Digital substation and its monitoring systems is an “en vogue” topic again these days in the power engineering community. Many system providers have put it back on the agenda and started their promotion to sell their new holistic product offerings for substations. On the other hand, the transmission system operators (TSO) are still not completely convinced to replace/retrofit substations with "digital/sensored" equipment, because the added value is not visible on the first view and many other subjects have a higher priority for TSO/DSO.
To determine the economic added value of monitoring systems within digital substations, a Transmission Network Model (TNM) based on data from a German TSO was used in a grid calculation tool with various scenarios of improved reliability and availability values. Based on these values, the risk OPEX for the next 10 years will be calculated for all equipment in the 400 kV switchgear. For the sake of simplification, this paper only illustrates the monitoring systems for power transformers and circuit breakers in the 400 kV level.
A value-at-risk method is used to estimate the different risk costs of the assets. This methodology considers repair, replacement and lost revenue costs by considering various occurrence moments of the asset outages.
Based on the net present value with a 10-year period, it is determined, if a "digitization" of the substations makes economic sense. Therefore, it is applied a variation of penalty fees for non-delivered or feed-in electrical energy and span of prices for the sensor application. The results show a strong dependency on the revenue losses due to energy not delivered, transferred or fed in, which are also related to the penalty fees. Mission-critical substations always benefit from condition monitoring.
IRJET- Facts Device for Voltage Regulation in Micro Grid ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes an enhanced controller for an integrated Unified Power Quality Conditioner (iUPQC) that expands its functionality for power quality compensation and microgrid applications. The iUPQC can act as a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) on the grid side to regulate grid current while supplying conventional UPQC power quality features like sag/swell compensation on the load side. The proposed enhanced controller allows the iUPQC to also provide reactive power support to control current on both the grid and load side buses, providing benefits over conventional STATCOM and UPQC configurations. Simulation results demonstrate the iUPQC's ability to regulate current under no load and nonlinear load conditions.
IRJET- Mitigation of Current and Voltage Harmonics using MAF based UPQCIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for mitigating current and voltage harmonics using a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) with a moving average filter (MAF)-based control strategy. The UPQC consists of series and shunt compensators to regulate voltage and current, respectively. A photovoltaic array is connected between the compensators and provides power to the system. Simulation results show the system can effectively reduce the total harmonic distortion of both the supply voltage and current, improving power quality delivered to loads despite nonlinearities. The MAF control technique offers optimal harmonic attenuation without reducing controller bandwidth compared to other filtering methods.
A hybrid approach for ipfc location and parameters optimization for congestio...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The deregulated power system operation with competitive electricity market environment has been created many challenging tasks to the system operator. The competition with strategic bidding has been resulted for randomness in generation schedule, load withdrawal and power flows across the network. The economic efficiency of electricity market is mainly dependent on network support. In the event of congestion, it is required to alter the base case market settlement and hence the economic inefficiency in terms of congestion cost can occur. In order to anticipate congestion and its consequences in operation, this paper has been considered Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC).This article proposed a tactical approach for optimal location and then its parameters in Decoupled Power Injection Modeling (DPIM) are optimized using Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). The case studies are performed on IEEE 30-bus test system and the results obtained are validating the proposed approach for practical implementations.
Keywords: Deregulated power system, competitive electricity market, congestion management, IPFC, Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA)
In this article, we have proposed a new control of a PV system connected to the grid. The goal is
to reduce current and voltage harmonicsfor increasing the quality of delivered energy. First, we have
modeled a PV panel. Then we have dimensioned the BOOST converter by finding L and C values. Next,
we have used Perturb and Observe (P&O) Maximum Power Point Control (MPPT) to improve energy
efficiency. Finally, We have developed a control of single-phase H-bridge inverter in order to eliminate the
3rd,5th,7th and 9th harmonics order, and added an LCLTo connect the PV inverter to the grid, an LCL
betweenthe inverter and the grid. Theperformance of the proposed system was tested by computing
spectrum and THD usingMatlab/Simulink software. The proposed architecture provides better Total
Harmonic Distortion (THD) which satisfy the EN50160 requirement the THD must be less than 4.66%. We
found that THD was decreased from 61.93% to 0.04%.
IRJET - Study of Technical Parameters in Grid-Connected PV SystemIRJET Journal
This document studies the technical parameters of a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. It models the various components of the PV system, including the PV array, maximum power point tracking, DC-DC converter, inverter, and inverter controller. It also models an islanding scenario where the PV system continues supplying local loads after disconnecting from the grid. Simulation results show that under islanding, the voltage and frequency waveforms vary depending on whether PV generation is less than, greater than, or equal to the local load. When PV power is greater or less than load power, voltage sags or swells and frequency increases linearly after islanding occurs. With equivalent PV and load power, voltage and frequency remain
A New Approach to Powerflow Management in Transmission System Using Interline...IJERA Editor
In this paper a new approach to power flow management in transmission system using interline Power Flow
Controller (IPFC) is proposed and model for IPFC is developed and simulate by MATLAB software. Interline
Power Flow Controller is a versatile device can be used to control power flows of a multi-line system or subnetworks
An Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is a converter based FACTS controller for series
compensation with capability of controlling power flow among multi-lines within the same corridor of the
transmission line. It consists of two or more Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) with a common dc-link. Real
power can be transferred via the common dc-link between the VSCs and each VSC is capable of exchanging
reactive power with its own transmission system
An Enhancement of Power Quality by the use of D-STATCOM and Soft Computing Te...IJMTST Journal
The present the rising reality of consignment plus consciousness of customers, superiority of power is
flattering very significant matter. At whatever time consignment is also switch on or off, the impedance of line
changes. This alters in impedance because disturb in sum authority full and total power command. As power
is straight comparative to square of electrical energy, so the scale of electrical energy is exaggerated [1-3]. As
consignment in authority scheme change at fast speed, the scale of electrical energy too change at the similar
speed .This usual alter in scale of electrical power cause warp in normal waveform of electrical energy. For
the improved authority excellence there are two effects to consider that electrical energy waveform be
supposed to be factual and scale must be steady. So it can be said to excellence of authority get imprecise at
constant base .The need of control excellence can cause loss of damage of tools, loss of production or even
can lead system towards unsteadiness. So the plan of the control scheme is supposed to be such that
constancy of the scheme is maintain by overcome all these variation [5].
This document present completion of a three stage sharing stationary compensator (DSTATCOM) by a back
propagation (BP) control algorithm for its function such as harmonic elimination, consignment matching and
immediate power recompense for power factor correction, and nil energy regulation below nonlinear loads. A
BP-based control algorithm is used for the extraction of the fundamental weighted value of active and
reactive power components of load currents which are required for the estimation of reference source
currents. A prototype of D-STATCOM is residential using a digital indicator central processing unit, and its
presentation is deliberate under various operating conditions. The presentation of D-STATCOM is found to be
acceptable with the future control algorithm for various types of loads [2].
Transmission Congestion Management by Using Series Facts Devices and Changing...IJMER
This document summarizes two methods for managing transmission congestion in a deregulated power system: 1) Using a thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) device and 2) Changing the participation factors of generators. It first describes modelling the TCSC device and selecting its optimal location using sensitivity analysis to minimize total reactive power losses. It then explains using transmission load relief (TLR) sensitivities to identify loads to curtail. The methods are demonstrated on modified IEEE 5-bus and 9-bus test systems, showing congestion is relieved when applying the TCSC and adjusting load participation factors.
IRJET- Facts Device for Voltage Regulation in Micro Grid ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes an enhanced controller for an integrated Unified Power Quality Conditioner (iUPQC) that expands its functionality for power quality compensation and microgrid applications. The iUPQC can act as a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) on the grid side to regulate grid current while supplying conventional UPQC power quality features like sag/swell compensation on the load side. The proposed enhanced controller allows the iUPQC to also provide reactive power support to control current on both the grid and load side buses, providing benefits over conventional STATCOM and UPQC configurations. Simulation results demonstrate the iUPQC's ability to regulate current under no load and nonlinear load conditions.
