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Paper & electronic charts lrg
The document discusses the making and use of paper charts and electronic charts for navigation. It provides a brief history of how soundings were obtained from hand-lead lines to modern multi-beam sonar. Electronic charts have benefits over paper charts like reduced clutter and ability to be incrementally updated. The document also examines electronic chart display and functionality including depth areas, vessel draft effect, and change analysis.
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Paper & electronic charts lrg
- 1. Grunt Productions 2004 TheMaking, & Using ofThe Making, & Using of Paper & Electronic ChartsPaper & Electronic Charts A Brief By Lance Grindley
- 2. Grunt Productions 2004 Thecommercial mariner doesThe commercial mariner does The recreational boater doesThe recreational boater does And even the fishermanAnd even the fisherman
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- 4. Grunt Productions 2004 Allexamples at the same line spacingAll examples at the same line spacing 1940 - 19801940 - 1980Pre-1940Pre-1940 1980 - Present1980 - Present Soundings obtainedSoundings obtained by hand lead-lineby hand lead-line Soundings obtainedSoundings obtained by single-beamby single-beam echo sounderecho sounder Multi-beam Side Scan Sonar Soundings obtainedSoundings obtained by side scan sonarby side scan sonar and multi-beamand multi-beam resulting in 100%resulting in 100% bottom coveragebottom coverage
- 5. Grunt Productions 2004 HypackMax Planning Software River Plan Survey PlanningSurvey Planning
- 6. Grunt Productions 2004 Real-timesounding plotReal-time sounding plot Vessel positionVessel position Left/right steering indicatorLeft/right steering indicator Navigation informationNavigation information On-line DataOn-line Data AcquisitionAcquisition
- 7. Grunt Productions 2004 SoundingPathSounding Path
- 8. Grunt Productions 2004 SoundingCoverage 100m line spacing 50m between selected soundings coverage to 1m curve 50m 100m
- 9. Grunt Productions 2004 VESSELDRAFT SOUND VELOCITY CHART DATUM WATER LEVEL (corrected to chart datum) SETTLEMENT AND SQUAT OF VESSEL GPS/DGPS POSITIONING Anatomy of a SoundingAnatomy of a Sounding
- 10. Grunt Productions 2004 NauticalChartNautical Chart PhotogrammetryPhotogrammetry BlueprintsBlueprints SourceSource Aids to NavigationAids to NavigationShorelineShoreline ObstructionsObstructions Chart Data SourcesChart Data Sources WrecksWrecks SoundingsSoundings
- 11. Grunt Productions 2004 SOUNDINGSSOUNDINGS AIDSTO NAVIGATIONAIDS TO NAVIGATION BRIDGE CLEARANCESBRIDGE CLEARANCES LANDMARKSLANDMARKS DEPTH CONTOURSDEPTH CONTOURS DANGERSDANGERS GEOGRAPHIC NAMESGEOGRAPHIC NAMES Information on a ChartInformation on a Chart
- 12. Grunt Productions 2004 RasterNautical ChartsRaster Nautical Charts Scans of the Paper ChartsScans of the Paper Charts Requires a computer onboardRequires a computer onboard Do not meet the MCA carriageDo not meet the MCA carriage requirementsrequirements Very useful Navigation ToolVery useful Navigation Tool
- 13. Grunt Productions 2004 BasicNavigation ScreenBasic Navigation Screen With Weather OverlayWith Weather Overlay With 3-d OverlayWith 3-d Overlay Examples of RasterExamples of Raster Nautical ChartNautical Chart FunctionalityFunctionality
- 14. Grunt Productions 2004 ElectronicNavigational ChartsElectronic Navigational Charts Vector based navigational chartVector based navigational chart A database of chart featuresA database of chart features Compiled from largest scale sourceCompiled from largest scale source BenefitsBenefits Clutter is reducedClutter is reduced Data base is created from sourceData base is created from source Most important data created andMost important data created and released firstreleased first May be incrementally updatedMay be incrementally updated
- 15. Grunt Productions 2004 ENC>>>>>>>> vs.<<<<<<<< RasterENC >>>>>>>> vs.<<<<<<<< Raster Normal View Zoomed View More “Pixelation”More “Pixelation”Less “Pixelation”Less “Pixelation”
- 16. Grunt Productions 2004 ENCAttributionENC Attribution
- 17. Grunt Productions 2004 DepthAreasDepth Areas 0 – 6 feet 6 – 12 feet 12 – 24 feet 24 – 30 feet 30 – 500 feet Safety contour set to 10 feetSafety contour set to 10 feet Blue area is less than 12 feet deepBlue area is less than 12 feet deep Depth AreasDepth Areas 0 – 6 feet 6 – 12 feet 12 – 24 feet 24 – 30 feet 30 – 500 feet Depth AreasDepth Areas 0 – 6 feet 6 – 12 feet 12 – 24 feet 24 – 30 feet 30 – 500 feet Depth AreasDepth Areas 0 – 6 feet 6 – 12 feet 12 – 24 feet 24 – 30 feet 30 – 500 feet Depth AreasDepth Areas 0 – 6 feet 6 – 12 feet 12 – 24 feet 24 – 30 feet 30 – 500 feet Vessel Draft Effect on DisplayVessel Draft Effect on Display
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- 26. Grunt Productions 2004 ChangeAnalysis - Cleveland, OHChange Analysis - Cleveland, OH Chart overlayed in green
- 27. Grunt Productions 2004 Doyou think heDo you think he knows what'sknows what's coming aroundcoming around the sides ?the sides ?
