This document contains information about work, power, and machines. It includes:
1. Questions from student periods about work, power, machines, and their relationships.
2. Definitions and formulas for work, power, and mechanical advantage. Work is force times distance, power is the rate of work, and mechanical advantage is the output force divided by the input force.
3. Examples of calculating work, power, mechanical advantage, and mechanical efficiency for simple machines like levers, pulleys, and wedges.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and formulas for momentum and collisions in AP Physics - Core. It defines important terms like vector, force, momentum, impulse, and conservation of momentum. It also distinguishes between elastic and inelastic collisions. Example problems and solutions are given to demonstrate how to apply the conservation of momentum formula to calculate changes in velocity or force from information about an object's mass, initial velocity, time of impact, and final velocity.
This document discusses key concepts related to work, force, and machines. It covers calculating and understanding work, calculating and understanding mechanical advantage (MA), and the force-distance trade-off. Several examples of calculating work and mechanical advantage are provided. Calculating mechanical advantage involves dividing the output force by the input force. The document also discusses how machines make work easier by changing the magnitude and/or direction of a force applied.
The team designed a robot to lift and transport cubes in zone 4. It must lift 3 cubes (207 grams) at once and travel between zones 3 and 4 within 1 minute while reaching a goal height of 12 inches. It must also be able to push the largest block. The key challenges are stability with weight on the front and ensuring blocks don't fall off the table. Risks include turning the dustpan without a motor and pushing blocks into an area needed for travel. Analysis showed gears and a planetary motor could lift the required weights efficiently.
Introduction, Translational Motion, Rotational Motion, Analogous Elements, Electrical Elements, Analogous System, Force - Voltage Analogy, Torque Voltage Analogy, Force - Current Analogy, and Steps to solve problems on analogous systems.
This chapter introduces the principle of virtual work and how it can be used to determine the equilibrium configuration of connected rigid bodies. It defines work and virtual work, and establishes the potential energy function. The chapter outlines applying the principle of virtual work to particles, rigid bodies, and connected systems to investigate equilibrium and stability, using the potential energy criterion.
Work is defined as the displacement of an object multiplied by the component of the force acting on the object parallel to the displacement. Work can change an object's kinetic energy or potential energy, but the total energy in an isolated system remains constant. Conservative forces, like gravity, do not change the total energy and only depend on the start and end points of motion. Non-conservative forces, like friction, can change the total energy by transferring it to other forms like heat.
1) The document discusses trigonometric functions and angles. It defines angles, units of measurement for angles including degrees and radians, types of angles, and relationships between complementary and supplementary angles.
2) Examples are provided for finding the measure of complementary and supplementary angles. Co-terminal angles are also discussed.
3) The document provides exercises involving converting between degrees and radians, finding measures of angles, determining arc lengths on circles based on central angles and radii, and classifying angles by quadrant.
This document contains information about work, power, and machines. It includes:
1. Questions from student periods about work, power, machines, and their relationships.
2. Definitions and formulas for work, power, and mechanical advantage. Work is force times distance, power is the rate of work, and mechanical advantage is the output force divided by the input force.
3. Examples of calculating work, power, mechanical advantage, and mechanical efficiency for simple machines like levers, pulleys, and wedges.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and formulas for momentum and collisions in AP Physics - Core. It defines important terms like vector, force, momentum, impulse, and conservation of momentum. It also distinguishes between elastic and inelastic collisions. Example problems and solutions are given to demonstrate how to apply the conservation of momentum formula to calculate changes in velocity or force from information about an object's mass, initial velocity, time of impact, and final velocity.
This document discusses key concepts related to work, force, and machines. It covers calculating and understanding work, calculating and understanding mechanical advantage (MA), and the force-distance trade-off. Several examples of calculating work and mechanical advantage are provided. Calculating mechanical advantage involves dividing the output force by the input force. The document also discusses how machines make work easier by changing the magnitude and/or direction of a force applied.
The team designed a robot to lift and transport cubes in zone 4. It must lift 3 cubes (207 grams) at once and travel between zones 3 and 4 within 1 minute while reaching a goal height of 12 inches. It must also be able to push the largest block. The key challenges are stability with weight on the front and ensuring blocks don't fall off the table. Risks include turning the dustpan without a motor and pushing blocks into an area needed for travel. Analysis showed gears and a planetary motor could lift the required weights efficiently.
Introduction, Translational Motion, Rotational Motion, Analogous Elements, Electrical Elements, Analogous System, Force - Voltage Analogy, Torque Voltage Analogy, Force - Current Analogy, and Steps to solve problems on analogous systems.
This chapter introduces the principle of virtual work and how it can be used to determine the equilibrium configuration of connected rigid bodies. It defines work and virtual work, and establishes the potential energy function. The chapter outlines applying the principle of virtual work to particles, rigid bodies, and connected systems to investigate equilibrium and stability, using the potential energy criterion.
Work is defined as the displacement of an object multiplied by the component of the force acting on the object parallel to the displacement. Work can change an object's kinetic energy or potential energy, but the total energy in an isolated system remains constant. Conservative forces, like gravity, do not change the total energy and only depend on the start and end points of motion. Non-conservative forces, like friction, can change the total energy by transferring it to other forms like heat.
1) The document discusses trigonometric functions and angles. It defines angles, units of measurement for angles including degrees and radians, types of angles, and relationships between complementary and supplementary angles.
2) Examples are provided for finding the measure of complementary and supplementary angles. Co-terminal angles are also discussed.
3) The document provides exercises involving converting between degrees and radians, finding measures of angles, determining arc lengths on circles based on central angles and radii, and classifying angles by quadrant.
The document summarizes key concepts from a chapter in an engineering mechanics textbook on virtual work and potential energy. It covers:
1) The principle of virtual work and how it can be applied to determine the equilibrium of connected rigid bodies by setting the sum of virtual works equal to zero.
2) Defining potential energy functions for conservative forces like gravity and springs. Equilibrium is obtained by setting the first derivative of the potential energy function equal to zero.
3) Using the second derivative of the potential energy function to determine if an equilibrium point is stable, neutral, or unstable - a minimum corresponds to stable equilibrium, a maximum is unstable, and a point where the second derivative is zero is neutral equilibrium.
Work is defined as a force applied to an object, moving it a distance in the direction of the force. Simple machines make work easier by transferring or increasing the magnitude of a force. Mechanical advantage is the ratio of the output force to the input force of a machine. No machine is 100% efficient due to friction losses.
The document discusses key concepts in mechanics including conservative and non-conservative forces, potential energy, mechanical energy and its conservation, and power. It provides examples of calculating potential energy, kinetic energy, speed, and power using the principles of conservation of energy and mechanical energy. Gravitational potential energy, escape velocity, and worked examples involving roller coasters, springs, and vehicles are analyzed.