IRJET- Mitigation of Current and Voltage Harmonics using MAF based UPQCIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for mitigating current and voltage harmonics using a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) with a moving average filter (MAF)-based control strategy. The UPQC consists of series and shunt compensators to regulate voltage and current, respectively. A photovoltaic array is connected between the compensators and provides power to the system. Simulation results show the system can effectively reduce the total harmonic distortion of both the supply voltage and current, improving power quality delivered to loads despite nonlinearities. The MAF control technique offers optimal harmonic attenuation without reducing controller bandwidth compared to other filtering methods.
A hybrid approach for ipfc location and parameters optimization for congestio...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The deregulated power system operation with competitive electricity market environment has been created many challenging tasks to the system operator. The competition with strategic bidding has been resulted for randomness in generation schedule, load withdrawal and power flows across the network. The economic efficiency of electricity market is mainly dependent on network support. In the event of congestion, it is required to alter the base case market settlement and hence the economic inefficiency in terms of congestion cost can occur. In order to anticipate congestion and its consequences in operation, this paper has been considered Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC).This article proposed a tactical approach for optimal location and then its parameters in Decoupled Power Injection Modeling (DPIM) are optimized using Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). The case studies are performed on IEEE 30-bus test system and the results obtained are validating the proposed approach for practical implementations.
Keywords: Deregulated power system, competitive electricity market, congestion management, IPFC, Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA)
In this article, we have proposed a new control of a PV system connected to the grid. The goal is
to reduce current and voltage harmonicsfor increasing the quality of delivered energy. First, we have
modeled a PV panel. Then we have dimensioned the BOOST converter by finding L and C values. Next,
we have used Perturb and Observe (P&O) Maximum Power Point Control (MPPT) to improve energy
efficiency. Finally, We have developed a control of single-phase H-bridge inverter in order to eliminate the
3rd,5th,7th and 9th harmonics order, and added an LCLTo connect the PV inverter to the grid, an LCL
betweenthe inverter and the grid. Theperformance of the proposed system was tested by computing
spectrum and THD usingMatlab/Simulink software. The proposed architecture provides better Total
Harmonic Distortion (THD) which satisfy the EN50160 requirement the THD must be less than 4.66%. We
found that THD was decreased from 61.93% to 0.04%.
IRJET - Study of Technical Parameters in Grid-Connected PV SystemIRJET Journal
This document studies the technical parameters of a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. It models the various components of the PV system, including the PV array, maximum power point tracking, DC-DC converter, inverter, and inverter controller. It also models an islanding scenario where the PV system continues supplying local loads after disconnecting from the grid. Simulation results show that under islanding, the voltage and frequency waveforms vary depending on whether PV generation is less than, greater than, or equal to the local load. When PV power is greater or less than load power, voltage sags or swells and frequency increases linearly after islanding occurs. With equivalent PV and load power, voltage and frequency remain
A New Approach to Powerflow Management in Transmission System Using Interline...IJERA Editor
In this paper a new approach to power flow management in transmission system using interline Power Flow
Controller (IPFC) is proposed and model for IPFC is developed and simulate by MATLAB software. Interline
Power Flow Controller is a versatile device can be used to control power flows of a multi-line system or subnetworks
An Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is a converter based FACTS controller for series
compensation with capability of controlling power flow among multi-lines within the same corridor of the
transmission line. It consists of two or more Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) with a common dc-link. Real
power can be transferred via the common dc-link between the VSCs and each VSC is capable of exchanging
reactive power with its own transmission system
An Enhancement of Power Quality by the use of D-STATCOM and Soft Computing Te...IJMTST Journal
The present the rising reality of consignment plus consciousness of customers, superiority of power is
flattering very significant matter. At whatever time consignment is also switch on or off, the impedance of line
changes. This alters in impedance because disturb in sum authority full and total power command. As power
is straight comparative to square of electrical energy, so the scale of electrical energy is exaggerated [1-3]. As
consignment in authority scheme change at fast speed, the scale of electrical energy too change at the similar
speed .This usual alter in scale of electrical power cause warp in normal waveform of electrical energy. For
the improved authority excellence there are two effects to consider that electrical energy waveform be
supposed to be factual and scale must be steady. So it can be said to excellence of authority get imprecise at
constant base .The need of control excellence can cause loss of damage of tools, loss of production or even
can lead system towards unsteadiness. So the plan of the control scheme is supposed to be such that
constancy of the scheme is maintain by overcome all these variation [5].
This document present completion of a three stage sharing stationary compensator (DSTATCOM) by a back
propagation (BP) control algorithm for its function such as harmonic elimination, consignment matching and
immediate power recompense for power factor correction, and nil energy regulation below nonlinear loads. A
BP-based control algorithm is used for the extraction of the fundamental weighted value of active and
reactive power components of load currents which are required for the estimation of reference source
currents. A prototype of D-STATCOM is residential using a digital indicator central processing unit, and its
presentation is deliberate under various operating conditions. The presentation of D-STATCOM is found to be
acceptable with the future control algorithm for various types of loads [2].
Transmission Congestion Management by Using Series Facts Devices and Changing...IJMER
This document summarizes two methods for managing transmission congestion in a deregulated power system: 1) Using a thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) device and 2) Changing the participation factors of generators. It first describes modelling the TCSC device and selecting its optimal location using sensitivity analysis to minimize total reactive power losses. It then explains using transmission load relief (TLR) sensitivities to identify loads to curtail. The methods are demonstrated on modified IEEE 5-bus and 9-bus test systems, showing congestion is relieved when applying the TCSC and adjusting load participation factors.
Design and Experimental Results of Universal Electric Vehicle Charger Using DSPTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Owing to the growing concerns over energy depletion and environmental issues around the
world, more and more attention is given on replacing the fuel -based automobiles with electric vehicles
(EVs) which have the characteristics of zero-emission and low noise. As a result, various countries have
taken specific initiatives to de-carbonize their transport sectors by developing their own EV industry.
Regardless of the environmental and economic benefits, substantial scales of grid-connected EVs impose
incredible difficulties to the power grid. The main issues caused by EV charging to the power grid include
harmonics, voltage drop, system instability, system losses and grid overloading. Therefore, this paper
presents design and development of a novel method, which is by applying voltage-oriented control (VOC)
algorithm in battery charging of electric bus.The power system of this work consists of three-phase PWM
rectifier. The proposed method is based on mathematical analysis. Simulation and experimental works are
performed to investigate behavior and performance of the proposed algorithm. This paperclearly described
implementation of low and medium power laboratory prototype and operation of digital signal processor
(DSP) via MATLAB / Simulink for the proposed method.
Cost Allocation of Reactive Power Using Matrix Methodology in Transmission Ne...IJAAS Team
This document presents a matrix methodology for allocating the costs of reactive power flows in transmission networks. The methodology traces reactive power flows through the network using Kirchhoff's current law and proportional sharing principles. It then allocates the costs of reactive power to generators and loads using the MVAr-mile method. The methodology is demonstrated on sample 6-bus and IEEE 14-bus test systems. Results show the allocated reactive power flows to different loads and the costs allocated to loads for recovery of total reactive power costs in the transmission network.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
A Single-Phase Dual-Stage PV-Grid System with Active FilteringIAES-IJPEDS
Integrating photovoltaic based electricity into the grid and power quality
improvement have become two major issues in electrical system. Formerly,
these can be solved by using two converter systems separately, a PV-Grid
System and an active power filter. But recent technology uses only a
converter system to do both function. An existed shunt active power filter
(SAPF) can be modified to form a dual-stage PV-Grid with active filtering
capability. In this paper, a PV-Grid System that is capable to transfer all
power generated by PV modules and reduce harmonic contents is proposed.
The system was formed by connecting a boost chopper as a Maximum Power
Point Tracker and PV modules to the DC-link capacitor of a single-phase
SAPF. It just needed a current transducer and also required simpler control
circuits. A voltage controller was needed to achieve power equilibrium while
a current controller was needed to make the grid current sinusoidal with unity
power factor. To verify the analysis, simulations and experiments were done.
An Improved UPQC Controller to Provide Grid-Voltage RegulationIJMTST Journal
In this paper presents an improved controller for the dual topology of the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) extending its capability in power quality compensation, as well as in micro-grid applications. By the use of this controller, beyond the conventional UPQC power quality features including voltage sag/swell compensation, the iUPQC will also compensate reactive power support to regulate not only the load-bus voltage, but also the voltage at the grid-side bus. We can say, the iUPQC will work as a STATCOM at the grid side, while providing also the conventional UPQC compensations at the load terminal or micro-grid side. Experimental results are provided to verify the new functionality of the equipment.
