1. Newton's first law of motion states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2. Inertia is the resistance of an object to changes in its motion. According to the first law, objects have a natural tendency to resist changes to their state of motion.
3. Examples are given demonstrating inertia, including a tablecloth trick, passengers in a abruptly stopping car, and a ladder on a abruptly stopping truck. In each case, objects in motion continue in motion according to their inertia unless an external force stops them.
Learn Online Courses of Subject Engineering Mechanics of First Year Engineering. Clear the Concepts of Engineering Mechanics Through Video Lectures and PDF Notes. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/subject/Engineering-Mechanics
The basis for kinetics is Newton's second law, which states that when an unbalanced force acts on a particle, the particle will accelerate in the direction of the force with a magnitude that is proportional to the force.
Learn Online Courses of Subject Engineering Mechanics of First Year Engineering. Clear the Concepts of Engineering Mechanics Through Video Lectures and PDF Notes. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/subject/Engineering-Mechanics
The basis for kinetics is Newton's second law, which states that when an unbalanced force acts on a particle, the particle will accelerate in the direction of the force with a magnitude that is proportional to the force.
Force, types of forces and system of forcesKhanSaif2
This presentation covers concept of force and different types of forces as well as different system of forces. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructors as well as students.
Ekeeda Provides Online Video Lectures for Civil Engineering Degree Subject Courses for All Engineering Universities. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/civil-engineering
Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motionjudan1970
Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motion
Lesson Outline:
1. Law of Inertia
2. Law of Acceleration
3. Law of Interaction
4. Momentum and Impulse: An Overview
Definition of force,types of forces,law of forces,system of forces, moment of a force, couple,moment of a couple,types of moments,features of couple and principle of moments.
the relation between force and motion id described in Newtons three laws of motion. These laws are very simple statements and enable us to describe the future (or past) motion of body if we know the forces acting on it.
Force? How force can produce effects on our position or position of any object which is in moving or rest condition. Force can disturb their position by applying it in proper direction and enough magnitude. Different types of force according to their application and point of application. A force system is also defined well with its different segments like - co planer, concurrent,co planer concurrent etc. Spring force, friction force, normal force, air resisting force, gravity force, tension force etc. described briefly.
Force, types of forces and system of forcesKhanSaif2
This presentation covers concept of force and different types of forces as well as different system of forces. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructors as well as students.
Ekeeda Provides Online Video Lectures for Civil Engineering Degree Subject Courses for All Engineering Universities. Visit us: https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/civil-engineering
Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motionjudan1970
Unit 6, Lesson 5 - Newton's Laws of Motion
Lesson Outline:
1. Law of Inertia
2. Law of Acceleration
3. Law of Interaction
4. Momentum and Impulse: An Overview
Definition of force,types of forces,law of forces,system of forces, moment of a force, couple,moment of a couple,types of moments,features of couple and principle of moments.
the relation between force and motion id described in Newtons three laws of motion. These laws are very simple statements and enable us to describe the future (or past) motion of body if we know the forces acting on it.
Force? How force can produce effects on our position or position of any object which is in moving or rest condition. Force can disturb their position by applying it in proper direction and enough magnitude. Different types of force according to their application and point of application. A force system is also defined well with its different segments like - co planer, concurrent,co planer concurrent etc. Spring force, friction force, normal force, air resisting force, gravity force, tension force etc. described briefly.
FOCUS POINTS:
Explain how balanced and unbalanced forces are related to motion.
Describe friction and identify the factors that determine the friction force between two surfaces.
In physics, a force is any interaction which tends to change the motion of an object.
In other words, a force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate.
Force can also be described by intuitive concepts such as a push or a pull.
A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F.
The original form of Newton's second law states that the net force acting upon an object is equal to the rate at which its momentum changes with time.
If the mass of the object is constant, this law implies that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
As a formula, this is expressed as:
Related concepts to force include: thrust, which increases the velocity of an object; drag, which decreases the velocity of an object; and torque which produces changes in rotational speed of an object. In an extended body, each part usually applies forces on the adjacent parts; the distribution of such forces through the body is the so-called mechanical stress.