• Optimization of shaking force and shaking moment using mathematical modeling in MATLAB and ADAMS simulation.
• Studied the effect of projectile mass, counterweight and pivot height on the range of the projectile.
• Modelled and simulated the trebuchet using ADAMS.
• Mathematical analysis and plotting of resulting graphs using MATLAB
• Analysis of structure and material in ANSYS.
• Optimization of the projectile mass to be launched with respect to the counter weight used.
• Calculation of shaking force and shaking moment using mathematical modeling and ADAMS simulation
• The effect of counterweight, projectile mass and height of pivot on the range of projectile through graphical plots
• Analysis of the hinge forces and the hinge torques and the projectile velocity’s X-component and Y-component were studied through graphical plots.
• The shaking torque comes out to be negligible and the shaking force is a considerable amount so we have to attach a counterweight to minimise the shaking force.
Work is defined as the product of the force applied and the distance moved in the direction of the force. Positive work is when movement is in the direction of the force, and negative when against it. Power is the rate at which work is done, defined as work divided by time. There are two types of mechanical energy: kinetic energy, which is the energy from motion; and potential energy, which is the energy from height or stored energy. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.
This document discusses mechanics concepts related to tension, forces, and motion. It covers tension in strings, non-accelerated environments like inclined planes and pulleys, and accelerated environments. Friction and its effects on motion up and down inclined planes are analyzed. Other topics discussed include contact forces, motion on frictionless planes, flying of birds using air displacement, braking on bicycles, and applying conservation of momentum to moving trolleys and objects. Diagrams and equations are provided for each concept.
The document discusses Newton's second law of motion which states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. It provides examples showing that applying equal forces to masses of different sizes produces different accelerations, in accordance with this law. It also defines key terms like force, mass, weight, and acceleration and establishes relationships between them using equations.
This chapter discusses forces in beams and cables. It introduces internal forces like tension, compression, shear, and bending that hold together parts of structural members. Beams experience shear forces and bending moments when subjected to concentrated or distributed loads. Methods are presented for calculating the reactions, shear forces, and bending moments in beams under different loading conditions. These include drawing shear force and bending moment diagrams. Relations between applied loads, shear forces, and bending moments in beams are also covered.
The document summarizes key concepts about work, energy, and power from physics. It defines work as force multiplied by displacement and discusses how work depends on the angle between force and displacement. It introduces the work-energy theorem which relates work to changes in kinetic and potential energy. It defines kinetic and gravitational potential energy. It discusses conservative versus nonconservative forces and how the total mechanical energy is conserved for conservative forces. It also defines power as the rate at which work is done or energy is converted. The overall document covers various forms and conversions of energy according to physics principles like conservation of energy.
This chapter discusses work, energy, and power. It defines work as the product of the force applied and displacement. Kinetic energy is defined as one-half the mass times the velocity squared. The work-energy theorem states that the net work on an object equals its change in kinetic energy. Potential energy includes gravitational potential energy, which depends on mass and height, and elastic potential energy in springs, which depends on the spring constant and displacement. The principle of conservation of mechanical energy applies to closed systems and accounts for changes between kinetic, potential, and nonconservative forces. Power is the rate at which work is done and defined as work divided by time. Example problems demonstrate applying these concepts.
Virtual work modified [compatibility mode](1)sharancm2009
CE 102 covers the principle of virtual work and its applications to determine unknown forces and displacements in mechanical systems. The principle states that the total virtual work done by external forces acting on a system in static equilibrium must be zero for any virtual displacement that is kinematically admissible while maintaining constraints. Several example problems are provided to illustrate the use of virtual work to solve for unknown forces in ladder systems, lifting platforms, linkages, and other mechanical assemblies.
Three blocks of different masses are connected by strings on an inclined plane at a 60 degree angle. A force is applied to the top block, causing the blocks to move upward. Using Newton's Second Law and adding the equations for each block, accounting for tensions in the strings and gravitational forces, the acceleration of the blocks is calculated to be 1.51 m/s^2.
The document describes a test for a PhD course in Finite Element Analysis. It includes four problems: 1) analyzing stresses in a composite beam under different loads, 2) using virtual displacement to analyze forces in a truss, 3) distinguishing higher and lower order elements and using interpolation to define trial solutions, and 4) explaining C-continuity and determining shape functions for a two-node bar element in different coordinate systems. The test has four optional problems and lasts two hours, with a maximum of 40 marks.
The document discusses various topics relating to work, energy, and power in physics. It defines work, kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, and conservation of energy. It provides examples of calculating work, kinetic energy, changes in potential energy, and applying the work-energy principle and conservation of energy to problems involving objects moving under gravitational and other forces. It also defines power and provides examples of calculating power required to climb stairs, accelerate a car, and overcome forces like friction and air resistance.
The document introduces the principle of virtual work which states that for a system of bodies in equilibrium, the net work done by external forces during an arbitrary virtual displacement is zero. It describes how the principle can be used to solve problems involving the equilibrium of machines. It also discusses potential energy and how the stability of equilibrium positions can be determined from the second derivative of potential energy with respect to position. Several sample problems demonstrate applying these concepts to determine forces, positions of equilibrium, and stability.
1) Simple machines make work easier by multiplying the input force or changing the direction of force applied. However, no machine is 100% efficient as energy is lost to friction.
2) Mechanical advantage is a measure of how much easier a task has become due to a machine. It is the ratio of the resistance force to the effort force. Actual mechanical advantage accounts for friction.
3) Common simple machines include levers, pulleys, wheels and axles, and inclined planes. Levers can be first, second, or third class depending on the position of the fulcrum. Work is the product of the applied force and distance of force application. Power is the rate of doing work over time.
Work is defined as a force applied to an object, moving it a distance. Simple machines like levers, pulleys, and inclined planes make work easier by multiplying applied forces or distances moved. They provide mechanical advantages but also lose efficiency due to friction. Common simple machines are described along with their applications, mechanical advantages, and efficiency considerations.
This document provides information about work, energy, and power. It defines work as force times displacement and discusses different types of energy including kinetic energy, which is the energy from an object's motion, and potential energy, which is stored energy from an object's position or compression. Kinetic energy is calculated as half mass times velocity squared, while potential energy from height is mass times gravitational acceleration times height. The document also states the law of conservation of energy and defines power as the rate of doing work or using energy, with units of joules per second or watts.
The document describes four engineering exercises involving shipping a potato chip safely, sorting coins by size, using pulleys to reduce lifting force, and designing a load-bearing structure out of cards. The exercises are intended to teach engineering concepts like package design, sorting systems, mechanical advantage, structural efficiency. Students work in groups to complete tasks like designing a protective chip packaging, sorting washers by size using a mechanical sorter, using pulleys to lift a bottle with reduced force, and building a card structure to support a load.