This document describes the design, implementation, and testing of an ultracapacitor-based auxiliary energy system (AES) installed in an electric vehicle (EV) to improve efficiency. The AES uses an ultracapacitor bank and buck-boost converter to provide power support to the EV's lead-acid battery pack. Two control strategies for the AES were developed and tested - one based on heuristics and the other using neural networks. Testing showed the AES could reduce costs if it extended the battery life by 50% or more, which is unlikely. The AES was also evaluated for a hypothetical fuel cell-powered EV, where it showed significant cost reductions compared to a fuel cell-only system, especially when using ultracapacitors.
Energy Storage | Fuel Security , Presented at Energy Institute, LondonRebecca Markillie
The use of water electrolysis provides a way to convert excess power from intermittent renewables and store it as hydrogen. ITM Power\'s HFuel product can be used as a flexible load which can be operated by power companies to absorb excess power, and to manage the grid so that we would never have to cease renewable energy production. The market for the hydrogen produced from renewable electricity is potentially huge. It is the market for a zero carbon footprint fuel, and provides fuel security.
Load types, estimation, grwoth, forecasting and duration curvesAzfar Rasool
It includes the detail analysis of the various types electrical load, how to estimatate the load, methods of load forecasting and explanation of the load duration curves.
The document discusses assessing spinning reserve requirements in a deregulated power system. It defines key terms like spinning reserve, spot market, and day-ahead market. It describes a test power system with 3 generating zones and a 49-step load forecast uncertainty model. It outlines assumptions and develops a cost model to minimize hourly costs based on spinning reserve levels and constraints. The results show that spinning reserve requirements are affected by the load forecast uncertainty percentage, spot market price, spinning reserve price, and generator reloading limits. Future work could incorporate generator failure rates and do a cost-benefit analysis of requirements based on load forecast uncertainty.
CONTROL OF BATTERY OPERATED SYSTEM WITH A DC-DC BOOSTCONVERTER FED DSTATCOM U...ijiert bestjournal
This paper presents a comprehensive survey of DSTATCOM control strategies put forward recently. It is
aimed at providing a broad perspective on the status of DSTATCOM control methods to researchers and
application engineers dealing with harmonic suppression issues. Many control techniques have been
designed, developed, and realized for active filters in recent years. The proposed DSTATCOM consists of a
three-leg Voltage Source Converter (VSC) with a dc bus capacitor. The PV array or battery operated boost
converter is proposed to maintain the dc link voltage of the dc bus capacitor for continuous compensation
for the load. This paper presents to evaluate the performance comparison of two control strategies for
extracting the reference currents to control the proposed DSTATCOM. The two control methods are
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory and IcosΦ algorithm. The performance of the DSTATCOM is
validated using MATLAB software with its simulink and Power System Block set (PSB) toolboxes. The
simulation results for the two control methods are compared to validate the superior performance of the
IcosΦ algorithm.
This document summarizes a review paper on using a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) to improve power quality. The UPQC combines a shunt active power filter and series active power filter to eliminate both voltage and current distortions simultaneously. Various UPQC topologies are classified and described, including right/left shunt, interline, multi-converter, modular, multi-level, distributed, and distributed generation integrated configurations. Control strategies for the shunt and series active power filters are also discussed. The paper concludes that the UPQC is an effective custom power device for mitigating power quality issues related to harmonics and voltage sags/swells.
T04201162168Optimal Allocation of FACTS Device with Multiple Objectives Using...IJMER
In this paper Multi objective functions are simultaneously considered as the indexes of the system performance minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. To find the optimal location and optimal value for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using optimization technique Genetic Algorithm (GA) to maximize system load-ability and minimize the system losses considering multi objectives optimization approach. A GA based Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is proposed to determine the type of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) controllers, its optimal location and rating of the devices in power systems. The value of TCSC and line losses is applied as measure of power system performance. The type of FACTS controllers are used and modeled for steady-state studies: TCSC, minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. Simulations will be carrying on IEEE30 bus power system for type of FACTS devices.
Economic Impacts of Behind the Meter Distributed Energy Resources on Transmis...Power System Operation
The increasing penetration of customer-owned Distribution Energy Resources (DERs) will have an impact on the economics that govern market operation. Visibility and control of local Independent System Operators (ISOs) over these resources are currently restricted or available in some form of aggregation. Additionally, non-curtailable resources pose a serious problem while balancing the market with eminent risks of over-generation and added congestion to the system. This study attempts to decouple the model at the Transmission-Distribution interface and demonstrate the following: 1) economic implications of such resources under two control strategies, 2) aspects of market dynamics affected by several DER penetration levels, 3) Potential benefits of increased ISO visibility beyond the Transmission-Distribution(T-D) interface.
Profitability of frequency_regulation_by_electric_carZedrickKhan2
- The document analyzes the profitability of electric vehicles providing frequency regulation services in Denmark and Japan considering battery degradation costs.
- It develops an economic framework to evaluate the profit as the revenue from frequency regulation services minus the costs of energy exchanged with the grid and battery degradation.
- The analysis applies this framework to Denmark's DK1 and DK2 markets as well as Japan, considering historical frequency data and finds that the service can be profitably with annual profits of around 3500 euros over 5 years when using industrial electricity prices.
This document describes a flexible software-based distributed energy management system (DEMS) designed to investigate how controllable distributed energy units (CDEs) can be aggregated and integrated into the electric grid. The DEMS uses a hierarchical agent-based model to control different CDEs, including a wind turbine, combined heat and power plant, electric vehicle charging station, and industrial load. An experiment was conducted using the DEMS to demonstrate how it can aggregate these CDEs in different communication configurations to meet a secondary frequency control signal while maximizing profit from energy generation. Results showed the DEMS was able to successfully control the CDEs to closely track the required active power output.
USAGE BASED COST ALLOCATION TECHNIQUE FOR EHV NETWORKS USING NON-LINEAR UTILI...ELELIJ
This document presents a modified Amp-Mile method for allocating the embedded costs of extra high voltage (EHV) networks. The key modifications include:
1) Using non-linear current sensitivity factors (current utility factors) instead of assuming linear sensitivities.
2) Introducing the concept of dispersed slack buses to better model how load and generation variations impact power flows.
3) Using a Newton Raphson load flow algorithm to more accurately calculate the current sensitivity factors.
4) Allowing the sensitivity to load variations to differ from the sensitivity to generation variations, rather than assuming they are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
The method is demonstrated on a 6 bus power system
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
The document discusses optimizing the location and size of distributed generations (DGs) in a power distribution system to reduce power losses and improve voltage profiles. It proposes using the Kalman filter algorithm to determine optimal DG sizes after their locations have been selected. The locations are chosen by considering total power loss in the system. Power losses are calculated using distribution factor equations that model power flows from generators to loads and vice versa. The approach will be tested on the IEEE 30-bus system model.
Fuzzy and predictive control of a photovoltaic pumping system based on three-...journalBEEI
1) The document proposes control schemes for a photovoltaic pumping system based on a three-level boost converter and induction motor. A fuzzy logic controller is used for maximum power point tracking and a phase shift technique balances the voltages across the converter capacitors.
2) A cascaded nonlinear predictive controller is applied to control the induction motor, offering advantages over conventional field-oriented control such as improved torque response and parameter sensitivity.
3) Simulation results show the proposed controllers increase hydraulic power by up to 23% during startup and 10% in steady state compared to conventional controllers.
Congestion Management in Deregulated Power System by Using FACTS DevicesIRJET Journal
This document discusses congestion management in deregulated power systems using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It begins with an introduction to the problem of transmission line overloading and congestion in deregulated power markets. It then discusses how FACTS devices like Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) can be used to reduce flows in heavily loaded lines and manage congestion. The document presents a case study using the IEEE 14-bus test system and PowerWorld Simulator software to analyze the impact of installing a TCSC on congested lines. It shows that the TCSC is effective at overcoming congestion by changing power flows and making locational marginal prices uniform across the system.
