficient water vapor. Thunderstorms can be triggered by different mechanisms like surface heating, frontal lifting, orographic lifting, and convergence. There are different types of thunderstorms including single cell, multicell, and supercells. Thunderstorms pose various hazards to aviation like turbulence, icing, hail, wind shear, lightning, tornadoes, and microbursts. Pilots can detect and avoid thunderstorms using weather radar and visual sighting, and recommended distances of avoidance depend on aircraft altitude.
Weather presentation
Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place and is influenced by factors like air temperature, wind, humidity, clouds, and precipitation. The document discusses these factors and provides examples of different types of clouds, precipitation, air masses, fronts, and severe weather phenomena like thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. It also mentions tools like weather maps, isobars, and the Fujita scale that are used in weather forecasting.
Meteorology
Meteorology is the science that studies atmospheric phenomena like weather. Meteorologists use weather stations around the world to collect data on elements like clouds, rain, wind, humidity, and instruments are used to measure these elements. The history of meteorology dates back to ancient times and key developments over centuries included the invention of the barometer, thermometer, and satellites that now allow global weather monitoring.
meteorology.docx
This document summarizes the formation of different types of condensation in the atmosphere, including dew, frost, fog, and clouds. It explains that dew and frost form through conduction and deposition of water vapor onto surfaces as air cools at night. Fog forms through further condensation as relative humidity reaches 100%, creating tiny water droplets. Clouds also form through condensation of water vapor onto condensation nuclei to create cloud droplets. The document categorizes different types of fog and clouds that form through various cooling and moisture addition mechanisms like radiation, advection, upslope flow, and evaporation.
Aviation Meteorology
This document discusses aviation meteorology and the relationship between meteorology and aerospace engineering. It begins by defining meteorology and describing the composition of the atmosphere. It then discusses various meteorological phenomena relevant to aviation like clouds, thunderstorms, visibility, and continuous gusts. It also describes the instrumentation used in aviation meteorology. Finally, it discusses topics like aviaticus clouds, weather reporting codes, and the role of geology in runway construction.
Aviation Meteorology
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the general
terms and definitions that falls under the ‘common set’ in the
intersection of the sets Meteorology and Aerospace Engineering.
It begins with the universal explanations for the meteorological
phenomena under the ‘common set’ followed by the
categorization of clouds and their influences on the aerial
vehicles, the instrumentation used in Aeronautics to determine
the required Meteorological quantities, factors affecting aviation,
effects of aviation on the clouds, and the corresponding protocols
involved in deciphering the ‘common set’ elements.
It also talks about the relation between airport construction and
Geology prior to concluding with the uses and successes of
Meteorology in the field of Aerospace.
cloud seeding - final draft
Cloud seeding is a process where chemicals like silver iodide are released into clouds to induce precipitation. While cloud seeding can increase water supply and help regulate weather, allowing for more crop growth and airport use, it also poses risks. The chemicals used may be harmful to the environment if their long term effects aren't understood. More research is needed into cloud seeding chemicals and why some clouds don't produce precipitation naturally to better address environmental impacts and prevent droughts.
Navigating Through the Fog: Solutions for Clearing the Air and Visibility
Fog can be a mesmerizing sight, enveloping landscapes in a mysterious veil and adding an ethereal quality to our surroundings. However, when it comes to navigating through foggy conditions, it can pose significant challenges and hazards, especially for travelers on roads, pilots in the air, and maritime vessels at sea. In this blog post, we'll explore the various solutions available for clearing the air and improving visibility amidst foggy weather conditions.
Tropical cyclone
Tropical cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons, are large storm systems that form over warm tropical oceans and are characterized by strong winds that spiral inward toward the eye of the storm. They develop when warm, moist air rises and condenses, releasing latent heat that powers the storm. Tropical cyclones strengthen over warm ocean waters due to evaporation that fuels thunderstorms and heavy rain. They weaken rapidly when moving over land away from their heat source. Major tropical cyclone basins are monitored by regional warning centers that track storms and issue advisories.
Weather2020 Long Range Forecasting Weather School
This document provides an introduction to meteorology and weather forecasting from 1 day to 200 days into the future. It discusses Gary Lezak's background and the Lezak Recurring Cycle technology. The first chapter discusses the troposphere, including its composition and temperature profile. It notes that 99% of water vapor and 75% of atmospheric mass is contained within the troposphere. Chapter 1 also uses cumulonimbus clouds to visualize the top of the troposphere. Chapter 2 begins covering cloud types, how they form through condensation, and the role of condensation nuclei. It presents the 10 basic cloud types in 3 categories and provides examples of stratus and altostratus clouds.
