Thunderstorms are most likely to occur in the spring and summer months and during the afternoon and evening hours, but they can occur year-round and at all hours. Thunderstorms frequently occur in the late afternoon and at night in the Plains states. This module highlights the basics of thunderstorms.
A document tackling about the basis of Thunderstorms:
-What is Thunderstorm?
-How do the Thunderstorms form?
-What is the difference between thunder and lightning?
Between a water spout and a tornado?
-What are the types of Lightning? of a Thunderstorm?
-What are some signs of an approaching thunderstorm?
-What are some precautionary measures to do before and during a thunderstorm?
-Case of Thunderstorms in the Philippines and on Planes
Thunderstorms are most likely to occur in the spring and summer months and during the afternoon and evening hours, but they can occur year-round and at all hours. Thunderstorms frequently occur in the late afternoon and at night in the Plains states. This module highlights the basics of thunderstorms.
A document tackling about the basis of Thunderstorms:
-What is Thunderstorm?
-How do the Thunderstorms form?
-What is the difference between thunder and lightning?
Between a water spout and a tornado?
-What are the types of Lightning? of a Thunderstorm?
-What are some signs of an approaching thunderstorm?
-What are some precautionary measures to do before and during a thunderstorm?
-Case of Thunderstorms in the Philippines and on Planes
Tornado Presentation , Formation of tornado , Causes , Types , Mitigation of ...Chandan Pradhan
Tornado is a violently rotating columns of air that extent form thunderstorm to the ground.
It is also called twister .
it can take various shape with the wind direction.
this is a presentation of cyclone.in this ppt, various types of cyclones are given.its effects, formation, different names, types, emergency response on cyclone is given
My first presentation on slideshare. A short research made by me about Tornado. I hope you all will like it and it will definitely help you. Thank you ! :)
Clouds
What are clouds?
A cloud is a large collection of very tiny droplets of water or ice crystals. The droplets are so small and light that they can float in the air.
Why do clouds float?
A cloud is made up of liquid water droplets. A cloud forms when air is heated by the sun. As it rises, it slowly cools it reaches the saturation point and water condenses, forming a cloud. As long as the cloud and the air that its made of is warmer than the outside air around it, it floats!
There are 3 main types of clouds:
Cirrus or thin feathery clouds
Stratus or layered clouds
Cumulus or fluffy clouds
Cirrus Clouds
Are the most common of the
high clouds. They are composed of ice and are thin, wispy clouds blown in high winds into long streamers. Cirrus clouds are usually white and predict fair to pleasant weather. By watching the movement of cirrus clouds you can tell from which direction weather is approaching. When you see cirrus clouds, it usually indicates that a change in the weather will occur within 24 hours.
Stratus Clouds
are uniform grayish clouds that often cover the entire sky. They resemble fog that doesn't reach the ground. Light mist or drizzle sometimes falls out of these clouds.
Cumulus Clouds
are white, puffy clouds that look like pieces of floating cotton. Cumulus clouds are often called "fair-weather clouds". The base of each cloud is flat and the top of each cloud has rounded towers. When the top of the cumulus clouds resemble the head of a cauliflower, it is called cumulus congestus or towering cumulus. These clouds grow upward and they can develop into giant cumulonimbus clouds, which are thunderstorm clouds.
The Importance of Clouds
Clouds help regulate Earth's energy balance by reflecting and scattering solar radiation and by absorbing Earth's infrared energy.
Clouds are required for precipitation to occur and, hence are an essential part of the hydrologic cycle.
Clouds indicate what type of atmospheric processes are occurring (e.g., cumulus clouds indicate surface heating and atmospheric turbulence).
Clouds help redistribute extra heat from the equator toward the poles.
References
https://www.google.com/search?q=clouds&biw=1366&bih=624&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixqOqjlu3NAhVHNpQKHbtGCE0Q_AUIBigB#imgrc=_
https://www.google.com/search?biw=1366&bih=624&tbm=isch&q=clouds+clipart&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir8paml-3NAhXGkJQKHSrFAPUQhyYIHQ&dpr=1#imgrc=WZWIVB52x_MJRM%3A
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cloud_types
http://www.weatherwizkids.com/weather-clouds.htm
Tornado Presentation , Formation of tornado , Causes , Types , Mitigation of ...Chandan Pradhan
Tornado is a violently rotating columns of air that extent form thunderstorm to the ground.
It is also called twister .
it can take various shape with the wind direction.
this is a presentation of cyclone.in this ppt, various types of cyclones are given.its effects, formation, different names, types, emergency response on cyclone is given
My first presentation on slideshare. A short research made by me about Tornado. I hope you all will like it and it will definitely help you. Thank you ! :)
Clouds
What are clouds?
A cloud is a large collection of very tiny droplets of water or ice crystals. The droplets are so small and light that they can float in the air.
Why do clouds float?