This document proposes a novel three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter for grid-tied photovoltaic applications. The proposed inverter can effectively balance the operation of two independent DC sources by solving unbalanced conditions caused by unequal irradiation and temperatures. Compared to traditional two-stage inverters, the proposed NPC inverter reduces voltage requirements, lowers DC-link capacitor ratings, and improves efficiency. It also introduces a new NPC inverter topology called N-3L-SNPC that uses hybrid IGBT-MOSFET modules along with a novel PWM strategy for complete inactive body diode control, lower switching losses, higher switching frequency, and reduced output filtering needs.
Design and Experimental Results of Universal Electric Vehicle Charger Using DSPTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Owing to the growing concerns over energy depletion and environmental issues around the
world, more and more attention is given on replacing the fuel -based automobiles with electric vehicles
(EVs) which have the characteristics of zero-emission and low noise. As a result, various countries have
taken specific initiatives to de-carbonize their transport sectors by developing their own EV industry.
Regardless of the environmental and economic benefits, substantial scales of grid-connected EVs impose
incredible difficulties to the power grid. The main issues caused by EV charging to the power grid include
harmonics, voltage drop, system instability, system losses and grid overloading. Therefore, this paper
presents design and development of a novel method, which is by applying voltage-oriented control (VOC)
algorithm in battery charging of electric bus.The power system of this work consists of three-phase PWM
rectifier. The proposed method is based on mathematical analysis. Simulation and experimental works are
performed to investigate behavior and performance of the proposed algorithm. This paperclearly described
implementation of low and medium power laboratory prototype and operation of digital signal processor
(DSP) via MATLAB / Simulink for the proposed method.
Cost Allocation of Reactive Power Using Matrix Methodology in Transmission Ne...IJAAS Team
This document presents a matrix methodology for allocating the costs of reactive power flows in transmission networks. The methodology traces reactive power flows through the network using Kirchhoff's current law and proportional sharing principles. It then allocates the costs of reactive power to generators and loads using the MVAr-mile method. The methodology is demonstrated on sample 6-bus and IEEE 14-bus test systems. Results show the allocated reactive power flows to different loads and the costs allocated to loads for recovery of total reactive power costs in the transmission network.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
A Single-Phase Dual-Stage PV-Grid System with Active FilteringIAES-IJPEDS
Integrating photovoltaic based electricity into the grid and power quality
improvement have become two major issues in electrical system. Formerly,
these can be solved by using two converter systems separately, a PV-Grid
System and an active power filter. But recent technology uses only a
converter system to do both function. An existed shunt active power filter
(SAPF) can be modified to form a dual-stage PV-Grid with active filtering
capability. In this paper, a PV-Grid System that is capable to transfer all
power generated by PV modules and reduce harmonic contents is proposed.
The system was formed by connecting a boost chopper as a Maximum Power
Point Tracker and PV modules to the DC-link capacitor of a single-phase
SAPF. It just needed a current transducer and also required simpler control
circuits. A voltage controller was needed to achieve power equilibrium while
a current controller was needed to make the grid current sinusoidal with unity
power factor. To verify the analysis, simulations and experiments were done.
An Improved UPQC Controller to Provide Grid-Voltage RegulationIJMTST Journal
In this paper presents an improved controller for the dual topology of the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) extending its capability in power quality compensation, as well as in micro-grid applications. By the use of this controller, beyond the conventional UPQC power quality features including voltage sag/swell compensation, the iUPQC will also compensate reactive power support to regulate not only the load-bus voltage, but also the voltage at the grid-side bus. We can say, the iUPQC will work as a STATCOM at the grid side, while providing also the conventional UPQC compensations at the load terminal or micro-grid side. Experimental results are provided to verify the new functionality of the equipment.
This document describes the design, implementation, and testing of an ultracapacitor-based auxiliary energy system (AES) installed in an electric vehicle (EV) to improve efficiency. The AES uses an ultracapacitor bank and buck-boost converter to provide power support to the EV's lead-acid battery pack. Two control strategies for the AES were developed and tested - one based on heuristics and the other using neural networks. Testing showed the AES could reduce costs if it extended the battery life by 50% or more, which is unlikely. The AES was also evaluated for a hypothetical fuel cell-powered EV, where it showed significant cost reductions compared to a fuel cell-only system, especially when using ultracapacitors.
Energy Storage | Fuel Security , Presented at Energy Institute, LondonRebecca Markillie
The use of water electrolysis provides a way to convert excess power from intermittent renewables and store it as hydrogen. ITM Power\'s HFuel product can be used as a flexible load which can be operated by power companies to absorb excess power, and to manage the grid so that we would never have to cease renewable energy production. The market for the hydrogen produced from renewable electricity is potentially huge. It is the market for a zero carbon footprint fuel, and provides fuel security.
Load types, estimation, grwoth, forecasting and duration curvesAzfar Rasool
It includes the detail analysis of the various types electrical load, how to estimatate the load, methods of load forecasting and explanation of the load duration curves.
The document discusses assessing spinning reserve requirements in a deregulated power system. It defines key terms like spinning reserve, spot market, and day-ahead market. It describes a test power system with 3 generating zones and a 49-step load forecast uncertainty model. It outlines assumptions and develops a cost model to minimize hourly costs based on spinning reserve levels and constraints. The results show that spinning reserve requirements are affected by the load forecast uncertainty percentage, spot market price, spinning reserve price, and generator reloading limits. Future work could incorporate generator failure rates and do a cost-benefit analysis of requirements based on load forecast uncertainty.
CONTROL OF BATTERY OPERATED SYSTEM WITH A DC-DC BOOSTCONVERTER FED DSTATCOM U...ijiert bestjournal
This paper presents a comprehensive survey of DSTATCOM control strategies put forward recently. It is
aimed at providing a broad perspective on the status of DSTATCOM control methods to researchers and
application engineers dealing with harmonic suppression issues. Many control techniques have been
designed, developed, and realized for active filters in recent years. The proposed DSTATCOM consists of a
three-leg Voltage Source Converter (VSC) with a dc bus capacitor. The PV array or battery operated boost
converter is proposed to maintain the dc link voltage of the dc bus capacitor for continuous compensation
for the load. This paper presents to evaluate the performance comparison of two control strategies for
extracting the reference currents to control the proposed DSTATCOM. The two control methods are
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory and IcosΦ algorithm. The performance of the DSTATCOM is
validated using MATLAB software with its simulink and Power System Block set (PSB) toolboxes. The
simulation results for the two control methods are compared to validate the superior performance of the
IcosΦ algorithm.
This document summarizes a review paper on using a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) to improve power quality. The UPQC combines a shunt active power filter and series active power filter to eliminate both voltage and current distortions simultaneously. Various UPQC topologies are classified and described, including right/left shunt, interline, multi-converter, modular, multi-level, distributed, and distributed generation integrated configurations. Control strategies for the shunt and series active power filters are also discussed. The paper concludes that the UPQC is an effective custom power device for mitigating power quality issues related to harmonics and voltage sags/swells.
T04201162168Optimal Allocation of FACTS Device with Multiple Objectives Using...IJMER
In this paper Multi objective functions are simultaneously considered as the indexes of the system performance minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. To find the optimal location and optimal value for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using optimization technique Genetic Algorithm (GA) to maximize system load-ability and minimize the system losses considering multi objectives optimization approach. A GA based Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is proposed to determine the type of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) controllers, its optimal location and rating of the devices in power systems. The value of TCSC and line losses is applied as measure of power system performance. The type of FACTS controllers are used and modeled for steady-state studies: TCSC, minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. Simulations will be carrying on IEEE30 bus power system for type of FACTS devices.
Economic Impacts of Behind the Meter Distributed Energy Resources on Transmis...Power System Operation
The increasing penetration of customer-owned Distribution Energy Resources (DERs) will have an impact on the economics that govern market operation. Visibility and control of local Independent System Operators (ISOs) over these resources are currently restricted or available in some form of aggregation. Additionally, non-curtailable resources pose a serious problem while balancing the market with eminent risks of over-generation and added congestion to the system. This study attempts to decouple the model at the Transmission-Distribution interface and demonstrate the following: 1) economic implications of such resources under two control strategies, 2) aspects of market dynamics affected by several DER penetration levels, 3) Potential benefits of increased ISO visibility beyond the Transmission-Distribution(T-D) interface.
Profitability of frequency_regulation_by_electric_carZedrickKhan2
- The document analyzes the profitability of electric vehicles providing frequency regulation services in Denmark and Japan considering battery degradation costs.