Weather2020 Long Range Forecasting Weather School Chapters 1 & 2
This document provides an introduction to meteorology and weather forecasting from 1 day to 200 days into the future. It begins with an overview of meteorologist Gary Lezak's background and forecasting approach using the Lezak Recurring Cycle technology. The document then covers the following key points in subsequent chapters:
- Chapter 1 discusses the atmosphere, specifically the troposphere where weather occurs. It notes the troposphere extends 5-13 miles high and its temperature decreases with height.
- Chapter 2 introduces cloud types as the basics of forecasting. It explains cloud formation through the water cycle and need for condensation nuclei. The 10 main cloud types are defined by their low, middle, and high levels
Thunderstorms: Don't Flirt... Skirt 'em. FAA P-8740-12
This document provides an overview of thunderstorm hazards and tips for avoiding thunderstorms. It discusses the ingredients and development stages of thunderstorms, including the cumulus, mature, and dissipating stages. The document emphasizes that all thunderstorms should be avoided and outlines general rules for thunderstorm avoidance, such as maintaining at least 5 miles of distance from storms and 20 miles from very strong storms. It also reviews the capabilities and limitations of weather radar systems for detecting thunderstorms.
Ch 18 ppt 2012
Water vapor is the most important gas in the atmosphere. Clouds form when air is cooled to its dew point. There are three main types of clouds - cirrus, cumulus, and stratus - which are classified based on their height in the atmosphere. Precipitation forms as cloud droplets grow in size, with the type of precipitation depending on temperature profiles. Common forms of precipitation include rain, snow, sleet, glaze, and hail.
Precipitation. by engr. ghulam yasin taunsvi
1. Rain - liquid deposits falling from the atmosphere
to the surface
- with a diameter > 0.5 mm
- < 0.5 mm: drizzle
- max. size: about 5 - 7 mm
(too large to remain suspended)
- beyond this size, inter-molecular cohesive
forces become to weak to be held in the
mass of water together as a single drop
Tornadoes
Tornadoes form when strong winds within thunderstorms cause water vapor in the air to condense into a funnel cloud. They range in severity from weak land spouts to catastrophic tornadoes over 300 mph wide. Storm chasers carefully study weather data to track conditions favorable for tornado formation and document tornadoes. Safety tips include seeking shelter in interior rooms on the lowest floor of sturdy buildings and protecting your head and body when a tornado threatens.
05.09.08 flood or_drought_science
1) Aerosols can both decrease and increase rainfall through their effects on cloud microphysics and radiation. They slow the conversion of cloud droplets to raindrops but can invigorate deep convective clouds under certain conditions.
2) Observational studies show that aerosols can completely suppress precipitation from shallow clouds but do not generally reduce rainfall amounts from all cloud types. Heavy aerosol loading has been observed to both suppress rainfall from tropical clouds and invigorate deep convective clouds with warm cloud bases.
3) The document proposes a conceptual model to explain how slowing droplet conversion through increased aerosols can enhance rainfall in deep convective clouds by increasing latent heat release and upward heat transport
Climatic extremes
Climate Extreme (extreme weather or climate event) refers to the occurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of observed values of the variable. Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to disasters.
Secondary - Storms - Prevention
The document discusses signs that indicate an upcoming storm. It explains that storms are caused by high and low pressure systems creating winds and storm clouds. Key signs of a storm include high winds, clouds like cumulonimbus that can produce thunderstorms, and various forms of precipitation such as rain, hail, sleet or snow. The document also discusses clouds, wind patterns and speeds, and different types of precipitation in more detail.
Clouds
Clouds form when water vapor condenses around particles in the atmosphere. There are three main types of clouds classified by their appearance and formation altitude: cirriform clouds form highest in wispy forms, cumuliform clouds include towering cumulonimbus storm clouds, and stratiform clouds appear in horizontal sheets obscuring the sky. The type of cloud influences the expected weather conditions.