Pressure is a simple type of stress. Stress usually causes deformation of solid materials, or flow in fluids.
Aristotle famously described a force
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
1. VECTORS AND SCALARS
A scalar quantity has only magnitude and is completely
specified by a number and a unit.
Examples are: mass (2 kg), volume (1.5 L), and
frequency (60 Hz).
Scalar quantities of the same kind are added by using
ordinary arithmetic.
2. A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.
Examples are displacement (an airplane has flown 200
km to the southwest), velocity (a car is moving at 60
km/h to the north), and force (a person applies an
upward force of 25 N to a package). When vector
quantities are added, their directions must be taken into
account.
3. A vector is represented by an arrowed line whose length
is proportional to the vector quantity and whose
direction indicates the direction of the vector quantity.
4.
5.
6. The resultant, or sum, of a number of vectors of a
particular type (force vectors, for example) is that single
vector that would have the same effect as all the original
vectors taken together.
R
7.
8.
9.
10. VECTOR COMPONENTS
A vector in two dimensions may be resolved into two
component vectors acting along any two mutually
perpendicular directions.
11.
12.
13. 2.1 Draw and calculate the components of the vector
F (250 N, 235o
)
Fx
= F cos θ
= 250 cos (235o
)
= - 143.4 N
Fy
= F sin θ
= 250 sin (235o
)
= - 204.7 N
Fx
Fy
F
14. VECTOR ADDITION: COMPONENT METHOD
To add two or more vectors A, B, C,… by the component
method, follow this procedure:
1. Resolve the initial vectors into components x and y.
2. Add the components in the x direction to give Σx
and
add the components in the y direction to give Σy
.
That is, the magnitudes of Σx
and Σy are given by,
respectively:
Σx
= Ax
+ Bx
+ Cx…
Σy
= Ay
+ By
+ Cy…
15. 3. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the
resultant R from its components by using the
Pythagorean theorem:
and
2 2
x yR = Σ + Σ
1
tan
y
x
θ −
Σ
=
Σ
16. 2.2 Three ropes are tied to a stake and the following forces are
exerted. Find the resultant force.
A (20 N, 0º)
B (30 N, 150º)
C (40 N, 232º)
17. A (20 N, 0°)
B (30 N, 150°)
C (40 N, 232°)
x-component
20 cos 0°
30 cos 150°
40 cos 232°
Σx = - 30.6 N
= 34.7 N2 2
( 30.6) ( 16.5)R = − + −
y-component
20 sin 0°
30 sin 150°
40 sin 232°
Σy = -16.5 N
18.
19. = 28.3°
Since Σx = (-) and Σy = (-)
R is in the III Quadrant:
1
tan
y
x
θ −
∑
=
∑
1 16.5
tan
30.6
−
=
therefore:
180° + 28.3° = 208.3°
R (34.7 N, 208.3°)
20. 2.3 Four coplanar forces act on a body at point O as shown in the
figure. Find their resultant with the component method.
A (80 N, 0°)
B (100 N, 45°)
C (110 N, 150°)
D (160 N, 200°)
21. A (80 N, 0°) B (100 N, 45°)
C (110 N, 150°) D (160 N, 200°)
x-component y-component
80 0
100 cos 45° 100 sin 45°
110 cos 150° 110 sin 150°
160 cos 200° 160 sin 200°
Σx = - 95 N Σy = 71 N
= 118.6 N2 2
( 95) (71)R = − +
22. = 36.7°
Since Σx = (-) and Σy = (+)
R is in the II Quadrant,
therefore:
180° - 36.7°= 143.3°
R (118.6 N, 143.3°)
1 71
tan
95
θ −
=
23. 22
)2.3()7.5( −+=R = 6.5 N
= 29°
Since Σx = (+) and Σy = (-)
R is in the IV Quadrant,
therefore:
360° - 29°= 331°
R (6.5 N, 331°)
1 3.2
tan
5.7
θ −
=
24. AP PHYSICS LAB 2. VECTOR ADDITION
Objective:
The purpose of this experiment is to use the force table to
experimentally determine the equilibrant force of two and
three other forces. This result is checked by the component
method.