- It develops an economic framework to evaluate the profit as the revenue from frequency regulation services minus the costs of energy exchanged with the grid and battery degradation.
- The analysis applies this framework to Denmark's DK1 and DK2 markets as well as Japan, considering historical frequency data and finds that the service can be profitably with annual profits of around 3500 euros over 5 years when using industrial electricity prices.
This document describes a flexible software-based distributed energy management system (DEMS) designed to investigate how controllable distributed energy units (CDEs) can be aggregated and integrated into the electric grid. The DEMS uses a hierarchical agent-based model to control different CDEs, including a wind turbine, combined heat and power plant, electric vehicle charging station, and industrial load. An experiment was conducted using the DEMS to demonstrate how it can aggregate these CDEs in different communication configurations to meet a secondary frequency control signal while maximizing profit from energy generation. Results showed the DEMS was able to successfully control the CDEs to closely track the required active power output.
USAGE BASED COST ALLOCATION TECHNIQUE FOR EHV NETWORKS USING NON-LINEAR UTILI...ELELIJ
This document presents a modified Amp-Mile method for allocating the embedded costs of extra high voltage (EHV) networks. The key modifications include:
1) Using non-linear current sensitivity factors (current utility factors) instead of assuming linear sensitivities.
2) Introducing the concept of dispersed slack buses to better model how load and generation variations impact power flows.
3) Using a Newton Raphson load flow algorithm to more accurately calculate the current sensitivity factors.
4) Allowing the sensitivity to load variations to differ from the sensitivity to generation variations, rather than assuming they are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
The method is demonstrated on a 6 bus power system
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
The document discusses optimizing the location and size of distributed generations (DGs) in a power distribution system to reduce power losses and improve voltage profiles. It proposes using the Kalman filter algorithm to determine optimal DG sizes after their locations have been selected. The locations are chosen by considering total power loss in the system. Power losses are calculated using distribution factor equations that model power flows from generators to loads and vice versa. The approach will be tested on the IEEE 30-bus system model.
Fuzzy and predictive control of a photovoltaic pumping system based on three-...journalBEEI
1) The document proposes control schemes for a photovoltaic pumping system based on a three-level boost converter and induction motor. A fuzzy logic controller is used for maximum power point tracking and a phase shift technique balances the voltages across the converter capacitors.
2) A cascaded nonlinear predictive controller is applied to control the induction motor, offering advantages over conventional field-oriented control such as improved torque response and parameter sensitivity.
3) Simulation results show the proposed controllers increase hydraulic power by up to 23% during startup and 10% in steady state compared to conventional controllers.
Congestion Management in Deregulated Power System by Using FACTS DevicesIRJET Journal
This document discusses congestion management in deregulated power systems using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It begins with an introduction to the problem of transmission line overloading and congestion in deregulated power markets. It then discusses how FACTS devices like Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) can be used to reduce flows in heavily loaded lines and manage congestion. The document presents a case study using the IEEE 14-bus test system and PowerWorld Simulator software to analyze the impact of installing a TCSC on congested lines. It shows that the TCSC is effective at overcoming congestion by changing power flows and making locational marginal prices uniform across the system.
This document proposes a novel three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter for grid-tied photovoltaic applications. The proposed inverter can effectively balance the operation of two independent DC sources by solving unbalanced conditions caused by unequal irradiation and temperatures. Compared to traditional two-stage inverters, the proposed NPC inverter reduces voltage requirements, lowers DC-link capacitor ratings, and improves efficiency. It also introduces a new NPC inverter topology called N-3L-SNPC that uses hybrid IGBT-MOSFET modules along with a novel PWM strategy for complete inactive body diode control, lower switching losses, higher switching frequency, and reduced output filtering needs.
IRJET- An Optimal and Capacitor Placement for Loss Reduction in Electrica...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimal capacitor placement in distribution systems to reduce losses. It presents a technique for capacitor placement in a spiral distribution feeder to minimize reactive power loss. The proposed method is tested on an IEEE 4 node test system in ETAP software. First, a 4 node test system is developed to test a three phase delta grounded wye transformer connection. Then, capacitor banks are added to the distribution system with and without solar panels to reduce reactive and real power losses, respectively. The results obtained from ETAP software show that the proposed method reduces total power losses in the distribution system.
Fuzzy logic controller for synchronous generators in a stand-alone multi-mac...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that developed and simulated a fuzzy logic controller for the excitation systems of synchronous generators in an isolated multi-machine power system. The controller was designed to improve system stability and power quality under transient conditions like faults. MATLAB/SIMULINK models were created to test the fuzzy logic controller's performance against PID controllers. Simulation results showed the fuzzy logic controller had better control over terminal voltages and rotor speeds after a short circuit fault compared to the PID controller, demonstrating its effectiveness for generator control in stand-alone power systems.
IRJET- Frequency Control of Distributed Generators in Microgrid with ANFIS Co...IRJET Journal
This document describes a microgrid system with distributed generators including solar panels, wind turbines, and a diesel generator. Energy storage devices like batteries and fuel cells are also included. Frequency control of the system is challenging due to varying renewable energy output. The document proposes using an Artificial Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller to improve frequency control performance compared to conventional controllers like PI. MATLAB/Simulink models are developed to simulate the microgrid components and evaluate the ANFIS controller.
IRJET- A Comparative Study of Control Algorithms for DSTATCOM for Harmonic El...IRJET Journal
The document compares two control algorithms, back propagation and synchronous reference frame theory, for controlling a DSTATCOM (dynamic voltage compensator) to compensate for reactive power and eliminate current harmonics from linear and non-linear loads. It simulates the DSTATCOM performance with each control algorithm under different load conditions. The back propagation algorithm uses load current measurements to estimate reference source currents, while synchronous reference frame theory transforms load currents between stationary and rotating coordinate systems to extract reference values. Simulation results show that with both control algorithms, the DSTATCOM is able to regulate voltage amplitude at the point of common coupling and reduce total harmonic distortion of source currents from non-linear loads.
IRJET- A Comparative Study of Control Algorithms for DSTATCOM for Harmonic El...IRJET Journal
This document compares two control algorithms, back propagation and synchronous reference frame theory, for controlling a DSTATCOM (dynamic voltage compensator) to compensate for harmonics and reactive power. It describes the system configuration of the DSTATCOM connected to a distribution network feeding linear and non-linear loads. Simulation results show that with both control algorithms, the DSTATCOM is able to regulate the voltage amplitude at the point of common coupling and reduce harmonics in the source current when connected to linear and non-linear loads. The back propagation control algorithm maintains the DC link voltage and regulates the voltage amplitude to the supply voltage level.
Improved Nine-Level Transformerless Inverter with Reduced Part CountIRJET Journal
The document discusses improved transformerless inverter topologies for connecting photovoltaic (PV) panels to the electric grid. It describes various single-phase transformerless inverter configurations including H-bridge, HERIC, and a proposed seven-switch topology. The proposed topology aims to reduce leakage currents by maintaining a constant common mode voltage. Simulation results show the proposed topology produces a nine-level output voltage waveform and maintains leakage currents below permissible limits.
IRJET- Design and Simulation of Solar PV DC Microgrid for Rural ElectrificationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes and designs a DC microgrid system for rural electrification in India. Key points:
1) The microgrid uses distributed solar PV generation, with maximum power point tracking converters connecting the solar panels. Fanout nodes distribute power to local clusters of homes, and power management units at each home regulate usage and integrate battery storage.
2) Experimental results from a 400W prototype demonstrate the steady-state operation and stability of the system when power from the solar source is varied. The microgrid is able to maintain a stable distributed voltage while enabling power sharing between components.