A cloud is made up of liquid water droplets. A cloud forms when air is heated by the sun. As it rises, it slowly cools it reaches the saturation point and water condenses, forming a cloud. As long as the cloud and the air that its made of is warmer than the outside air around it, it floats!
There are 3 main types of clouds:
Cirrus or thin feathery clouds
Stratus or layered clouds
Cumulus or fluffy clouds
Cirrus Clouds
Are the most common of the
high clouds. They are composed of ice and are thin, wispy clouds blown in high winds into long streamers. Cirrus clouds are usually white and predict fair to pleasant weather. By watching the movement of cirrus clouds you can tell from which direction weather is approaching. When you see cirrus clouds, it usually indicates that a change in the weather will occur within 24 hours.
Stratus Clouds
are uniform grayish clouds that often cover the entire sky. They resemble fog that doesn't reach the ground. Light mist or drizzle sometimes falls out of these clouds.
Cumulus Clouds
are white, puffy clouds that look like pieces of floating cotton. Cumulus clouds are often called "fair-weather clouds". The base of each cloud is flat and the top of each cloud has rounded towers. When the top of the cumulus clouds resemble the head of a cauliflower, it is called cumulus congestus or towering cumulus. These clouds grow upward and they can develop into giant cumulonimbus clouds, which are thunderstorm clouds.
The Importance of Clouds
Clouds help regulate Earth's energy balance by reflecting and scattering solar radiation and by absorbing Earth's infrared energy.
Clouds are required for precipitation to occur and, hence are an essential part of the hydrologic cycle.
Clouds indicate what type of atmospheric processes are occurring (e.g., cumulus clouds indicate surface heating and atmospheric turbulence).
Clouds help redistribute extra heat from the equator toward the poles.
References
https://www.google.com/search?q=clouds&biw=1366&bih=624&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixqOqjlu3NAhVHNpQKHbtGCE0Q_AUIBigB#imgrc=_
https://www.google.com/search?biw=1366&bih=624&tbm=isch&q=clouds+clipart&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir8paml-3NAhXGkJQKHSrFAPUQhyYIHQ&dpr=1#imgrc=WZWIVB52x_MJRM%3A
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cloud_types
http://www.weatherwizkids.com/weather-clouds.htm
In this episode, the following aspects of cyclone are discussed:
1. Origin of Cyclones
2. Types of cyclonic storms and their physical characteristics
3. Distribution of Cyclones
4. Environmental impacts of cyclones
5. Cyclone disaster Management.
Climate Extreme (extreme weather or climate event) refers to the occurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of observed values of the variable. Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to disasters.
A presentation on Weather and Climate made by Deepak Rajput. It was presented as a seminar requirement at the University of Tennessee Space Institute in Spring 2008.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms are small, intense weather systems
that make strong winds, heavy rain, lightning, and
thunder.
Thunderstorms can happen anywhere with two
conditions: the air near the Earth's surface must be
warm and moist (with lots of liquid), and the
atmosphere must be unstable.100 lightning bolts hit
the earth every second, and at any one moment,
about 1,800 thunderstorms happen around the earth
3. Wind and Rain Somewhere
At any given moment around the world, hundreds of
thunderstorms are occurring. Many of them feature
nothing more than a moderate breeze, heavy rain for
a short while, and some lightening and thunder.
Occasionally, however, these storms seem to run
amuck and become violent; dropping heavy rains
which cause flooding, producing hail that damages
crops and property, and spawning tornadoes , and
surface winds of more than 160 km/h.
4.
5. Convection Currents
Convection refers to the
vertical transport of
physical properties of a
substance due to
instability.
A good example of
convection is the rising
bubbles in a pot of boiling
water.
Another example is a
cumulus “fair weather”
cloud. Cumulus clouds
are the puffy white
clouds and resemble
cotton balls.
6. Rising Warm Air Mass
As the warm air rises through the unstable
environment, the air begins to cool.
When the air has cooled sufficiently, and the relative
humidity reaches close to 100%, the moisture in the
bubble begins to condense.
When condensation occurs, gaseous water vapor is
converted to liquid water droplets, and the droplets in
the bubble become visible. This visible water that has
condensed is what we see as a cloud.
7. The Recipe of a Thunderstorm
All thunderstorm require three ingredients for their
formation:
Moisture :T here must be an abundant source of moisture
in the lower levels of the atmosphere.
Lifting Action : Some mechanism must lift the air so that
the moisture can condense and release latent heat.
Instability : The portion of the atmosphere through which
the cloud grows must be unstable.
8. Stages of a Thunderstorm..
The thunderstorm has 3 distinct stages
Cumulus Stage.
The formation of fluffy clouds
Mature Stage.
Severe rain, thunder
Dissipating Stage.
Fading stages of thunderstorm
9. Cumulus Stage
Cumulus clouds that
exhibit the vertical
development necessary
for thunderstorm
formation are called
cumulus congestus, or
towering cumulus.
The main feature of the
cumulus stage is the
updraft within the cloud.