Simple machines include levers, pulleys, wheels and axles, wedges, inclined planes and gears. They were invented by early civilizations and help people do work with less effort. The lever was first described by Archimedes and the wheel and axle was used in early two-wheeled carts. Simple machines have various classes and types that change the direction or amount of effort needed to move loads.
Simple machines-gears, levers, pulleys, wheel and axleDavid Owino
This document discusses simple machines and their characteristics. It defines simple machines as devices that make work easier by transmitting force through a mechanical advantage. Examples of simple machines discussed include levers, pulleys, gears, inclined planes, screws, and the wheel and axle. Key terms like effort, load, mechanical advantage, velocity ratio, and efficiency are defined and the relationships between them are explained mathematically. Several examples and quiz questions are provided to illustrate concepts.
The document summarizes key concepts from a chapter in an engineering mechanics textbook on virtual work and potential energy. It covers:
1) The principle of virtual work and how it can be applied to determine the equilibrium of connected rigid bodies by setting the sum of virtual works equal to zero.
2) Defining potential energy functions for conservative forces like gravity and springs. Equilibrium is obtained by setting the first derivative of the potential energy function equal to zero.
3) Using the second derivative of the potential energy function to determine if an equilibrium point is stable, neutral, or unstable - a minimum corresponds to stable equilibrium, a maximum is unstable, and a point where the second derivative is zero is neutral equilibrium.
Work is defined as a force applied to an object, moving it a distance in the direction of the force. Simple machines make work easier by transferring or increasing the magnitude of a force. Mechanical advantage is the ratio of the output force to the input force of a machine. No machine is 100% efficient due to friction losses.
The document discusses key concepts in mechanics including conservative and non-conservative forces, potential energy, mechanical energy and its conservation, and power. It provides examples of calculating potential energy, kinetic energy, speed, and power using the principles of conservation of energy and mechanical energy. Gravitational potential energy, escape velocity, and worked examples involving roller coasters, springs, and vehicles are analyzed.
• Optimization of shaking force and shaking moment using mathematical modeling in MATLAB and ADAMS simulation.
• Studied the effect of projectile mass, counterweight and pivot height on the range of the projectile.
• Modelled and simulated the trebuchet using ADAMS.
• Mathematical analysis and plotting of resulting graphs using MATLAB
• Analysis of structure and material in ANSYS.
• Optimization of the projectile mass to be launched with respect to the counter weight used.
• Calculation of shaking force and shaking moment using mathematical modeling and ADAMS simulation
• The effect of counterweight, projectile mass and height of pivot on the range of projectile through graphical plots
• Analysis of the hinge forces and the hinge torques and the projectile velocity’s X-component and Y-component were studied through graphical plots.
• The shaking torque comes out to be negligible and the shaking force is a considerable amount so we have to attach a counterweight to minimise the shaking force.
Work is defined as the product of the force applied and the distance moved in the direction of the force. Positive work is when movement is in the direction of the force, and negative when against it. Power is the rate at which work is done, defined as work divided by time. There are two types of mechanical energy: kinetic energy, which is the energy from motion; and potential energy, which is the energy from height or stored energy. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.
This document discusses mechanics concepts related to tension, forces, and motion. It covers tension in strings, non-accelerated environments like inclined planes and pulleys, and accelerated environments. Friction and its effects on motion up and down inclined planes are analyzed. Other topics discussed include contact forces, motion on frictionless planes, flying of birds using air displacement, braking on bicycles, and applying conservation of momentum to moving trolleys and objects. Diagrams and equations are provided for each concept.
The document discusses Newton's second law of motion which states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. It provides examples showing that applying equal forces to masses of different sizes produces different accelerations, in accordance with this law. It also defines key terms like force, mass, weight, and acceleration and establishes relationships between them using equations.
This chapter discusses forces in beams and cables. It introduces internal forces like tension, compression, shear, and bending that hold together parts of structural members. Beams experience shear forces and bending moments when subjected to concentrated or distributed loads. Methods are presented for calculating the reactions, shear forces, and bending moments in beams under different loading conditions. These include drawing shear force and bending moment diagrams. Relations between applied loads, shear forces, and bending moments in beams are also covered.
The document summarizes key concepts about work, energy, and power from physics. It defines work as force multiplied by displacement and discusses how work depends on the angle between force and displacement. It introduces the work-energy theorem which relates work to changes in kinetic and potential energy. It defines kinetic and gravitational potential energy. It discusses conservative versus nonconservative forces and how the total mechanical energy is conserved for conservative forces. It also defines power as the rate at which work is done or energy is converted. The overall document covers various forms and conversions of energy according to physics principles like conservation of energy.
This chapter discusses work, energy, and power. It defines work as the product of the force applied and displacement. Kinetic energy is defined as one-half the mass times the velocity squared. The work-energy theorem states that the net work on an object equals its change in kinetic energy. Potential energy includes gravitational potential energy, which depends on mass and height, and elastic potential energy in springs, which depends on the spring constant and displacement. The principle of conservation of mechanical energy applies to closed systems and accounts for changes between kinetic, potential, and nonconservative forces. Power is the rate at which work is done and defined as work divided by time. Example problems demonstrate applying these concepts.
Virtual work modified [compatibility mode](1)sharancm2009
CE 102 covers the principle of virtual work and its applications to determine unknown forces and displacements in mechanical systems. The principle states that the total virtual work done by external forces acting on a system in static equilibrium must be zero for any virtual displacement that is kinematically admissible while maintaining constraints. Several example problems are provided to illustrate the use of virtual work to solve for unknown forces in ladder systems, lifting platforms, linkages, and other mechanical assemblies.
Three blocks of different masses are connected by strings on an inclined plane at a 60 degree angle. A force is applied to the top block, causing the blocks to move upward. Using Newton's Second Law and adding the equations for each block, accounting for tensions in the strings and gravitational forces, the acceleration of the blocks is calculated to be 1.51 m/s^2.
The document describes a test for a PhD course in Finite Element Analysis. It includes four problems: 1) analyzing stresses in a composite beam under different loads, 2) using virtual displacement to analyze forces in a truss, 3) distinguishing higher and lower order elements and using interpolation to define trial solutions, and 4) explaining C-continuity and determining shape functions for a two-node bar element in different coordinate systems. The test has four optional problems and lasts two hours, with a maximum of 40 marks.
The document discusses various topics relating to work, energy, and power in physics. It defines work, kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, and conservation of energy. It provides examples of calculating work, kinetic energy, changes in potential energy, and applying the work-energy principle and conservation of energy to problems involving objects moving under gravitational and other forces. It also defines power and provides examples of calculating power required to climb stairs, accelerate a car, and overcome forces like friction and air resistance.