A system of forces
is in equilibrium
when a force
called the
equilibrant force is
equal and opposite
to their resultant
force.
26. FORCE MASS (kg) FORCE
(N)
mg = m (9.8 m/s2
)
DIRECTION
F1
F2
Equilibrant
FE
Resultant
FR
DATA Table
27. An object that experiences a push or a pull has a force
exerted on it. Notice that it is the object that is
considered. The object is called the system. The world
around the object that exerts forces on it is called the
environment.
system
28. FORCE
Forces can act either through the physical contact of
two objects (contact forces: push or pull) or at a
distance (field forces: magnetic force, gravitational
force).
29. Type of Force and
its Symbol
Description of Force Direction of Force
Applied
Force
An applied force is a force that is applied to an
object by another object or by a person. If a
person is pushing a desk across the room, then
there is an applied force acting upon the desk. The
applied force is the force exerted on the desk by
the person.
FA
In the direction of
the pull or push.
30. Type of Force and
its Symbol
Description of Force
Direction of Force
Normal
Force
The normal force is the support force exerted upon an
object that is in contact with another stable object.
For example, if a book is resting upon a surface, then
the surface is exerting an upward force upon the book
in order to support the weight of the book. The normal
force is always perpendicular to the surface
Perpendicular to
the surface
FN
31. Type of Force and
its Symbol
Description of Force
Direction of Force
Friction
Force
The friction force is the force exerted by a surface as
an object moves across it or makes an effort to move
across it. The friction force opposes the motion of the
object. For example, if a book moves across the
surface of a desk, the desk exerts a friction force in
the direction opposite to the motion of the book.
Opposite to the
motion of the
object
FF
32. Type of Force and
its Symbol
Description of Force
Direction of Force
Air
Resistance
Force
Air resistance is a special type of frictional force that acts
upon objects as they travel through the air. Like all
frictional forces, the force of air resistance always
opposes the motion of the object. This force will frequently
be ignored due to its negligible magnitude. It is most
noticeable for objects that travel at high speeds (e.g., a
skydiver or a downhill skier) or for objects with large
surface areas.
Opposite to the
motion of the
object
FD
33. Type of Force and
its Symbol
Description of Force
Direction of Force
Tensional
Force
Tension is the force that is transmitted through a
string, rope, or wire when it is pulled tight by
forces acting at each end. The tensional force is
directed along the wire and pulls equally on the
objects on either end of the wire.
In the direction of
the pull
FT
34. Type of Force and
its Symbol
Description of Force
Direction of Force
Gravitational
Force (also
known as
Weight)
The force of gravity is the force with which the
earth, moon, or other massive body attracts an
object towards itself. By definition, this is the
weight of the object. All objects upon earth
experience a force of gravity that is directed
"downward" towards the center of the earth. The
force of gravity on an object on earth is always
equal to the weight of the object.
Straight downward
Fg
35. FORCES HAVE AGENTS
Each force has a specific
identifiable, immediate cause
called agent. You should be
able to name the agent of
each force, for example the
force of the desk or your
hand on your book. The
agent can be animate such
as a person, or inanimate
such as a desk, floor or a
magnet. The agent for the
force of gravity is Earth's
mass. If you can't name an
agent, the force doesn't
exist.
agent
36. Directions:
- Choose a coordinate system defining the positive
direction of motion.
- Replace the object by a dot and locate it in the center
of the coordinate system.
- Draw arrows to represent the forces acting on the
system.
A free-body-diagram (FBD) is a vector
diagram that shows all the forces that
act on an object whose motion is being
studied.
54. ARISTOTLE studied motion and divided it
into two types: natural motion and violent
motion.
