Viruses are strands of genetic material surrounded by a protein coating that multiply by making copies of themselves inside host cells. They do not have cell structures like a nucleus or organelles. Viruses come in a variety of shapes and sizes and can only be seen with an electron microscope. They infect animals, plants, fungi and bacteria by entering host cells and either immediately destroying the cell to release new virus particles or becoming dormant for years before being reactivated. While some viruses only infect specific cell types, others have a broad host range. Treatment is difficult but prevention through vaccination, sanitation and isolation is effective at controlling viral spread.
Vaccines, types of vaccines, Classification of vaccines, subunit vaccines, attenuated vaccines, live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, development of vaccines, future of vaccines, advantages of vaccines, limitation of vaccines, benefits of vaccines.
This ppt contains all the information about the Immunity - Host defences. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Immunological Memory
The adaptive immune system can learn and remember specific pathogens, and it can provide long-lasting defense and protection against recurrent infections.
When the adaptive immune system is exposed to a new threat, the specifics of the antigen are memorized so we are prevented from getting the disease again.
The concept of immune memory is due to the body’s ability to make antibodies against different pathogens.
The most important and effective mechanism for maintaining immunity is the periodic re-exposure to the pathogen.
Such re-infections are usually asymptomatic or produce only mild symptoms and act as a natural booster to the immune system.
The importance of this mechanism is shown in epidemiological studies demonstrating that protective immunity is maintained for longer periods in people living in areas where a given disease is endemic.
Individuals that live in regions where, for example, malaria is endemic have higher malaria-specific antibody titers than those who have intermittent exposures.
It is well established that protective immune memory can persist for many years after the initial antigenic exposure.
It is well accepted that people who have had diseases such as measles and mumps as children are unlikely to have severe symptoms to the infection upon re-exposure.
This presentation contains the answers of these following Question.
1- What is Vaccination..?
2 - What is Vaccine...?
3- Difference between Antigen and Antibody.
4 - Mechanism of Vaccine.
5 - Types of Vaccines.
a general overview of Co.N.S
Co.N.S species
pathogenesis of Co.N.S
virulence factor of Co.N.S
infection caused by Co.N.S and mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in Co.N.S.
Introduction to Microbiology And Common Micro-Organisms, EpidemiologyMonika P. Maske
Introduction to Microbiology, Classification Of Micro-Organisms, Bacteria , Classification of Bacteria Depend on Shape and Characteristic Arrangement, Algae,Fungi, Moulds And Yeasts, Spores, Viruses, Protozoa, Rickettsia & Mycoplasma, Identification of Bacteria, Scope of Microbiology, Introduction to Epidemiology, Applications of Epidemiology,Definitions.
A vaccine is a biological agent that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine usually contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism. Learn more about vaccine technology at https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/vaccine-technology.htm
Vaccines, types of vaccines, Classification of vaccines, subunit vaccines, attenuated vaccines, live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, development of vaccines, future of vaccines, advantages of vaccines, limitation of vaccines, benefits of vaccines.
This ppt contains all the information about the Immunity - Host defences. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Immunological Memory
The adaptive immune system can learn and remember specific pathogens, and it can provide long-lasting defense and protection against recurrent infections.
When the adaptive immune system is exposed to a new threat, the specifics of the antigen are memorized so we are prevented from getting the disease again.
The concept of immune memory is due to the body’s ability to make antibodies against different pathogens.
The most important and effective mechanism for maintaining immunity is the periodic re-exposure to the pathogen.
Such re-infections are usually asymptomatic or produce only mild symptoms and act as a natural booster to the immune system.
The importance of this mechanism is shown in epidemiological studies demonstrating that protective immunity is maintained for longer periods in people living in areas where a given disease is endemic.
Individuals that live in regions where, for example, malaria is endemic have higher malaria-specific antibody titers than those who have intermittent exposures.
It is well established that protective immune memory can persist for many years after the initial antigenic exposure.
It is well accepted that people who have had diseases such as measles and mumps as children are unlikely to have severe symptoms to the infection upon re-exposure.
This presentation contains the answers of these following Question.
1- What is Vaccination..?
2 - What is Vaccine...?
3- Difference between Antigen and Antibody.
4 - Mechanism of Vaccine.
5 - Types of Vaccines.
a general overview of Co.N.S
Co.N.S species
pathogenesis of Co.N.S
virulence factor of Co.N.S
infection caused by Co.N.S and mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in Co.N.S.
Introduction to Microbiology And Common Micro-Organisms, EpidemiologyMonika P. Maske
Introduction to Microbiology, Classification Of Micro-Organisms, Bacteria , Classification of Bacteria Depend on Shape and Characteristic Arrangement, Algae,Fungi, Moulds And Yeasts, Spores, Viruses, Protozoa, Rickettsia & Mycoplasma, Identification of Bacteria, Scope of Microbiology, Introduction to Epidemiology, Applications of Epidemiology,Definitions.
A vaccine is a biological agent that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine usually contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism. Learn more about vaccine technology at https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/vaccine-technology.htm
Powerpoint on viruses, bacteria, protists and Fungi. Intended for the SA Grade 11 Life Sciences syllabus. Includes information on HIV, virus reproduction, malaria, TB, thrush, characteristics of microbes etc. Hope it helps!
Virus, infectious agent of small size and simple composition that can multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria. The name is from a Latin word meaning “slimy liquid” or “poison.”
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. What are viruses?
• Strand of heredity material surrounded by a
protein coating.
• Multiplies by making copies of itself with the
help of a host cell
• Do not have a nucleus, other organelles or a cell
membrane
• Variety of shapes, small
• Discovered after the electron microscope was
invented
3. Active viruses
• What are the steps that an active virus takes to
destroy a cell and multiply?
• P. 232 chart at the bottom
4. Latent Viruses
• Inactive
• After it enters the cell, its hereditary material
becomes part of the cell’s hereditary material.
• It does not immediately make new viruses or
destroy the cell.
• Can be latent for many years
• Anything can activate it
• Cold sore—a latent virus has become active and
starts destroying cells, then becomes latent again
5. How do they affect organisms?
• Animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria
• Most viruses can infect only specific kinds of
cells---they are limited to one host species or to
one type of tissue within a species
• A few viruses affect a broad range of hosts
(rabies)
• Cannot move by itself, but can reach the host in
several ways: (p. 233 last paragraph)
6. Treatment and Prevention
• Antiviral drugs can help fight, but not widely
used because of side effects
• Prevention is best…treatment is very difficult
▫ Vaccinations
▫ Improve sanitary conditions
▫ Separating patients with diseases
▫ Controlling animals that spread disease
7. Natural Immunity
• We make interferons
▫ Proteins that protect cells from viruses
▫ Produced rapidly by infected cells and move to
noninfected cells in the hosts.
▫ This causes the non infected cells to produce
protective substances
8. Vaccines
• Used to prevent disease
• Made from weakened virus particles that cause
your body to produce interferons to fight the
infections.
• Measles, mumps, smallpox, chicken pox, polio,
rabies
• Edward Jenner made first one 1796
9. Research with Viruses
• Gene therapy: (p. 235)
• HIV/AIDS
▫ Attacks the immune system (protects body from
disease)
▫ The virus leads to AIDS which allows body to be
attacked.
▫ No cure
▫ Research will hopefully help