The document introduces the principle of virtual work which states that for a system of bodies in equilibrium, the net work done by external forces during an arbitrary virtual displacement is zero. It describes how the principle can be used to solve problems involving the equilibrium of machines. It also discusses potential energy and how the stability of equilibrium positions can be determined from the second derivative of potential energy with respect to position. Several sample problems demonstrate applying these concepts to determine forces, positions of equilibrium, and stability.
1) Simple machines make work easier by multiplying the input force or changing the direction of force applied. However, no machine is 100% efficient as energy is lost to friction.
2) Mechanical advantage is a measure of how much easier a task has become due to a machine. It is the ratio of the resistance force to the effort force. Actual mechanical advantage accounts for friction.
3) Common simple machines include levers, pulleys, wheels and axles, and inclined planes. Levers can be first, second, or third class depending on the position of the fulcrum. Work is the product of the applied force and distance of force application. Power is the rate of doing work over time.
Work is defined as a force applied to an object, moving it a distance. Simple machines like levers, pulleys, and inclined planes make work easier by multiplying applied forces or distances moved. They provide mechanical advantages but also lose efficiency due to friction. Common simple machines are described along with their applications, mechanical advantages, and efficiency considerations.
This document provides information about work, energy, and power. It defines work as force times displacement and discusses different types of energy including kinetic energy, which is the energy from an object's motion, and potential energy, which is stored energy from an object's position or compression. Kinetic energy is calculated as half mass times velocity squared, while potential energy from height is mass times gravitational acceleration times height. The document also states the law of conservation of energy and defines power as the rate of doing work or using energy, with units of joules per second or watts.
The document describes four engineering exercises involving shipping a potato chip safely, sorting coins by size, using pulleys to reduce lifting force, and designing a load-bearing structure out of cards. The exercises are intended to teach engineering concepts like package design, sorting systems, mechanical advantage, structural efficiency. Students work in groups to complete tasks like designing a protective chip packaging, sorting washers by size using a mechanical sorter, using pulleys to lift a bottle with reduced force, and building a card structure to support a load.
Simple machines include levers, pulleys, wheels and axles, wedges, inclined planes and gears. They were invented by early civilizations and help people do work with less effort. The lever was first described by Archimedes and the wheel and axle was used in early two-wheeled carts. Simple machines have various classes and types that change the direction or amount of effort needed to move loads.
Simple machines-gears, levers, pulleys, wheel and axleDavid Owino
This document discusses simple machines and their characteristics. It defines simple machines as devices that make work easier by transmitting force through a mechanical advantage. Examples of simple machines discussed include levers, pulleys, gears, inclined planes, screws, and the wheel and axle. Key terms like effort, load, mechanical advantage, velocity ratio, and efficiency are defined and the relationships between them are explained mathematically. Several examples and quiz questions are provided to illustrate concepts.
This document provides information about simple machines. It discusses different types of simple machines like the wheel and axle, screw, lever, pulley, and their uses. Simple machines make work easier by changing the amount or direction of force. They allow us to lift heavy loads using less effort. Common examples mentioned are a screwdriver and wrench, which act as a wheel and axle to make unscrewing easier. The document also covers compound machines, lifting machines, and defines terms related to simple machines like mechanical advantage and efficiency.
The document discusses the six simple machines: lever, wheel and axle, inclined plane, pulley, wedge, and screw. It provides examples and diagrams of each machine, then has an interactive exercise for the reader to test their understanding by identifying examples of the simple machines. The conclusion reminds that while simple machines make work easier, more complex machines like robots are not considered simple machines. It thanks the reader for learning.
This document discusses the different types of simple machines: levers, pulleys, inclined planes, screws, wedges, and wheels and axles. It describes the key components and functions of each machine. First class, second class, and third class levers are explained as well as how their configurations determine mechanical advantage. Pulleys can be fixed, movable, or used in combination. Inclined planes reduce the force needed to overcome gravity. Screws use threads to convert rotational motion to linear motion. Wedges increase force by changing the direction of an input force. Wheels and axles function as a rotating lever with the axle as the fulcrum.
This document discusses simple machines. It defines a machine as a device that helps overcome a load with less effort. The six simple machines are identified as the lever, pulley, wedge, screw, inclined plane, and wheel and axle. The lever is then discussed in more detail. It works by turning about a fixed point called a fulcrum, allowing a small effort force to overcome a larger load force. The positions of the load, effort, and fulcrum determine the mechanical advantage of the lever. Simple machines like levers, rollers, and wedges were used to build ancient structures. Modern machines are more complex but still rely on simple machines.
This PowerPoint presentation introduces 3rd grade students to simple machines. It defines six simple machines - the inclined plane, lever, pulley, screw, wedge, and wheel and axle. For each machine it provides an example, definition, and photos of the machine found on a playground. The presentation concludes that simple machines make work easier, have few moving parts, and can be combined to form more complex machines. It aims to teach students to identify the six simple machines and their functions.
The document introduces the six simple machines: lever, inclined plane, wedge, screw, pulley, and wheel and axle. It explains that simple machines make physical tasks easier by changing the magnitude or direction of force. As an example, it describes how a screwdriver or wrench acts as a wheel and axle to make unscrewing a bolt or screw easier than using bare hands alone. The document concludes by stating that simple machines can be used for thousands of tasks from lifting heavy weights to powering boats, and make difficult jobs much simpler.
Simple machines are tools that make work easier. They include the lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, and screw. Each machine allows us to lift, pull, push, cut or hold objects with less effort than using just our muscles alone.
Abstract Today’s experiment objectives are to determine the st.docxannetnash8266
Abstract
Today’s experiment objectives are to determine the stress, deflection, and the strain of a simply supported beam under load. Moreover, experimentally verify the beam stress and flexure formulas. In this week’s experiment we had to use the MTS machine in order to apply a load to a simply supported beam and measure the deflection and strain that comes out from it. As a result from the graphs we plotted, we saw that whenever the load increases, the deflection and strain also increases. We used the strain to find the theoretical stress in our calculations, and we also used the moment, moment of inertia, and the neutral axis to find the experimental stress. We calculated the moment of inertia, which came out to be 0.05122 . Also, we found the neutral axis to be 0515 in , and the maximum deflection also came out to be 0.000013 in. The maximum load applied on the beam came out to be 40049.5 psi, which we calculated from the maximum stress.