Natural motion: up or down.
Objects would seek their natural resting
places.
Natural for heavy things to fall and for
very light things to rise.
Violent motion: imposed motion.
A result of forces.
55. GALILEO demolish the notion that a force
is necessary to keep an object moving.
He argued that ONLY when friction is
present, is a force needed to keep an
object moving.
In the absence of air resistance (drag)
both objects will fall at the same time.
56. A ball rolling down the incline rolls up the opposite
incline and reaches its initial height.
As the angle of the upward incline is reduced, the ball
rolls a greater distance before reaching its initial height.
How far will the ball roll along the horizontal?
57.
58. FIRST LAW OF MOTION
According to Newton's
First Law of Motion:
" If no net force acts on it, a
body at rest remains at rest and
a body in motion remains in
motion at constant speed in a
straight line."
Isaac Newton
(1642-1727)
59. NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION
"An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object
in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed
and in the same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force."
There are two parts to this statement:
- one which predicts the behavior ofstationary
objects and
- the other which predicts the behavior of moving
objects.
60.
61. The behavior of all objects can be described by saying
that objects tend to "keep on doing what they're doing"
(unless acted upon by an unbalanced force).
If at rest, they will continue in this same state of rest.
If in motion with an eastward velocity of 5 m/s, they will
continue in this same state of motion (5 m/s, East).
62. It is the natural tendency of objects to resist
changes in their state of motion.
This tendency to resist changes in their state of
motion is described as inertia.
Inertia is the resistance an object has to a change in
its state of motion.
The elephant at rest tends
to remain at rest.
65. If the car were to abruptly stop and the seat belts
were not being worn, then the passengers in
motion would continue in motion.
Now perhaps you will be convinced of the need to wear
your seat belt. Remember it's the law - the law of inertia.
66. If the truck were to abruptly stop and the straps were
no longer functioning, then the ladder in motion
would continue in motion.
67. If the motorcycle were to abruptly stop, then the
rider in motion would continue in motion. The rider
would likely be propelled from the motorcycle and
be hurled into the air.
68.
69.
70.
71. FIRST CONDITION FOR EQUILIBRIUM
A body is in translational equilibrium if and only if the
vector sum of the forces acting upon it is zero.
Σ Fx
= 0 Σ Fy
= 0
72. Example of Free Body Diagram
300 600
50 N
A AB
B
Fg
300
600
Bx
By
Ax
Ay
1. Draw and label a sketch.1. Draw and label a sketch.
2. Draw and label vector force diagram. (FBD)2. Draw and label vector force diagram. (FBD)
3. Label x and y components opposite and3. Label x and y components opposite and
adjacent to angles.adjacent to angles.
73. 2.4 A block of weight 50 N hangs from a cord that is knotted to two
other cords, A and B fastened to the ceiling. If cord B makes an
angle of 60˚ with the ceiling and cord A forms a 30° angle, draw the
free body diagram of the knot and find the tensions A and B.
A B
50 N
ΣFx
= B cos 60º - A cos 30º = 0
cos30
cos60
A
B =
o
o = 1.73 A
ΣFy
= B sin 60º + A sin 30º - 50 = 0
1.73 A sin 60º + A sin 30º = 50
1.5 A + 0.5 A = 50
A = 25 N
B = 1.73 (25) = 43.3 N
A = 25 N B = 43.3 N
60º30º
Ax
Ay
By
Bx
N1L
74. 2.5 A 200 N block rests on a frictionless inclined plane of slope
angle 30º. A cord attached to the block passes over a frictionless
pulley at the top of the plane and is attached to a second block.
What is the weight of the second block if the system is in
equilibrium?
FN
200 N
FG2
FT
FT
x
yθ
ΣFx
= FT
- 200 sin 30º = 0
FT
= 200 sin 30º
= 100 N
ΣFy
= FT
- FG
= 0
FT
= FG2
FG2
= 100 N
N1L
75. To swing open a door, you
exert a force.