As the updraft continues
upward, the storm grows
horizontally, and
vertically.
The updraft may extend from
close to the earth’s surface to
several thousand feet above
the cloud top.
As the updraft continues, the
cumulus cloud becomes a
cumulonimbus cloud. The
cloud droplets increase in
size.
10.
11.
12. The Thunderstorm Grows
As the cloud droplets grow into raindrops, they
become too heavy for the updrafts to hold
them; rain begins falling out of the cloud, the
storm enters what’s known as the mature
stage.
The towering cumulus cloud has grown into a
full-blown thunderstorm, and has become a
cumulonimbus cloud.
The top of the storm may penetrate so high into
the upper atmosphere that the top may be
blown away by the jet stream.
This top is called the anvil top, because of its
flat anvil-like shape.
13.
14. Rain causes more Updraft..
As the raindrops begin falling through the cloud,
they drag the surrounding air down with them.
This produces a downdraft in the thunderstorm
cloud, which serves to destroy the updraft that
created the cloud in the first place.
The speed of the downdraft can reach up to
2,500 feet per minute, or higher. (30 mph)
15. Mature Stage
At the bottom of the cumulonimbus cloud,
the air is being forced down by the
downdraft caused by the falling rain.
As the air leaves the bottom of the cloud,
it begins to fan out as it encounters the
surface.
This spreading out of air causes strong
and gusty surface winds, capable of doing
serious damage.
This outward motion of the
downdraft causes gust
fronts to form and move
away from the main
thunderstorm column.
In the mature stage, nearly
equal updrafts & downdrafts
exist side by side in the
cumulonimbus cloud.
16.
17. Dissipating Thunderstorm
As the mature stage of the thunderstorm progresses, the
downdrafts continue to develop, and the updrafts are weakened.
The supply of warm, moist air runs out because the cool
downdrafts cool the area from which the storm
draws energy.
However, the downdrafts spell the death of the thunderstorm.
Without the updrafts to drive the cloud formation, the rain
gradually subsides, and the storm loses its power.
The storm may still be producing characteristic thunderstorm
weather; hail, heavy rains, tornadoes etc.
20. Single-cell Thunderstorm
Often called “popcorn” convection, single-cell thunderstorms
are small, brief, weak storms that grow and die within an hour
or so. They are typically driven by heating on a summer
afternoon. Single-cell storms may produce brief heavy rain and
lightning.
21. Multi-cell Thunderstorms
Multicell thunderstorms are storms that have some
organized structure, making their lifetime longer. Multicell
storms consist of several cells of storms, which occur one
after another: each cell has a lifetime of 30 to 40 minutes,
typically. In severe multicell storms, there are usually
several cells active at any one time.
22. Supercell Thunderstorms
A supercell is a thunderstorm characterized by the presence of
a mesocyclone: a deep, persistently rotating updraft.[1] For this
reason, these storms are sometimes referred to as rotating
thunderstorms
Supercells are the overall least common and have the potential
to be the most severe.
Supercells are often isolated from other thunderstorms, and can
dominate the local weather up to 32 kilometres (20 mi) away.
Supercells can produce large hail, damaging winds, deadly
tornadoes, flooding, dangerous cloud-to-ground lightning, and
heavy rain.
23.
24. Thunderstorm Detection…
Satellites
Most areas of Earth can be seen by weather
satellites. Satellites take pictures of Earth at
regular intervals from space.
Meteorologists watch these pictures over time
to watch for rapidly growing clouds, a clue to
a possible thunderstorm. Satellites also can
tell us the temperature of clouds. Clouds with
cold tops are usually very high up in the
atmosphere, and cold means the cloud is tall
enough to be a thunderstorm.
25. Thunderstorm Detection…
Radars
Weather radar is very important to meteorologists
because it can detect rain and severe weather
even when it is cloudy or dark.
Doppler radar sends out electromagnetic wave
fields that can be reflected back to the radar by
things in the air like precipitation. The amount of
energy that is reflected back can tell us how
heavy the rain might be or tell us there is hail.
Doppler radar can also show us how the wind is
blowing near and inside the storm. This is helpful
in understanding what kinds of hazards the
thunderstorm might have (tornado, microburst,
etc.) associated with it.
28. Under the right conditions, rainfall from thunderstorms causes
flash flooding, killing more people each year than hurricanes,
tornadoes or lightning
29. Lightning is responsible for many fires around the world each year, and
causes fatalities.
30. Hail up to the size of softballs damages cars and windows, and
kills wildlife caught out in the open.
31. Strong (up to more than 193 kmph) straight-line winds associated with thunderstorms knock
down trees, power lines and mobile homes.
32. Tornadoes (with winds up to about 300 mph) can destroy all but the best-
built man-made structures.
33. Microbursts
A microburst is a localized column of sinking air (downdraft) within a
thunderstorm and is usually less than or equal to 2.5 miles in
diameter. Microbursts can cause extensive damage at the surface,
and in some instances, can be life-threatening.