3) Calculations estimate the levelized cost of electricity for the microgrid design would be lower
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
Power Factor Control at ABA Control 33/11kV Injection Substation Using Auto T...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that implemented reactive power compensation at the Aba Control 33/11kV injection substation in Nigeria using a static var compensator (SVC) with an auto-tuning regulator. The substation currently operates at a low power factor of 0.82, resulting in high losses. A 15MVAr SVC was installed to improve the power factor to 0.96. Simulation results showed that real and reactive power losses were reduced from 1.572 p.u. and 3.7525 p.u. to 0.1356 p.u. and 0.65237 p.u. respectively after compensation. Voltage regulation across buses was also maintained below 10%. The auto-tuning regulator was able
Investigation Effect of Outage Line on the Transmission Line for Karbalaa-132...IRJET Journal
This document discusses investigating the effect of outage lines on the 132kV transmission network in Karbalaa, Iraq. It presents two cases studied using a simulation program to analyze the impact of line outages. The document introduces the network and provides data on buses, lines, and power flows. It then describes the DC power flow algorithm used in the analysis and calculation of sensitivity factors like generation shift factors and line outage distribution factors to evaluate how outages may increase power flows over limits on other lines. The results and discussion section presents the network data and baseline power flows before analyzing the two outage cases and identifying overloaded lines.
This document summarizes a conference paper about modeling a 6.09 MW PV plant in PSCAD software to analyze its integration with the power grid based on grid code requirements. It presents two models of the PV plant - a simplified model that does not include transformers and cables, and a more complex model that does. The complex model is needed to accurately capture the reactive power influence of components like transformers and cables at the common coupling point. Simulation results show the maximum real and reactive power that can be exported while meeting the grid code, and that the complex model is needed to be compliant with reactive power limits during low irradiance and at night.
IRJET- Electrical Simulation Model of IEC 61400-27-1 Doubly-Fed Induction...IRJET Journal
This document presents an electrical simulation model of a Type 3A Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based wind turbine developed according to IEC 61400-27-1 standards. The simulation model was created in MATLAB/Simulink and includes modules for the aerodynamic system, mechanical system, generator set, reference frame rotation, and grid connection. Simulation results demonstrate the operation of the one-dimensional aerodynamic model, two-mass mechanical model, generator speed, and phase-locked loop under nominal wind speed conditions. The model aims to allow manufacturers to evaluate wind turbine performance without full-scale testing.
IRJET- Electrical Simulation Model of IEC 61400-27-1 Doubly-Fed Induction Gen...IRJET Journal
This document presents an electrical simulation model of a Type 3A Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based wind turbine developed according to IEC 61400-27-1 standards. The simulation model was created in MATLAB/Simulink and includes modules for the aerodynamic system, mechanical system, generator set, reference frame rotation, and grid connection. Simulation results demonstrate the operation of the one-dimensional aerodynamic model, two-mass mechanical model, generator speed, and phase-locked loop control system. The model aims to allow manufacturers to evaluate wind turbine performance according to IEC standards prior to testing and supports analysis of voltage sag ride-through capability and other grid disturbances.
Influence choice of the injection nodes of energy source on on-line losses of...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Analysis of harmonics and resonances in hvdc mmc link connected to AC gridBérengère VIGNAUX
High-frequency responses of HVDC-MMC links are essential to study because harmonic and resonance phenomena may impact the AC grid. In this paper, EMT-type simulations are used to analyze converter station’s frequency response.
This document discusses HVDC and FACTS controllers such as UPFC and IPFC. It covers key issues and challenges of UPFC and IPFC including the complexity of their control algorithms and scalability and cost implications. It also discusses economic aspects of using UPFC and IPFC for congestion management, available transfer capability (ATC) improvement, and loading margin improvement. Regulatory and environmental impacts are explored such as reducing transmission line construction and reduced maintenance costs.
An Efficient Wireless Power Transfer Methodology for Electric Vehicle Battery...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an efficient wireless power transfer method for electric vehicle battery charging using a series L-C compensation topology. It presents the general configuration of a wireless power transfer system including a transmitter placed under the road and a receiver placed in the vehicle. It then discusses the simulation modeling of the proposed system and presents the circuit design parameters. The results of MATLAB simulations show that the proposed method can transfer a maximum of 23.08W of power wirelessly to charge an EV battery to 48.09V and 0.48A, demonstrating the feasibility of using this approach for electric vehicle charging.
Impact of Electric Vehicle Integration on Gridvivatechijri
Load flow analysis is most essential and important approach to investigate problems in power system. It can provide balance steady state operation of power system without considering transients in it. This project presents a new and efficient method for solving the Load flow problem of a distribution network. By using Backward/Forward sweep method parameters like voltage profile, total power losses, load on each bus of the Distribution Network will be known. By using Load Flow load balancing of the Distribution system can be achieved. For load balancing we will use the power stored in the Electric vehicle. As Electric vehicle has large battery pack for storage. The impact of Electric Vehicle and load flow of distribution network is computer programed to implement the power flow solution scheme in MATLAB software.
Similar to Value Quantification of State-of-the-Art Condition Monitoring in 400kV Transmission System Substations (20)
The document provides highlights and key insights from the DNV Energy Transition Outlook 2021 report. It finds that:
1) Global emissions are not decreasing fast enough to meet Paris Agreement goals, and warming is projected to reach 2.3°C by 2100 despite renewable growth.
2) Electrification is surging, with renewables like solar and wind outcompeting other sources by 2030 and providing over 80% of power by 2050, supported by technologies like storage.
3) Energy efficiency gains lead to flat global energy demand after the 2030s, with a 2.4% annual improvement in energy intensity outpacing economic growth.
Thermography test of electrical panels Thermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panel
What does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving mean
Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide
Big data analytics Big data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analytics
Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action Scheme
SPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action Scheme
SVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer Frequency and voltage support for dynamic grid...Power System Operation
SVC PLUS
Frequency Stabilizer
Frequency and voltage support for dynamic grid stability
SVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer Frequency
What is load management What is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load management
What does merit order mean What does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order mean
Balancing services help maintain the frequency of the power grid by providing short-term energy or capacity reserves. They include balancing energy, which system operators use to maintain grid frequency, and balancing capacity, which providers agree to keep available. Different balancing services have varying activation speeds to respond to frequency deviations. Harmonization efforts in Europe are working to establish common balancing markets and platforms for cross-border exchange of reserves.
The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools Power System Operation
The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools & Simulation Tools
Power Quality Trends in the Transition to Carbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemPower System Operation
Power Quality
Trends in the Transition to
Carbon-Free Electrical Energy System Carbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy System
A Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is a long-term contract between an electricity generator and purchaser that defines the conditions for the sale of electricity. PPAs provide price stability and help finance renewable energy projects by guaranteeing revenue. There are physical PPAs, which deliver electricity directly, and virtual PPAs, which financially settle the contract without physical delivery. PPAs benefit both renewable developers by enabling project financing, and buyers seeking long-term electricity price certainty and renewable attributes.
Harmonic study and analysis Harmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysis
What is leakage current testing What is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testing
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Value Quantification of State-of-the-Art Condition Monitoring in 400kV Transmission System Substations
1. marco.fleckenstein@de.abb.com
21, rue d’Artois, F-75008 PARIS CIGRE US National Committee
http://www.cigre.org 2019 Grid of the Future Symposium
Value Quantification of State-of-the-Art Condition Monitoring in
400kV Transmission System Substations
M. FLECKENSTEIN
ABB AG
Germany
L. ASGARIEH
ABB AG
Germany
C. ZEIDLER
ABB AG
Germany
SUMMARY
Digital substation and its monitoring systems is an “en vogue” topic again these days in the power
engineering community. Many system providers have put it back on the agenda and started their
promotion to sell their new holistic product offerings for substations. On the other hand, the
transmission system operators (TSO) are still not completely convinced to replace/retrofit substations
with "digital/sensored" equipment, because the added value is not visible on the first view and many
other subjects have a higher priority for TSO/DSO.
To determine the economic added value of monitoring systems within digital substations, a
Transmission Network Model (TNM) based on data from a German TSO was used in a grid
calculation tool with various scenarios of improved reliability and availability values. Based on these
values, the risk OPEX for the next 10 years will be calculated for all equipment in the 400 kV
switchgear. For the sake of simplification, this paper only illustrates the monitoring systems for power
transformers and circuit breakers in the 400 kV level.
A value-at-risk method is used to estimate the different risk costs of the assets. This methodology
considers repair, replacement and lost revenue costs by considering various occurrence moments of
the asset outages.
Based on the net present value with a 10-year period, it is determined, if a "digitization" of the
substations makes economic sense. Therefore, it is applied a variation of penalty fees for non-
delivered or feed-in electrical energy and span of prices for the sensor application. The results show a
strong dependency on the revenue losses due to energy not delivered, transferred or fed in, which are
also related to the penalty fees. Mission-critical substations always benefit from condition monitoring.