Table of Contents
Abstract……………………………………………………………..………..2
Table of Contents……………………………………….……………………3
Introduction and Theory…………………………………………………….4-6
Procedure………………………………………………….……………….7-9
Summary of Important Results…………………...………………………..10-12
Sample Calculations and Error Analysis……………….………………….13
Discussion and Conclusion………………………………………………..14-15
References……………………………………..…………………………….16
Appendix……………………………………………………….……………17
Introduction and Theory
Engineers use beams to support loads over a span length. These beams are structural
members that are only loaded non-axially causing them to be subjected to bending. “A piece is said to be in bending if the forces act on a piece of material in such a way that they tend to induce compressive stresses over one part of a cross section of the piece and tensile stresses over
the remaining part” (Ref. 1). This definition of bending is illustrated below in Figure 1.
It can be seen from Figure 1 that the compressive force, C, and the tensile force, T, acting on the member are equal in magnitude because of equilibrium. Therefore, the compressive force and the tensile force form a force couple whose moment is equal to either the tensile force multiplied by the moment arm or the compressive force multiplied by the moment arm. The moment arm is denoted, e, in Figure 1.
This is why structural members usually carry the center of the load into the tensile, compressive, or transverse loads. A beam usually carries the load transversely. During today’s experiment the load will be forced onto the beam in a symmetric order. We also must know that any cross section of the beam there will be a shear force V and a moment M. When we see in the middle of the beam we realize that the shear force diagram is zero and the moment reaches its maximum constant value.
When a beam is cur in to slices we see that if we want the moment the internal forces must be equal to the moment on the outside. So, M must be equal to the internal forces applied.
The document discusses work, power, and simple machines. It defines work as the movement of an object by force, measured in foot-pounds or joules. Power is defined as the rate of work over time. It then discusses the six simple machines: lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, and screw. Levers in particular are described as multiplying force or speed with or without changing the direction of effort, consisting of a rigid bar and fulcrum.
This document provides an overview of a science unit on simple machines. It covers definitions of work, power, and energy. Key concepts explained include how machines make work easier by changing the amount of force, distance, or direction of force. Mechanical advantage and efficiency of machines are also defined. Machines allow less input force and distance to produce greater output force and distance, keeping the total work the same.
This document summarizes the basic principles of six simple machines: the inclined plane, wedge, screw, lever, wheel and axle, and pulley. It defines each machine, describes how they work mechanically to make work easier by changing either the size or direction of force needed, and provides examples of common uses. The summary concludes by reviewing key concepts like work, power, pressure, and Newton's Laws of Motion.
This document provides instructions for a lab activity to investigate how levers work. The lab uses common materials like pencils, rulers, nickels, and pennies to demonstrate that applying force over a greater distance requires less effort. Students are asked to set up the materials as a lever system with the fulcrum in different positions and record the effort force needed to lift various loads. Through this process, they learn that placing the fulcrum closer to the load and farther from where effort is applied reduces the effort force required. The document guides students through setting up the experiment, recording results, drawing conclusions, and restating their understanding that levers trade off effort force and distance to allow easier lifting of loads.
1) Simple machines include the wheel and axle, pulley, and screw jack. They allow us to do work with less effort by providing mechanical advantage.
2) A pulley system uses wheels and a rope or chain to lift loads. Multiple pulleys can be arranged in series to increase mechanical advantage.
3) A screw jack lifts loads by using a threaded screw turning within a nut, functioning similarly to an inclined plane to trade off distance moved for lifting force.
The document summarizes the basic principles of simple machines and how they make work easier. It defines work as force applied over a distance. Simple machines like levers, inclined planes, wedges, screws and pulleys can multiply the input force, reduce the distance over which force is applied, or change the direction of force. This allows machines to reduce the amount of effort needed to do a task by increasing mechanical advantage. The efficiency of a machine compares the output work to the input work.
Work is defined as a force applied to an object, moving it a distance. Simple machines like levers, pulleys, and inclined planes make work easier by multiplying applied forces or distances moved. They provide mechanical advantages but also lose efficiency due to friction. Common simple machines are described along with their applications, mechanical advantages, and efficiency considerations.
Work is defined as the transfer of energy when a force causes an object to move. Power is the rate at which work is done and is calculated by dividing the work by the time taken. Machines make work easier by changing the direction or magnitude of the applied force, allowing tasks to be completed with less exertion. They do not reduce the total amount of work done.
This document discusses simple machines and how they make work easier. It defines work as a force moving an object over a distance. The six basic simple machines that reduce the force needed for work are the inclined plane, wedge, screw, lever, wheel and axle, and pulley. Each machine works by either changing the size or direction of the applied force. Compound machines combine two or more simple machines to accomplish work.
- The document discusses topics related to mechanical design and simple machines including levers, linkages, wedges, and mechanical advantage. It provides an overview of the class topics and assignments.
- Students will create a kinematic model of their robot design and write necessary data on torques, angles, and arm lengths. They will also consider how the simple machine concepts can apply to practical robot designs.
- The class covers various stages of robot design from mechanical design to programming and system integration. Students' projects should apply some of these design principles.
r5.pdf
r6.pdf
InertiaOverall.docx
Dynamics of Mechanical Systems
Inertia and Efficiency Laboratory
1 Overview
The objectives of this laboratory are to examine some very common mechanical drive components, and hence to answer the following questions:
· How efficient is a typical geared transmission system?
· How do gearing and efficiency affect the apparent inertia of a geared system as observed at (i.e. referred to) one of the shafts?
The learning objectives are more generic:
· To give experience of the kinematic equations relating displacement, velocity, acceleration and time of travel of a particle.
· To give experience of applying Newton’s second law to linear and rotational systems.
· To introduce the concept of mechanical power and its relationship to torque and angular velocity.
The completed question sheet must be submitted to the laboratory demonstrator at the end of the lab, and is worth 6% of module mark.
Please fill in the sheet neatly (initially in pencil, perhaps, then in ink once correct!) as you will be handing it in with the remainder of your report.
Note: it is a matter of Departmental policy that students do not undertake laboratories unless they are equipped with safety shoes (and laboratory coat). The reasons for this policy are apparent from the present lab, where descending masses are involved, and could cause injury if they run out of control. Safety shoes therefore MUST be worn.
Also, keep fingers clear of rotating parts, whether guarded or not, taking particular care when winding the cord onto the capstans. In particular, do not touch (or try to stop) the flywheel when it is rotating rapidly. Do not move the rig around on the bench – if its position needs changing, please ask the lab supervisor.
1
Inertia and Efficiency Laboratory
2 Mechanical efficiency, inertia and gearing
2.1 Theory
2.1.1 Kinematics: motion in a straight line
The motion of a particle in a straight line under constant acceleration is described by the following equations:
v u at
s (u v) t
2
s ut 12 at 2 s vt 12 at 2 v2 u 2 2as
where s is the distance travelled by the particle during time t, u is the initial velocity of the particle, v is its final velocity, and a is the acceleration of the particle.