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More from Lance Grindley
Waves lrg
The document discusses waves and their behavior. It defines key terms like crest, trough, wavelength and period. It describes how waves form and the factors that influence their shape, such as fetch, depth, currents and seabed slope. It explains how waves change as they move from deep to shallow water, undergoing refraction and steepening. This can result in waves breaking near shore. It also discusses particle motion within waves and the different types of breaking waves.
Total tide lrg
The document describes the Total Tide tidal prediction software launched in May 2001. It provides tidal predictions for ports and allows viewing of tidal curves, times and heights for high and low waters. The software also includes features for tidal streams, vessel dimensions, and astronomical data. Licensing rules allow the software to be installed on an unlimited number of workstations.
Time lrg
This document discusses the origins and definitions of various units of time measurement. It provides the following key points:
- Years, days, and months are based on the motions of the Earth, sun, and moon. A day is one rotation of the Earth, a year is one revolution around the sun, and a month was originally one revolution of the moon.
- Solar days vary slightly in length due to the elliptical orbits of planets and Earth's axial tilt. Local mean time uses longitude to account for time differences between locations.
- Astronomy uses precise time measurements like Greenwich Hour Angle and Local Hour Angle to determine positions of celestial bodies based on their movement relative to meridians. The Local Hour Angle
Tides revision lrg
This document provides information about tides and tidal streams, including:
- How to calculate tidal heights and depths from levels and datum
- How to calculate predicted tide heights for standard and secondary ports
- How tidal streams are calculated using tidal diamonds and stream atlases
It then gives an example calculation of tide heights for Watchet using the standard port of Avonmouth. The high water is predicted to be 12.8 meters at 0848 hours on July 26th at Watchet.
Tides and tidal streams 1 lrg
This document provides information about tides and tidal streams, including:
- The gravitational forces that cause tides from the Moon and Sun.
- How tides occur twice daily, with high and low waters approximately 6 hours and 10 minutes apart.
- How spring and neap tides occur depending on the Moon's position relative to the Earth and Sun.
- How to use Admiralty Tide Tables to calculate tide heights and depths at any location and time.
Tides & astro consolidation lrg
This document provides examples of tide and tidal calculations. Example 1 calculates limiting danger line depth based on vessel draught and predicted tide height. Example 2 calculates required tide height for a vessel deck to be level with a jetty. Further examples calculate predicted tide heights and times at various locations based on tide tables and charts. Examples also cover sunset/twilight times based on latitude/longitude and gyro error calculation from observed sunset bearing. The document demonstrates various tidal calculations and concepts.
The sky lrg
The document discusses concepts related to observing the night sky, including:
- The celestial sphere represents the sky as a hollow dome centered on Earth. Key points are the zenith overhead and horizon.
- The altitude is a star's height above the horizon, and azimuth is its direction from true north.
- The celestial sphere model orients observations using the north and south celestial poles and celestial equator analogously to Earth's geographic coordinates.
Terrestrial communications lrg
HF provides long-range communication capabilities for ship-to-shore and shore-to-ship use as an alternative to satellite communication outside Inmarsat coverage areas. MF frequencies between 2-4 MHz provide medium-range service for distress communication, while VHF uses 156.525 MHz and 156.8 MHz for short-range distress communication.
Stability lrg
The document discusses vessel stability, including:
- Initial stability refers to a vessel's stability from 0 to 7 degrees of heel. Overall stability is a general measure of a vessel's ability to resist capsizing.
- The center of buoyancy (B) is the point where the total buoyancy force acts. It shifts upwards as a vessel heels. The center of gravity (G) is the point where all weights are concentrated.
- The metacenter (M) is the intersection of the vertical line through B and the line of action of buoyancy as B shifts. As B moves up, M moves down. A higher metacenter means greater initial stability.
- Positive stability exists when
Sextant lrg
The document summarizes the basic construction and use of a marine sextant. It describes the main components of a sextant including the frame, index bar, index glass, and horizon glass. It discusses correctable errors like perpendicularity, side error, and collimation error. It provides instructions on testing for errors and making adjustments. The document also covers care, calibration needs, and best practices for taking accurate sightings with a sextant.
Satellite communications lrg
Inmarsat provides satellite communication services for ships involved in distress cases through its space segment and terminals installed on vessels. Ships fitted with Inmarsat terminals can originate and receive communications to coordinate rescue efforts with other vessels and rescue coordination centers. The Inmarsat system also includes an Enhanced Group Calling system to send operational updates and an Inmarsat-E satellite emergency position indicating radio beacon service that will automatically transmit a distress signal and location if a ship sinks.