Editor's Notes
- #3 Commercial mariners are required to carry the latest edition by the MCA. Research and survey vessels also rely on charts. Charts make cruising and sailing safer and more enjoyable for the recreational boater, particular on long trips away from their homeports Even fishermen benefit from charts, marking their favorite fishing holes on them for easy return on the next trip
- #4 As you can see, charts have changed considerably through the years, from the early sketch type charts to the computer created and displayed charts of today.
- #5 This shows the evolution of sounding techniques over the years. Note that this illustrates the coverage that’s possible by the various technologies at the same line spacing. Prior to 1940 all soundings were obtained by hand lead-line, then echo sounders were used exclusively until 1980, when side-scan was used in conjunction with echo sounders. Multi-beam is the newest technology, arriving in the last five years.
- #6 The hydrographic software allows the user to plan the survey in the comfort of the office. It’s typically used to lay out the scheme of lines that will cover the survey area – usually 100m line spacing for a 10000 scale, 200m for a 20 and so forth. The graphic on the right shows the plan for a survey conducted last summer of a river.
- #7 This shows the on-line data acquisition system used on both the small boats and the ship. Soundings are plotting in real-time, the display includes a steering indicator to keep the helmsman online as well as, a boat icon showing the vessels location, as well as a user configurable navigation information section.
- #8 This shows the path a sounding takes, from acquisition to survey plot. The upper left shows the graphic record from the echo sounder. The data which is logged to the computer, is then printed in the office or ships survey room, checked for errors and then plotted.
- #9 This shows a typical 10000 scale survey, with 100 meter line spacing, with a sounding selected every 50m along every line. Other significant soundings which fall between these selected soundings are added to the plot during processing.
- #10 This shows the numerous corrections that are applied to every sounding. They include:
- #11 The Chart is compiled from many data sources. In the case of shoreline, recent aerial photography, blueprints and as-built drawings, are the sources. Obstructions and Navaids are from recent surveys, mostly from Royal Navy survey teams, other government agencies and private survey companies
- #12 A navigation chart has a wealth of information on it, including:
- #13 Raster nautical charts are a recent development in the last ten years,
- #14 This shows some of the functionality of raster charts. A weather overlay option is available, which plots the current weather conditions, downloaded from the net, over the nautical chart. Another option is the 3-d overlay, which gives the mariner another perspective on things. It might also be handy for finding those favorite fishing holes.
- #15 The newest technology arriving on the scene is the Electronic Navigational Chart. It is initially aimed at commercial shipping.
- #16 ENC are created by digitizing the source shoreline and features. The more familiar raster charts are simply scans of the paper product. Because the ENC is vector based, there is little to none of the pixelation seen on raster charts. As seen in the normal view, ENC’s strive to reduce clutter.
- #17 Every feature on the ENC is attributed with a scrolling list of information pertinent to the feature. By clicking on the feature, a pick report pops up with the information, which may include navaid characteristics, depth information, names and descriptions.
- #18 A vessel’s draft can be set to display safe areas for navigation. As I click through these slides, you can see how the safe zones reduce in size as the draft gets deeper.
- #19 This slide is showing vessel time on track. (clock time on computer) It also shows a navigation menu bar along the right side of the window.
- #20 This slide adds the boat frame. The size of the frame around the ship is user selectable. When the ship reaches the edge of the frame, the screen is redrawn to re-center around the ship, based on the value set in the upper left (in NM).
- #21 Shows predicted position of vessel based on course and speed, in this case 90 seconds ahead. 0.75 is distance in NM from center of screen to top of screen. Crosshair is the cursor.
- #22 Lights on and simplified navaids. Magnitude of light is indicated by circle size.
- #23 This shows track line set – with a user selected hatched area defining allowable safe limits to vary off course before an alarm would sound.
- #24 This shows range circles – at half mile increments. Text is on.
- #25 This shows a forward looking area, preset by the user, to search for charted dangers within the triangular area. An audible alarm sounds when something is in the area, in this case shallow water to starboard.
- #26 This shows the ship in the lock. The boat shape in this case was set to represent a 1000 footer.
- #27 Here’s a good example which shows the potential for error when creating ENC by just digitizing the chart. There’s a big difference between the charted shoreline and that seen on the aerial photograph.