To think about: which one of these equations will you need to use to calculate the acceleration of a mass as it accelerates from rest to cover a distance s in time t? (Hint: note that u is zero while v is both unknown and irrelevant. You will need to rearrange one of the above equations to obtain a in terms of s and t).
2.2 Kinematics: gears and similar devices
If two meshing gears1 have numbers of teeth N1 and N2 and are connected to the input and output shafts respectively, then the gear ratio n is said to be the ratio of the input rotational angle to the output rotational angle (and angular velocity and angular acceleration), see Fig. 1:
N
2
1
1
Gear ratio n
...
Poles and Zeros of a transfer function are the frequencies for which the value of the denominator and numerator of transfer function becomes zero respectively
This document discusses work, power, and machines. It defines work as the use of a force to move an object a distance in the same direction. Work is calculated as force times distance (W=FxD). Power is defined as the rate of doing work, or work divided by time. Various simple machines - levers, wheels and axles, inclined planes, wedges, screws, and pulleys - are described and how they can multiply force or distance to make work easier. Compound machines combine two or more simple machines but cannot output more work than is input.
Work is defined as the transfer of energy to an object due to the application of a force. Work produces a change in kinetic energy of the object. Work can be calculated using the formula: Work = Force x Distance. When climbing stairs rapidly, one becomes more out of breath not because more work is done or energy is used, but because the same work is done over a shorter period of time. This results in higher power, which is the rate of work over time.
ME-314 Introduction to Control Engineering is a course taught to Mechanical Engineering senior undergrads. The course is taught by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui at DHA Suffa University. This lecture is about modeling electrical and mechanical systems (transnational and rotational) in frequency domain.
Work is defined scientifically as a force causing an object to move in the direction of the force. Simple machines like levers, pulleys, and inclined planes allow people to do work more easily by increasing force or distance of movement. They provide mechanical advantage by changing the direction or magnitude of force. Common simple machines are the lever, wheel and axle, inclined plane, wedge, screw, and pulley. Each machine trades off either force or distance depending on its class.
The document discusses different types of work and simple machines. It begins by defining work as the transfer of energy through a force causing an object to move in the direction of the force. It then describes six simple machines: the lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, wedge, and screw. The summary provides the definitions of each machine, specifically that a lever is a bar that pivots on a fulcrum, a pulley allows a rope or chain to pass over a wheel, and a wheel and axle consist of two circular objects of different sizes. Compound machines are made up of combinations of two or more simple machines.
This document discusses plant adaptations to different habitats. It focuses on xerophytes, which are plants adapted to dry habitats. The aims of the session are to measure leaf mass loss, see if xerophytes lose mass differently, learn about xerophyte adaptations, and have students ask questions about xerophytes. It then lists some common xerophyte adaptations like thick waxy cuticles, sunken stomata, leaf hairs, and extensive roots, which help prevent excessive water loss. Specific plant examples like marram grass and cacti are provided.
This document summarizes key aspects of viruses, bacteria, and their interactions. It defines viruses as non-cellular particles composed of genetic material and protein that can infect living cells. It then describes the structures of some specific viruses and bacteria, including their nucleic acids, protein coats, and cellular structures. It also outlines several bacterial processes like respiration, reproduction, and symbiotic relationships between bacteria and how they obtain energy.
This document summarizes key aspects of viruses, bacteria, and their interactions. It describes viruses as non-cellular particles composed of genetic material and protein that can infect living cells. It then discusses the structures of specific viruses like bacteriophages and herpes viruses. The document also outlines the structures and life cycles of bacteria, including their shapes, cell walls, movement, energy sources, reproduction, and symbiotic relationships with other organisms like nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as well as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of symbiotic relationships that can exist within forest ecosystems. It defines parasitism as a relationship where one organism harms its host, commensalism as a relationship where one benefits without affecting the other, and mutualism as a relationship where both organisms benefit. Examples are given of each type, such as ticks being parasitic on deer, birds nesting in trees being commensal, and bees and flowers having a mutualistic relationship.
The document discusses different types of symbiotic relationships in nature. It provides examples of mutualism between species like crocodiles and birds, where the bird cleans the crocodile's teeth for food scraps. Hermit crabs have a symbiotic relationship with sea anemones, where the anemone protects the crab and gets leftover food. Buffalo allow oxpeckers to eat ticks off their skin in exchange for a warning signal of danger. Sharks carry remora fish, which eat parasites off the shark and get access to its leftovers. Lichen is a symbiotic partnership between fungi and algae that allows both to survive. The document also defines different types of symbiotic relationships like phoresis, comm
Symbiosis refers to two organisms living together where at least one benefits. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, where one benefits and one is harmed; mutualism, where both benefit; and commensalism, where one benefits and the other is unaffected. Examples provided include acacia plants with ant galls in a parasitic relationship and moray eels with cleaner fish in a mutualistic relationship.
Ecology is the study of interactions between living organisms and their environment. It involves studying both biotic factors like plants, animals, and microorganisms, as well as abiotic factors such as climate, geology, and nutrients. Ecology views each ecosystem as an integrated system of interdependent relationships between producers, consumers, and decomposers. Ecosystems can be studied at different levels of organization from the biosphere down to individual organisms. Ecology provides an integrated and dynamic understanding of the environment as a complex system with many interacting species.
The document provides information about the Pythagorean theorem:
1) It states that in a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
2) It gives examples of right triangles that satisfy the theorem, such as ones with sides of 3, 4, 5 or 5, 12, 13.
3) It includes an animated proof of the theorem showing how the area of the square on the hypotenuse equals the combined areas of the squares on the other two sides.
The document discusses several key properties and theorems regarding circles:
1. Angles subtended by a chord in the same segment of a circle are equal. Similarly, angles subtended by an arc in the same segment are equal.
2. If two angles stand on the same chord of a circle, then the angle at the center is twice the size of the angle at the circumference.
3. The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle, where the angle stands on the diameter of the circle.
4. Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral (a quadrilateral whose vertices all lie on the same circle) add up to 180 degrees.
This document defines key terms and concepts related to circles, including:
- A circle consists of all points equidistant from a fixed point called the center.
- The distance from the center to any point on the circle is called the radius.
- A line segment passing through the center whose endpoints lie on the circle is called the diameter. The diameter is twice the length of the radius.
- The length or distance around the entire circle is called the circumference. The circumference is approximately 3 times the diameter.
The document discusses the standard form of a circle equation and how to find the center and radius from the equation. It provides examples of writing the equation of a circle given the center and/or radius or a point on the circle. The standard form is (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2, where (h, k) are the coordinates of the center and r is the radius. If the equation is not in standard form, it may need to be completed into a perfect square to extract the center and radius.
This document discusses key terms and measurements related to circles, including radius, diameter, and circumference. It defines radius as a line segment from the center to the edge, diameter as twice the radius, and circumference as the distance around the circle which can be estimated by multiplying the diameter by 3. It provides examples of calculating diameters and circumferences given radii.