Rotr 1 lrg
The document provides an overview of the Rules of the Road, which establish navigation rules to prevent collisions between vessels. It is structured in five parts that cover general rules, steering and sailing rules for different visibility conditions, lights and shapes, sound and light signals, and exemptions. Key points include rules regarding safe speed, determining risk of collision, navigation in narrow channels, traffic separation schemes, overtaking, actions of stand-on and give-way vessels, and maneuvering signals. The document also provides references for additional guidance on applying the rules of the road.
Rescue boat handling lrg
This document provides information on boat handling and terminology. It discusses key concepts such as:
1) The relationship between boat behavior and physics can be perplexing, and no two boats respond the same even in identical conditions, requiring practice to develop boat handling skills.
2) Maneuvering boats successfully requires understanding characteristics like hull type, propeller direction, effects of wind and current, and how to properly use lines when docking or departing.
3) Terminology is introduced for components, motions, and port/starboard directions to facilitate understanding between boat operators.
Radio navaids
LORAN-C is a hyperbolic radio navigation system that uses time difference measurements between signals transmitted by master and slave stations to determine a user's position. It operates at a basic frequency of 100kHz and can achieve accuracies of less than 300 feet within 1200km of groundwave coverage or up to 11 meters within 3000km of skywave coverage. Charts for LORAN-C can be found in folios of the 300 chart series, and it functions by measuring the time difference between signals from a master station and two slave stations.
Radar plotting lrg
This document provides instructions for plotting radar targets over a 6 minute interval to determine course, speed, closest point of approach (CPA), and time to CPA (TCPA) of other vessels. It outlines the steps to mark initial bearing and range, draw target movement line, transfer own vessel movement, calculate distances traveled, and determine other vessel's course, speed, CPA and TCPA. It concludes that in this example, if no course or speed changes are made, there will be a collision at a CPA of 0.0 nautical miles at 12:09:48, and that the observer is the give-way vessel in a crossing situation.
Principles of stability lrg
This document defines key terms and concepts related to ship stability, including Archimedes' principle, center of gravity, center of buoyancy, metacenter, righting arm, and free surface effect. It explains that a ship is stable when its center of buoyancy is below and to the side of the center of gravity, and that the metacenter indicates the ship's stability based on its position relative to the center of gravity. Additionally, it discusses how stability curves illustrate a ship's righting arm at different angles of heel and how the free surface effect can negatively impact stability when compartments are only partially filled with water.
Pilotage lrg
Pilotage involves navigating close to land and hazards requiring attention to a vessel's draft. It draws on references like charts, sailing directions, port guides and experience. Sources of information include the largest scale chart, tidal data, and personal experience. An estimated time of arrival is chosen based on depths, tidal streams, time of day, and operational factors. A track is selected using clearing bearings that consider the vessel's underwater profile and isolated dangers, and is drawn on the chart. Wheel over positions are marked along with tidal stream effects. Pilotage execution involves using transits, running headings and speeds, taking over control, and commentary while flexibly adapting to actual conditions and traffic.
Paper & electronic charts lrg
The document discusses the making and use of paper charts and electronic charts for navigation. It provides a brief history of how soundings were obtained from hand-lead lines to modern multi-beam sonar. Electronic charts have benefits over paper charts like reduced clutter and ability to be incrementally updated. The document also examines electronic chart display and functionality including depth areas, vessel draft effect, and change analysis.
Ood duties lrg
The document outlines the duties and responsibilities of the Officer of the Watch (OOW) while at sea and in harbor. The OOW is accountable to the Commanding Officer and has authority over all other crew members regarding duties. Key responsibilities include ensuring the safety of the ship, crew, and equipment by monitoring for emergencies like fire, flooding, collisions, and storms. The OOW must also oversee the ship's appearance, discipline, stores embarkation, gangway security, and ship's boats. The OOW reports directly to the Master and assumes these duties and responsibilities when taking over the watch.
Ocean passage planning
This document provides guidance on planning ocean passages and includes details to consider such as publications to reference, tidal information, sunrise/sunset times, navigation methods, passage route planning, chart requirements, weather factors, ship traffic considerations, operational factors, international maritime regulations and signals to send for coordination and reporting. Planning involves determining estimated times of departure and arrival, tidal conditions, fuel requirements, garbage disposal compliance and indicating planned routes, course alterations and rendezvous on charts.