KEYWORDS
ASSET MANAGEMENT, CONDITION MONITORING, DIGITAL SUBSTATION, VALUE
QUANTIFICATION
2. 2/8
1. Introduction
The German way against "global climate change" is unique. In 2011, directly after the Fukushima
disaster, the German government decided to accelerate the shutdown of nuclear power plants with the
last plant being out of service by 2022 [1]. Due to the public pressure the German government also
committed in 2019 to retire all lignite and hard coal power plants by 2038 [2]. Furthermore, the
regulation of network charges is tough to budgeting investments cost for the electrical transmission
and distribution systems and as a further side condition the feed-in of unregulated renewables is
further increasing [3]. Nevertheless, the TSO and DSO must adapt and expand the electrical network
for current feed-in modifications and future requirements. The application of sensors for monitoring
the equipment condition, has moved back to the agenda of many stakeholders of the power system
community after the price collapse of these various technologies within digital substations and its data
infrastructure [4]. This paper shows where and at what prices an added value exists for the operators of
such facilities. The methodology which was applied was already used for development of maintenance
strategies and other asset management tasks.
2. Basics for substation equipment risk determination
The benefits of digital substations are demonstrated with a transmission system model and an OPEX-
Risk cost assessment which is based on a Value-at-Risk Methodology by using Monte Carlo
Simulations to consider several equipment failure scenarios. The next subsections explain the
fundamental methodology to determine the risk associated with substation equipment [5].
2.1. Transmission System Model
The transmission network model (TNM) employed for this demonstration consists of three voltage
levels and is based on a subsection of the structure of a German TSO. It has been created within the
electrical power system software and contains 400 kV, 220 kV voltage level and ends with the vertical
feeding into the 110 kV network groups. These groups are summarized as an aggregated load, which
are used to simulate realistic load scenarios [6].
The highest voltage level is the 400 kV system and core of the TNM. The observed assets are in the
substations of this voltage level. TNM includes 60 substations, 23 power station connection points,
and ten coupling points to neighboring TSOs. The 400 kV network has a direct feed-in by 30 power
plant units with a net production of 18 GW [6].
Various types of substations are considered by modelling the network model. The structure of each
substation is reproduced in detail and is provided with the real switching settings which are important
for the reliability and availability calculations. TNM also considers the horizontal load. The
transmission capacities of the overhead lines are assumed as the only limiting boundary condition in
the regarded scenario. The voltage angles at the slack nodes, representing the neighboring
transmission system, are set to zero, which is the ideal case and has a transfer capacity to other TSOs
of around 29 GVA [7].
Age depended outage rates H are applied for the 400 kV assets within substations. An exception was
only made for the power plant connections. These are considered as ideal because these are on duty of
the power plant operators by German law.
Additionally, it should be noted that the outage rates of pantograph disconnectors are included in the
values of the bus bars, which are bay dependent. Figure 1 shows the age-dependent outage rates
of each busbar BB, circuit breaker (CB), disconnector (DIS), and power transformer (PTR).
A secondary axis for the power transformer is inserted on the left side. Each asset group consequently
has eight different failure rates. The individual financial characteristics of the assets are shown for
clarity in the results section.
3. 3/8
Figure 1: Age distribution & dependent outage rates of the assets. [5][7].
The 220 kV transmission system is only modelled schematically and its assets’ outage impacts are not
simulated itself in reliability and availability calculations. But this level is necessary to get realistic
power flow conditions in the 400 kV transmission system. The 110 kV network groups are also partly
supplied by 220 kV/110 kV power transformers. In total 31 power plant units with a total net output of
10 GW are connected to the 220 kV network. It also has four coupling points to other TSOs, with a
total transmission capacity of around 4 GVA [5]. The 110 kV network groups represent the vertical
load of the transmission system model. These are supplied by the 220 kV and 400 kV networks
through power transformers. Power plants feeding directly into the 110 kV groups are not part of the
model. This voltage level is separated into 34 network groups and eight industrial network groups and
have a peak load of between 250 and 1200 MW.
The power plant units are implemented with different characteristics and their individual dynamic
performance in the model. Therefore, different power gradients inherent to the various types of power
plants, as well as their share of auxiliary power, are considered in the reliability and availability
calculations. The gross output of all power plant units is around 30 GW [8].
Ten typical load flow scenarios are used for these simulations with their different vertical load and
power plant scheduling, based on an analysis of the sorted annual vertical load curve of the
transmission system. The actual generation capacity of power plants always exceeds the consumption
of the 110 kV network groups. The surplus/shortfall of energy is imported/exported from the
neighboring transmission systems.
The schedules of the different types of power plants are determined by their typical operating hours.
For instance, gas power plants have fewer hours of operation, due to their high operating costs. A
portion of the gas power however remains constant at the power plants, as these are operated with
mine gas. These are promoted by the Renewal Energy Act (EEG) and may therefore always remain in
operation [8].
2.2. OPEX-risk costs determination of 400kV-Assets in substations
The determination of OPEX-risk costs contains the shortfall of revenue costs of individual assets,
which is based on the results of reliability and availability calculations multiplied with energy costs
and the typical follow-up costs e.g. repair/replacement costs KR.
An overview of the determination of OPEX-risk costs is illustrated in Figure 2. This process is
repeated many times within a Monte Carlo simulation. To clip out extreme values, which are
generated by the combination of variety of distribution functions, a Value at Risk (VaR) evaluation of
the data series is applied. Sorting the list of substations by their VaR then yields their priority list
[10][11]. The three green boxes illustrate the main input parameters: repair costs, reliability values
4. 4/8
(Duration T of non-delivered or non-feed-in energy, Power P of non-delivered or non-feed-in energy)
and outage rate H. For every asset group a distribution function with repair costs is implemented. The
cost of repair for any asset is randomly re-drawn from this distribution for each simulation . The
characteristic values of the distribution functions of each asset groups are presented in the results
section. The green box “Reliability values” includes the database consisting of the reliability and
availability results under all load flow situations of the assets. By randomly re-drawing a value in each
simulation, different times of outage occurrence and the effects of the individual assets are considered.
i = 1 … N asset
Repair risk
RR = H * KR
Risik of non-delivered
energy
RND = H * TND * PND * KE
Risk of non-supplied
energy
RNS = H * TNS * PNS * KE
gND
gNS
∑
Asset risk R(i,s) of the
Asset i in simulation round s
H
KR
RND * gND
TND, PND
TNS, PNS
KE
RNS * gNS
Repair costs
Reliability
values
Outage Rate
Figure 2: Structure of asset risk determination [11].
The third green box is the outage rate. These outage rates of the assets are age dependent, as described
in subsection 2.1. Additionally, the outage rate is varied in each simulation according to a
normal distribution with a standard deviation of ten percent around the mean given by its age
dependent value.
Three further variables are required for the asset risk determination. The revenue loss by non-supplied
or non-delivered energy is specified by energy costs in €/MWh. With correction factors and
penalty payments can be considered for non-delivered or non-supplied energy. The asset risk
of simulation round is finally determined as the sum of the repair risk , the risk of non-
delivered energy and the risk of non-supplied energy .
Due to the use of many distribution functions and randomly selected features a great number of
simulations are required to minimize the impact of exceptional combinations.
After the determination of all individual OPEX- risk costs in a simulation round, these values are
assigned to its substation and capture the overall substation risk of the round. The substation risks for
each substation are formed from the summarization of the risk of all assets that are associated with it.
The Monte Carlo Simulation repeats this process M times. The overall evaluation of the individual
simulation runs in the Monte Carlo simulation is performed again according to the VaR method. In
this method, risk values are sorted by their magnitude and the confidence area is determined using a
specified confidence interval. With this interval, the extremes are filtered which result from
unfortunate combinations of distribution functions. A confidence interval of 0.95 and 10,000
simulation rounds are used, which are standard values in VaR calculations [10].
2.3. Applied key figures of condition monitoring
To determine the value of condition monitoring in these 400 kV substations, some assumptions are
made. On the one hand, the impact of the monitoring, and on the other hand, the costs of monitoring
with its sensor application must be estimated.