The doorknob is near the
outer edge of the door. You
exert the force on the
doorknob at right angles to
the door, away from the
hinges.
To get the most effect from
the least force, you exert
the force as far from the
axis of rotation (imaginary
line through the hinges) as
possible.
77. Torque is Determined by Three Factors:
• The magnitude of the applied force.
• The direction of the applied force.
• The location of the applied force.
• The magnitude of the applied force.
• The direction of the applied force.
• The location of the applied force.
20 N
Magnitude of force
40 N
The 40-N force
produces twice the
torque as does the
20-N force.
Each of the 20-N
forces has a different
torque due to the
direction of force. 20 N
Direction of Force
20 N
θ
θ
20 N20 N
Location of force
The forces nearer the end
of the wrench have
greater torques.
20 N
20 N
78. The perpendicular
distance from the axis
of rotation to the line of
force is called the lever
arm of that force. It is
the lever arm that
determines the
effectiveness of a given
force in causing
rotational motion. If the
line of action of a force
passes through the
axis of rotation (A) the
lever arm is zero.
79. Units for Torque
Torque
Depends on the magnitude of the applied
force and on the length of the lever arm,
according to the following equation.
r is measured perpendicular to the line of
action of the force F
Torque
Depends on the magnitude of the applied
force and on the length of the lever arm,
according to the following equation.
r is measured perpendicular to the line of
action of the force F
τ = Frτ = Fr
Units: N⋅m
6 cm
40 N
τ = (40 N)(0.60 m)
= 24.0 N⋅m
81. Sign Convention:
Torque will be positive if F tends
to produce counterclockwise
rotation.
Torque will be negative if F tends
to produce clockwise rotation.
82. ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM
An object is in rotational equilibrium when the sum of
the forces and torques acting on it is zero.
First Condition of Equilibrium:
Σ Fx
= 0 and Σ Fy
= 0
(translational equilibrium)
Second Condition of Equilibrium:
Στ = 0
(rotational equilibrium)
By choosing the axis of rotation at the point of
application of an unknown force, problems may
be simplified.
83. CENTER OF MASS
The terms "center of mass" and "center of gravity" are
used synonymously in a uniform gravity field to
represent the unique point in an object or system that
can be used to describe the system's response to
external forces and torques.
The concept of the center of mass is that of an average
of the masses factored by their distances from a
reference point. In one plane, that is like the balancing of
a seesaw about a pivot point with respect to the torques
produced.
84. Center of Gravity
The center of gravity of an object is the point at
which all the weight of an object might be
considered as acting for purposes of treating
forces and torques that affect the object.
The single support force has line of action that passes
through the c. g. in any orientation.
85. Examples of Center of
Gravity
Note: C. of G. is not always inside material.
86. 2.6 A 300 N girl and a 400 N boy stand on a 16 m platform
supported by posts A and B as shown. The platform itself weighs
200 N. What are the forces exerted by the supports on the
platform?
87. 2200
12
A = = 183. 3 N
B = 900 - 183.3
= 716.7 N
ΣF = 0
A + B - 300 - 200 - 400 = 0
A + B = 900 N
Selecting B as the hinge
ΣτB
= 0
-A(12) +300(10) +200(4) - 400(4) = 0
- A12 + 3000 + 800 - 1600 = 0
88. = 716.7 N
A = 900 - 716.7
= 183. 3 N
Selecting A as the hinge
ΣτA
= 0
- 300(2) - 200(8) + B(12) - 400(16) = 0
- 600 - 1600 + B12 - 6400 = 0
8600
12
B =
89. 2.7 A uniform beam of negligible weight is held up by two
supports A and B. Given the distances and forces listed, find
the forces exerted by the supports.
ΣF = 0
A - 60 - 40 + B = 0
A + B = 100
ΣτA
= 0
= - 60 (3) - 40(9) + B(11) = 0A B
60 N 40 N
3 m 6 m 2 m
540
11
B = = 49.1 N
A = 100 - 49.1 = 50.9 N