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Power Grid Model
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Visibility lrg
- 1. © Grunt Productions 2008 VisibilityVisibility A brief by Lance GrindleyA brief by Lance Grindley
- 2. © Grunt Productions 2009 VisibilityVisibility Rule 6Rule 6 Safe SpeedSafe Speed Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can takeEvery vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within aproper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among thoseIn determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:taken into account: (a) By all vessels:(a) By all vessels: (i) The state of visibility;(i) The state of visibility; (ii) The traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any(ii) The traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;other vessels; (iii) The manageability of the vessel with special reference to stopping(iii) The manageability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions;distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions; (iv) At night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or(iv) At night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter from her own lights;from back scatter from her own lights; (v) The state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational(v) The state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;hazards; (vi) The draft in relation to the available depth of water.(vi) The draft in relation to the available depth of water.
- 3. © Grunt Productions 2008 -is a-is a cloudcloud in contact with thein contact with the ground.ground. -is a cloud (stratus) which has its-is a cloud (stratus) which has its cloud base on or close to ground,cloud base on or close to ground, and reduces visibility to less thanand reduces visibility to less than 10001000 FogFog
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- 5. © Grunt Productions 2008 MistMist is a phenomenon of small droplets suspendedis a phenomenon of small droplets suspended inin airair. It can occur as part of natural. It can occur as part of natural weatherweather oror volcanicvolcanic activity, and is common in cold airactivity, and is common in cold air above warmer water, inabove warmer water, in exhaledexhaled air in the cold,air in the cold, and in a steam room of aand in a steam room of a saunasauna. It can also be. It can also be created artificially withcreated artificially with aerosol canistersaerosol canisters if theif the humidity conditions are right.humidity conditions are right.
- 6. © Grunt Productions 2008 MistMist
- 7. © Grunt Productions 2008 HazeHaze is caused when sunlight encounters tinyis caused when sunlight encounters tiny pollutionpollution particles in the airparticles in the air. Some light is absorbed by the. Some light is absorbed by the particles. Other light is scattered before it reaches anparticles. Other light is scattered before it reaches an observer. More pollutants in the air mean moreobserver. More pollutants in the air mean more absorption and scattering of light, which reduce theabsorption and scattering of light, which reduce the clarity and color of what we see. Some types ofclarity and color of what we see. Some types of particles, such as sulfates, scatter more light thanparticles, such as sulfates, scatter more light than others, particularly during humid conditions.others, particularly during humid conditions.
- 8. © Grunt Productions 2008
- 9. © Grunt Productions 2008 is a kind ofis a kind of air pollutionair pollution; the word "smog" is a; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Comes fromportmanteau of smoke and fog. Comes from vehicular and industrial emissions that arevehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by sunlight to formacted on in the atmosphere by sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine withsecondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemicalthe primary emissions to form photochemical smogsmog SmogSmog
- 10. © Grunt Productions 2008 SmogSmog
- 11. © Grunt Productions 2008 Sea SmokeSea Smoke Evaporation fog or steam fog which is formedEvaporation fog or steam fog which is formed when water vapor is added to air which iswhen water vapor is added to air which is much colder than the vapor's source; mostmuch colder than the vapor's source; most commonly, when very cold air drifts acrosscommonly, when very cold air drifts across relatively warm water.relatively warm water. cold air moves over warmer water.cold air moves over warmer water.
- 12. © Grunt Productions 2008 Sea SmokeSea Smoke
- 13. © Grunt Productions 2008 Fog:Fog: TypesTypes Radiation FogRadiation Fog Advection FogAdvection Fog Upslope FogUpslope Fog Steam FogSteam Fog
- 14. © Grunt Productions 2008 How they formHow they form Radiation fogRadiation fog shallow, moist air nearshallow, moist air near surfacesurface clear/calm nightsclear/calm nights although light winds willalthough light winds will bring more air in contactbring more air in contact with groundwith ground
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- 16. © Grunt Productions 2008 Advection FogAdvection Fog Common off the west coast of the U.S. Cold current along coastline warm water further to the west westerlies moving in from the warmer water to the colder water
- 17. © Grunt Productions 2008 Advection FogAdvection Fog
- 18. © Grunt Productions 2008