5. 5/8
Many significant publications were done within CIGRE, covering the topic asset monitoring for high
voltage equipment [12][13][14]. According to these documents, failure rates for power transformers
can be reduced significantly, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Standard failure probability tree for power transformer [12].
The reliability values, which are shown in Figure 3, are applied together with the age-dependent
outage rates for the power transformer of section 2.1, to show the impact on the OPEX-risk costs.
For determining the improvement of circuit breaker availability, the key parameter for monitoring are
gas density, motor drive current and cabinet heater supervision [15]. Increasing the reliability of the
circuit breaker with Condition Monitoring, no public figures are yet available. In this paper, the
assumption has been made that the outage rate will be halved.
As a basic assumption for the costs of condition monitoring, basic costs of 60k€ for the power
transformer and 15k€ for the circuit breaker were considered. These values relate only to the sensors
and does not include the data connection, engineering and other costs, which are heavily dependent on
the individual network operator. Due to the high skepticism about these technologies, the depreciation
period is set to ten years.
3. Execution of scenarios
For illustration of the results, the number of substations is reduced to twelve. Table 1 lists these
substations acronyms, along with their layout and numbers of power transformers (PTR) and circuit
breakers (CB).
Table 1: Substation key data
SUBSTATION
ACRONYM
LAYOUT PTR CB SUBSTATION
ACRONYM
LAYOUT PTR CB
BI H4 2 4 LB DBT 3 8
BU TBT 4 12 MB DBT 0 6
DT H3 1 3 SB ET 1 1
ED DBT 1 6 UC DBT 3 10
KO DB 1 4 UR DBT 8 3
KR DB 3 7 WT TBT 3 10
Layout Acronyms:
DBT Double Busbar with Transfer Busbar TBT Trible Busbar with Transfer Busbar
H4 H-Connection with 4-Breakers H3 H-Connection with 3-Breakers
DB Double Busbar ET External Transformer
6. 6/8
The substation risk values regarding the age-depended outage rates of the assets for these 12
substations are considered with the methodology, which is presented in the second section. For the
application of monitoring systems, associated outage values (see subsection 2.3) are applied and the
risk determination of substation was performed with the modified values. Additional scenarios have
been developed, to show different investment strategies respectively to show the best case, if it is
decided to replace the whole substation and equip all PTR and CB with monitoring systems. The
applied scenarios are:
Regular Status Quo of current equipment
Intensive Improved behavior of equipment if all assets will be refurbished
NEW Replacement of primary equipment inside of the substation
Online Regular Retrofit of current CB’s and PTR’s in the substation with sensors
Online New Replacement of all CB’s and PTR’s in the substation and installation of
sensors
3.1. Annual OPEX-Substation risk costs comparison
This subsection shows the annual OPEX-substation risk costs for all five scenarios with 50€ per MWh
of non-delivered or non-feeded-in energy costs, per asset outages within specific substation. Figure 4
illustrates that risks for all described scenarios. The annual risks vary greatly among the regarded
substations. The number of equipment is an essential but is not the dominant reason for the massive
gap between the highest risk (260 k€) and the lowest one (6 k€). It can be seen the implementation of
sensors significantly mitigate the risk. For example, the annual risk of substation BU, which has the
highest risk, was reduced from 260 k€/a to 82 k€/a by a full refurbishment.
Figure 4: Annual substation risk costs by scenario
It is worth noting that in BU the substation has been renewed within the last five years. This explains
the result gap between NEW and the other OPEX Substation risk costs for this plant. For the
substation BI, DT, ED and SB the condition monitoring has no significant importance. These facilities
have a high redundancy and have only repair/replacement cost risk. The share of loss of revenue with
energy costs of 50 €/MWh is minimal. Due to that situation an investment for additional equipment
has a lower priority.
3.2. Net present value determination for a ten-year period.
The reduction of operational risks always has impact on the investment costs. In Figure 5, the
development of the total net present values (NPV) is shown for different loss of revenues. In this case
a variation of energy costs for non-delivered or non-feed-in energy was done between 50 €/MWh and
7. 7/8
300 €/MWh. The results are shown accumulated from left to right. This means that the results of WT
include the results of BU for all scenarios. Thus, the results could be considered for high price areas,
or for countries which have high penalties; e.g., non-services of power purchase agreements (PPA) or
any other non-delivery.
The order of importance of the substation was used for the sequence of condition monitoring and
respectively for the investment. The diagram shows that the total NPV is strongly depended on the
penalty fee for non-delivered and supplied energy. Assuming low penalties the investment in sensors
can only be recommended for the most important substations. For energy costs of 100 €/MWh and
higher, investment can however be recommended for all substations.
Figure 5: Net present value of the substations.
4. Conclusion
The use of sensors for switchgear is an excellent opportunity to increase the availability and the
service life. Even with minor penalties, a return of investment for the major switchgear can be
achieved within 10 years. This result is very impressive, since redundancy is very high within the
maximum voltage level compared to the lower levels.
The reduction of operational risk is only a partial aspect. Other options such as the adjustment of the
maintenance, which is not shown in this paper, or the extended life of the equipment and the resulting
shift of investment costs are not considered here.
In this paper, only figures with the state of the art are used in terms of condition monitoring. New
publications show that even more will be possible in the area of circuit breakers and power
transformers soon [15][16]. Furthermore, a condition monitoring for surge arresters promises
additional advantages. Although this component is considered one of the cheaper components in a
substation, its failure has a significant impact on the "valuable" assets [17].
8. 8/8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Printed matter of the German Bundestag: Entwurf eines Dreizehnten Gesetzes zur Änderung des
Atomgesetzes, Drucksache 17/6070, Berlin, 6th
June 2011.
[2] BMWi: Eckpunkte zur Umsetzung der strukturpolitischen Empfehlungen der Kommission
„Wachstum, Struktur wandel und Beschäftigung“ für ein „Strukturstärkungsgesetz
Kohleregionen“, Berlin, 22nd
May 2019
[3] Diekmann J.: Regulierung der Stromnetze in Deutschland, Düsseldorf, 2007.
[4] Lopez J.: GE’s Journey toward Intelligent Digital Substations, Paris, 2016.
[5] Fleckenstein, M.; Neumann, C.; Balzer G.: Bay oriented & risk based maintenance for
transmission networks. 2014 CIGRE Conference on Power Systems, rep. 226, Bruessels,
Belgium, March 12th-14th, 2014.
[6] Fleckenstein, M.; Neumann, C.; Balzer, G.: Risk-oriented asset replacement within substations
in EHV transmission networks. 20th Conference of the electric power supply industry, Jeju,
Südkorea, October 26th – 30th, 2014.
[7] Schwan M.: Using the VDN Statistic on Incidents to Derive Component Reliability Data for
Probabilistic Reliability Analyses, 2005.
[8] Balzer G., Schorn C.: Life Cycle Costs Analysis of a Complete Air Insulated Substation, CIGRE
SC B3 Berlin 2007.
[9] Fleckenstein, M.; Neumann, C.; Balzer, G.: Risk assessment of aging power transformers in the
transmission network. Grid of the Future, Houston, USA, October 20th -21st, 2014
[10] Jorion P.: Value at Risk – The new Benchmark for controlling derivatives Risk, 3. Edition, New
York 2006.
[11] Fleckenstein, M.: Risikoorientierte Instandhaltung auf der Basis der Value-at-Risk Methode im
Übertragungsnetz, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Dissertation, 2015.
[12] WG A3.29: Economics of Transformer Management, CIGRE, document no. 248, 2004.
[13] WG A3.06: Final Report of the 2004-2007 International Enquiry on Reliability of High Voltage
Equipment, CIGRE, document no. 514, 2012.
[14] WG A3.29: Ageing High Voltage Substation Equipment and possible mitigation techniques,
CIGRE, document no. 725, 2018.
[15] WG A3.32: Non-Intrusive methods for condition assessment of distribution and transmission
switchgear, CIGRE, 2018
[16] Laitinen, T., Albrecht, R.: Wireless sensor units for acoustic monitoring of switching devices,
CIGRE Session, Paris, 2018.
[17] I. A. Metwally, M. Eladawy and E. A. Feilat, "Online condition monitoring of surge arresters
based on third-harmonic analysis of leakage current," in IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and
Electrical Insulation, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 2274-2281, 2017.