This document defines key terms and concepts related to circles, including:
- A circle consists of all points equidistant from a fixed point called the center.
- The distance from the center to any point on the circle is called the radius.
- A line segment passing through the center whose endpoints lie on the circle is called the diameter. The diameter is twice the length of the radius.
- The length or distance around the entire circle is called the circumference. The circumference is approximately 3 times the diameter.
1) The document defines and describes various terms related to circles such as radius, diameter, chord, arc, segment, and circumference.
2) A circle is a closed curve where all points are equidistant from the center. The radius is the line from the center to the edge, and the diameter passes through the center and joins two points on the edge.
3) Other terms defined are chord (a line through two points on the circle), arc (part of the circumference), segment (part of the region divided by a chord), and semicircle (half of a full circle).
This document defines circles and their key components like radius and center. It provides instructions for writing the standard equation of a circle by grouping like terms, completing the square for x and y terms, and moving constants to one side of the equation. An example demonstrates this process. Readers are prompted to practice writing the equation and identifying the center and radius of another circle given its diameter endpoints.
The document discusses class design principles for a graphing library. It describes using inheritance to create a class hierarchy with a base Shape class. Shape stores common data like color and lines. Derived classes like Circle override draw_lines() to draw themselves polymorphically. Encapsulation is used to hide data and access it through member functions to allow future flexibility.
The document discusses class design principles for a graphing library. It describes using inheritance to create a class hierarchy with Shape as the base class. Shape defines common functionality like drawing lines and storing points. Derived classes like Circle override draw_lines() to draw themselves polymorphically. Encapsulation is used to hide data representations and provide uniform access through member functions.
This document summarizes a class on modern navigation that introduced concepts of spherical trigonometry. It reviewed plane trigonometry and then defined key concepts for spherical trigonometry, including interpreting sides and angles on a sphere. It derived the cosine rule for spherical trigonometry and discussed typical uses, such as calculating distances and bearings between points given their latitudes and longitudes. Homework was assigned on applying these new spherical trigonometry concepts.
This document provides an overview of key concepts relating to circles:
- It defines the parts of a circle including the center, radius, diameter, chord, secant, and tangent.
- It explains relationships between the diameter and radius.
- It discusses properties of lines that intersect circles like secants intersecting at two points and tangents intersecting at one point.
- It covers topics like concentric circles, tangent circles, and interior/exterior points.
- It provides examples of problems involving finding missing lengths related to circles.
This first grade science document covers various topics about animals including their coverings like fur, scales, feathers and shells. It discusses how animals come in different sizes and shapes. The document also addresses animal life cycles from eggs to adulthood for frogs and butterflies. Additionally, it notes how parent animals and babies often look alike and how various animals help people through activities like pulling things, carrying rides, assisting blind people, herding sheep, alerting people and providing food.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
12. Looping the String Around the Pulleys Supporting strings #: 1, 3, 5 Supporting strings #: 2, 4, 6
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Editor's Notes
Intergrated Science is a new hands-on program developed in-house by CPO Science Note to presenter: This follows Investigation 4.2 Materials: Students work in groups of three to four at tables. Each group should have: Lever with carriage bolt and black knob 4 Lever strings Physics stand Weight set
Simple machines transform input forces into output forces. The concept of mechanical advantage is the measure of how much the forces are increased or possibly decreased. When we use simple machines, we apply an input force to accomplish some task, and the machine converts it into an output force that makes the task easier, or provides us with a more convenient option to accomplish the task. For instance, we can climb a ladder, or we can go up stairs( a kind of ramp ) to reach to top of a tower. Either way, we wind up the same height off the ground. However, the stairs allow us an easier option than the ladder to reach to the top.
Mechanical systems and machines require an input force to achieve an output force. Pulleys can have one supporting strand, like the simple diagram, or more than one, like the pulley system used to lift the elephant. That kind of pulley arrangement is called a block and tackle.
In this investigation we need a load to lift, and naturally the bottom block is it. To really get a good tactile feel of the effect we are looking to investigate, we add some weights to the bottom block, making it much heavier than on its own. This way, we’ll be able FEEL the advantage of using the pulley system to accomplish a task. Use the force scale to measure the weight of the load like the diagram on the slide, and record your result. What does the Force Scale Measure? The force scale measures how much gravity is pulling ( down) on the load ie: its weight. If we apply this exact same force in the opposite direction ( up) while we measure the weight of the load, the load will hang from the end of the scale and not move, the forces are balanced in the up and down direction. If we lift the scale up while we measure the load, we must be applying more force than gravity is applying, and therefore the load is moves in the upward direction. Try this and look at the scale while the load is lifted quickly, it should indicate greater force is applied at this time. The opposite is true when the block is allowed to drop, there must not be enough force being applied to the load, and therefore gravity wins the tug of war and the load moves downward.
The Red strings just keep the lower and upper block together when not in use and simply provides the support while hanging. Once the yellow string is pulled on, the red string no longer provides support, and you’ll see it just sag as the weight of the lower block becomes supported by the yellow string. The yellow string supports the block while lifting, and can take different configurations as we experiment with different ways to loop it through the pulley system.
We have two places we can attach the string, the bottom block or the top block. Both options lead to the string eventually going up and over the top pulley set so we have a string to pull on. But there really is a difference; When connected to the bottom block, there is a total of one string supporting the weight and providing the lifting force, just that one strand of yellow string. When connected to the top, and threaded down and then up and over, there is actually two strands of strings supporting the weight and providing the lifting force. Try these two set ups and see if you can feel a difference in the force required to lift the weight of the bottom block.
This is Investigation 4.1 and you can follow along with your handout/Investigation Manual. When there is just one supporting string, that one string is supporting all the weight of the load. Lifting the load by pulling the string means that the output force of the string has exceeded the weight force of the load, so it moves up. Lowering the load means that the output force is less than the weight, and it moves downward. The average of these two values applied to the string will be the value we use for the input force. With only one supporting string, we’ll see that input force = output force. The force required to lift the load will be equal to its weight.
When there is just one supporting string, that one string is supporting all the weight of the load. Lifting the load by pulling the string means that the output force of the string has exceeded the weight force of the load, so it moves up. Lowering the load means that the output force is less than the weight, and it moves downward. The average of these two values applied to the string will be the value we use for the input force. With only one supporting string, we’ll see that input force = output force. The force required to lift the load will be equal to its weight.
