The document explains the properties of light and sound, detailing how light travels in straight lines faster than sound, and how we perceive objects due to light reflection. It covers topics such as reflection, colors of light, and the phenomenon of refraction. Additionally, it discusses sound characteristics, how we hear, and the effects of mediums on sound waves.

2. Light and Sound In this unit: Properties of light Reflection Colours Refraction Properties of sound Hearing

3. Part 1 – Properties of Light Light travels in straight lines: Laser

4. Light travels VERY FAST – around 300,000 kilometres per second. At this speed it can go around the world 8 times in one second.

5. Light travels much faster than sound. For example: Thunder and lightning start at the same time, but we will see the lightning first. 2) When a starting pistol is fired we see the smoke first and then hear the bang.

6. We see things because they reflect light into our eyes: Homework

7. Luminous and non-luminous objects A luminous object is one that produces light. A non-luminous object is one that reflects light. Luminous objects Reflectors

8. Shadows Shadows are places where light is “blocked”: Rays of light

9. Properties of Light summary Light travels in straight lines Light travels much faster than sound We see things because they reflect light into our eyes Shadows are formed when light is blocked by an object

10. Part 2 - Reflection Reflection from a mirror: Incident ray Normal Reflected ray Angle of incidence Angle of reflection Mirror

11. The Law of Reflection Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection In other words, light gets reflected from a surface at ____ _____ angle it hits it. The same !!!

12. Clear vs. Diffuse Reflection Smooth, shiny surfaces have a clear reflection: Rough, dull surfaces have a diffuse reflection. Diffuse reflection is when light is scattered in different directions

13. Using mirrors Two examples: 1) A periscope 2) A car headlight

14. Colour White light is not a single colour; it is made up of a mixture of the seven colours of the r a i n b o w . We can demonstrate this by splitting white light with a prism: This is how rainbows are formed: sunlight is “split up” by raindrops.

15. The colours of the rainbow: Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet

16. Adding colours White light can be split up to make separate colours. These colours can be added together again. The primary colours of light are red, blue and green: Adding blue and red makes magenta (purple) Adding blue and green makes cyan (light blue) Adding all three makes white again Adding red and green makes yellow

17. Seeing colour The colour an object appears depends on the colours of light it reflects. For example, a red book only reflects red light: White light Only red light is reflected Homework

18. A white hat would reflect all seven colours: A pair of purple trousers would reflect purple light (and red and blue, as purple is made up of red and blue): Purple light White light

19. Using coloured light If we look at a coloured object in coloured light we see something different. For example, consider a football kit: White light Shorts look blue Shirt looks red

20. In different colours of light this kit would look different: Red light Shirt looks red Shorts look black Blue light Shirt looks black Shorts look blue

21. Some further examples: Red Blue Red Blue Black Red Blue Red Red Black Blue Green Magenta book Green Green camel Green Blue teddy Black Green Red socks Colour object seems to be Colour of light Object Homework

22. Using filters Filters can be used to “block” out different colours of light: Red Filter Magenta Filter

23. Investigating filters Yellow Magenta Cyan Blue Green Red Colours that could be “seen” Colour of filter

24. Red Magenta White Yellow Blue Green Cyan

25. Refraction Refraction is when waves ____ __ or slow down due to travelling in a different _________. A medium is something that waves will travel through. When a pen is placed in water it looks like this: In this case the light rays are slowed down by the water and are _____, causing the pen to look odd. The two mediums in this example are ______ and _______. Words – speed up, water, air, bent

28. Sound – The basics We hear things when they vibrate . If something vibrates with a high frequency (vibrates very ______) we say it has a _____ pitch. If something vibrates with a low frequency (vibrates ______) we say it has a ____ pitch. The lowest frequency I could hear was… Words – slowly, low, high, quickly

29. Drawing sounds… This sound wave has a _____ frequency : This sound wave has a ___ _frequency :

30. Drawing sounds… This sound wave has a _____ amplitude (loud): This sound wave has a _____ amplitude (quiet):

31. Hearing problems Our hearing range can be damaged by several things: Too much ear wax! Damage to the auditory nerve Illness or infections Old age (not like Mr Richards)

32. Other sound effects… Like light, sound can be… Reflected – sound reflections are called ______. Refracted – this is why you might sound strange if you try talking underwater

33. The Ear Label your diagram with the following: These bones are vibrated by the eardrum This tube carries the sound towards the eardrum This part is used to help us keep our balance This part “picks up” the vibrations This part of the ear contains many small hairs with turn vibrations into an electrical signal This part connects the ear to the mouth This part “channels” the sound towards the ear drum

34. The Ear