With either set up, the # of supporting strings can be increased. This is done by unclipping the string and threading it up and over or under and up both pulley sets. Doing this can allow for up to 6 strings to be used to support the load. It turns out there can be either odd, or even #s of supporting strings depending on whether the top or bottom block is the attachment site. You can see that unclipping the string on the one supporting string set up, threading it under the bottom pulley set, and then up and clipping it to the top block will create a two string support set up. From here, we can unclip the string, go up and over and clip it to the bottom block and we’d have three supporting strands. By continuing this process we can work our way all the way up to 6 supporting strings. At each set up the input force to hold the block up should be measured, and recorded in the data table provided. Interesting Aside : Some of the more creative people may discover that the string can continue to be looped around and around. We’ve gone up to 12 supporting strings, and it really makes a difference. However, since so many sets of strings are rubbing against one another when they are double-looped, friction begins to add up and offset the additional mechanical advantage gained. This happens when; Total Frict. of strings rubbing+Total Frict. of pulleys=Weight of load/# of sup. strings
Each new strand of supporting string that is added to the total # of supports provides lift. When there is one string, the force is the weight of the load. When there is two strings, the force is half the weight of the load. When there are three strings, the force is one-third the weight of the load. This pattern continues throughout the Investigation. The total weight is split up evenly between each supporting string, and that is the force required to hold the load in place. Any extra force applied to the string by pulling will result in more lift up than the downward pull of gravity and the load will move up. Anything less than this and the load will move down. Just the right amount, and the load will stay put, because the net force acting on it is zero.
The Mechanical Advantage is calculated by dividing the Output Force by the Input Force. This is used for ANY simple machine. After the trials for 1-6 strings have been completed it is time to look at the results obtained. It becomes clear that the more strings used to support the load, the force needed to lift the load decreases. We call this an Inverse Relationship. The relationship between the mechanical advantage and the # of strings supporting the load may become much clearer at this point.
The mechanical advantage of a pulley system is equal to the number of strings. Each string helps to share the load, and thus reduces the amount of force required to lift it. However, we find we have to pull much more string through the pulley as we add supporting strings. We don’t get something for nothing; Less force required means more string needs to be pulled. It may take longer, and it may take lots of string, but with pulleys, really heavy loads can be lifted without a lot of force.
We found out that there were a couple of ways to calculate the mechanical advantage of a lever. Output Force/Input Force and also Input arm length/Output arm length. Both of these relationships would give us the same ratio. From these relationships we can see that both force and distance are conserved in simple machines. This principle enables us to generate large forces from small forces, which comes in very handy all the time. Now we’ll investigate how this applies to the ropes and pulleys.
We define work to be Force x Distance. Work is done when mass experiences acceleration ( Force ) over a given distance. The unit we use to measure work is the joule. The joule = 1 newton x 1 meter. For work to be done, two things need to happen 1. Force is applied, and 2. Something is moved a distance by the force.
Follow Investigation 5.1 Work for this investigation. In this investigation we need a load to lift, and naturally the bottom block is it. To really get a good tactile feel of the effect we are looking to investigate, we add some weights to the bottom block, making it much heavier than on its own. This way, we’ll be able FEEL the advantage of using the pulley system to accomplish a task. Use the force scale to measure the weight of the load like the diagram on the slide, and record your result. What does the Force Scale Measure? The force scale measures how much gravity is pulling ( down) on the load ie: its weight. If we apply this exact same force in the opposite direction ( up) while we measure the weight of the load, the load will hang from the end of the scale and not move, the forces are balanced in the up and down direction. If we lift the scale up while we measure the load, we must be applying more force than gravity is applying, and therefore the load is moves in the upward direction. Try this and look at the scale while the load is lifted quickly, it should indicate greater force is applied at this time. The opposite is true when the block is allowed to drop, there must not be enough force being applied to the load, and therefore gravity wins the tug of war and the load moves downward.
These two distances that we will be measuring are key to accurately figuring out the work involved. Using the cord stops on the length of yellow string is an easy way to measure the distance of srting being pulled. Start with both stops at the top, pull the string the length desired, and then slide the one closer to the pulleys back up to the top where they were at the beginning. The distance between the two will be the Length ( L ) needed for the investigation. This is the distance that the string has been pulled. The Height ( H ) is easier to measure. By noting a spot on the lower pulley that is at the same height as one of the holes on the stand pole, simply raise the block up successive increments of one hole higher. The holes are 5 cm apart which makes distance measurements easy. The students can raise the block up the same Height for each trial, so only the Length of string pulled will vary.
When there is just one supporting string, that one string is supporting all the weight of the load. Lifting the load by pulling the string means that the output force of the string has exceeded the weight force of the load, so it moves up. Lowering the load means that the output force is less than the weight, and it moves downward. The average of these two values applied to the string will be the value we use for the input force. With only one supporting string, we’ll see that input force = output force. The force required to lift the load will be equal to its weight.
Each new strand of supporting string that is added to the total # of supports provides lift. When there is one string, the force is the weight of the load. When there is two strings, the force is half the weight of the load. When there are three strings, the force is one-third the weight of the load. This pattern continues throughout the Investigation. The total weight is split up evenly between each supporting string, and that is the force required to hold the load in place. Any extra force applied to the string by pulling will result in more lift up than the downward pull of gravity and the load will move up. Anything less than this and the load will move down. Just the right amount, and the load will stay put, because the net force acting on it is zero.
This calculation is done after all the data has been collected. We will perform this calculation for each of the 6 trials.
The Work Relationship is practically equal for this Investigation.
We see after doing the calculation for Work that the two are very close. You have to pull more string as the force required goes down. Mechanical Advantage can help us increase our Input Force, but it comes at a price; We’ll also need to increase the amount of string to be pulled. This simple rule applies to all simple machines. In the lever, the forces were weights like what we just used here, and the distances involved were the lengths of the Input & Output arms. Similar variations apply to all the other forms of simple machines
As the Inv. progresses, it becomes obvious that the amount of string needed to continue to lift the block the same height mounts up quickly. The Force required decreases by half with the first arrangement, so that too becomes clear. After the calculation of the Work IN and Work Out, it makes sense that these should have close to the same value. (Any discrepancies you may have seen were probably due to limitations in the force scale used in the Inv.) Why would the Output less than Input? Our old nemesis Friction. Friction “ takes “ some of the Input Force, which reduces the total Output Force, and consequently the Work Output. The better a simple machine reduces friction, the closer the Work Input and the Work Output will match.
The rate at which work is done in units of time is called Power. Much in the same way there is a relationship between Speed, Distance and Time, there is a relationship with Power, Work and Time.
The work-energy theorem defines energy as the ability to do work. We can store energy in objects in many different ways. Batteries are an example of stored energy, as is a tightly coiled spring or a boulder high on a mountain. Each have the ability to do work.
This is where the concept of energy enters the vocabulary, and since we have just learned about work, the transition makes a lot of sense when we think of energy as stored work and/or the ability to do work.