1. Biotechnology applications can help in the discovery of new vaccines through recombinant DNA technology. This allows for the production of recombinant protein vaccines and DNA vaccines.
2. Recombinant protein vaccines involve isolating the gene for an immunogenic protein, expressing it in a host organism to produce the protein, which is then purified and used in a vaccine. DNA vaccines use the isolated gene itself as the vaccine.
3. While biotechnology offers advantages like safety and immune response, developing new vaccines faces challenges like high costs, storage requirements, and producing vaccines for diseases with many variable strains. Extensive research and testing is still required.
A vaccine is a biological preparation of weakened or killed pathogen such as bacterium or virus that will improves immunity to a particular diseases.
The principle of immunization or vaccination is based on the property of ‘memory’ of the immune system.
The process of introduction of vaccine into an individual to provide protection against a disease called vaccination.
A vaccine is a biological preparation of weakened or killed pathogen such as bacterium or virus that will improves immunity to a particular diseases.
The principle of immunization or vaccination is based on the property of ‘memory’ of the immune system.
The process of introduction of vaccine into an individual to provide protection against a disease called vaccination.
To synthesize a live attenuated vaccine, the disease-causing organism is grown under special laboratory conditions ,Vaccine production and purification
Peptide vaccine containing only epitopes capable of inducing positive, desirable T cell and B cell mediated immune response.
Peptides‖ used in these vaccines are 20–30 amino acid sequences that are synthesized to form an immunogenic peptide molecule representing the specific epitope of an antigen.
sufficient for activation of the appropriate cellular and humoral responses
Eliminating allergenic and/or reactogenic responses.
A introduction on Viral vaccine for medical students.Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, rubella, and mumps, and the bacterial disease typhoid.
BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
Vaccine
Definition
History
Requirements for good immune response
Ideal characteristics of vaccine
Types
Adjuvants
Advantages & disadvantages
Comparison between live & killed vaccine
Types of Vaccines with live attenuated, inactivated up to recombination technique. OPV and IPV difference and rationale to replace OPV with IPV. EPI schedule of nepal
A malaria vaccine is a vaccine that is used to prevent malaria. The only approved vaccine as of 2015 is RTS,S, known by the trade name Mosquirix. It requires four injections and has a relatively low efficacy.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.Vaccine contains certain agents that not only resembles a disease-causing microorganism but it also stimulates body’s immune system recognize the foreign agents.Vaccines can be prophylactic or therapeutic.
The administration of vaccines is called vaccination.
British physician Edward Jenner, who in 1796 used the cowpox virus (Latin variola vaccinia) to confer protection against smallpox. In 1885 the French microbiologist Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux developed the first vaccine against rabies.
There are several types of vaccines like Whole-Organism vaccine, recombinant vaccine,dna vaccine, multivalent subunit vaccines etc.
vaccine train user immune system to create antibodies, just as it when it is exposed to a disease. However, because vaccine contain only killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at the risk of complications.
vaccine is a biological preparation that improve immunity to a particular disease.
A vaccine typically contain an agent that resembles a disease causing microorganisms and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbes.
To synthesize a live attenuated vaccine, the disease-causing organism is grown under special laboratory conditions ,Vaccine production and purification
Peptide vaccine containing only epitopes capable of inducing positive, desirable T cell and B cell mediated immune response.
Peptides‖ used in these vaccines are 20–30 amino acid sequences that are synthesized to form an immunogenic peptide molecule representing the specific epitope of an antigen.
sufficient for activation of the appropriate cellular and humoral responses
Eliminating allergenic and/or reactogenic responses.
A introduction on Viral vaccine for medical students.Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, rubella, and mumps, and the bacterial disease typhoid.
BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
Vaccine
Definition
History
Requirements for good immune response
Ideal characteristics of vaccine
Types
Adjuvants
Advantages & disadvantages
Comparison between live & killed vaccine
Types of Vaccines with live attenuated, inactivated up to recombination technique. OPV and IPV difference and rationale to replace OPV with IPV. EPI schedule of nepal
A malaria vaccine is a vaccine that is used to prevent malaria. The only approved vaccine as of 2015 is RTS,S, known by the trade name Mosquirix. It requires four injections and has a relatively low efficacy.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.Vaccine contains certain agents that not only resembles a disease-causing microorganism but it also stimulates body’s immune system recognize the foreign agents.Vaccines can be prophylactic or therapeutic.
The administration of vaccines is called vaccination.
British physician Edward Jenner, who in 1796 used the cowpox virus (Latin variola vaccinia) to confer protection against smallpox. In 1885 the French microbiologist Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux developed the first vaccine against rabies.
There are several types of vaccines like Whole-Organism vaccine, recombinant vaccine,dna vaccine, multivalent subunit vaccines etc.
vaccine train user immune system to create antibodies, just as it when it is exposed to a disease. However, because vaccine contain only killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at the risk of complications.
vaccine is a biological preparation that improve immunity to a particular disease.
A vaccine typically contain an agent that resembles a disease causing microorganisms and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbes.
Immunity: Protection from an infectious disease. If you are immune to a disease, you can be exposed to it without becoming infected.
Vaccine: A preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases. Vaccines are usually administered through needle injections, but some can be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
Vaccination: The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a specific disease.
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
3. ABDUL LATIF UNI ERSITY
KHAI PUR
Presentation Topic: Biotechnology applications for the discovery of vaccines
Presented By: Abdul-Rahman, Ali Gohar, Ayaz
Ahmad, Aamir Khoso & Ghulam Mustafa
5. Introduction to Vaccines
A biological preparation, which evokes an immune response when administered
into the body, is termed as vaccines. This usually consists of parts of pathogen
in its weakened state or its products. This triggers an immune response from the
body to the particular disease without actually causing the disease.
Vaccines are preparation, containing weakened or dead microbes of the kind
that cause disease, administered to stimulate the immune system to produce
antibodies against the disease. Vaccine was used by British Physician Edward
Jenner at the end of 18th century in the terms “vaccine disease” means at that
time the Sore of other disease is inoculated to immunize the person.
6. Our discussion is about the applications of Biotechnology for production of
Vaccines. So now a days so-many vaccines are developed by applying the
biotech methods.
Recombinant vaccines:
Biotechnology sector has also played its part in developing vaccines against
certain diseases. Such vaccine which makes use of recombinant DNA
technology is known as recombinant vaccines. It is also known as subunit
vaccines.
Recombinant vaccines can be broadly grouped into two kinds:
(i) Recombinant protein vaccines: This is based on production of recombinant
DNA which is expressed to release the specific protein used in vaccine.
7. preparation.
(ii) DNA vaccines: Here the gene encoding for immunogenic protein is isolated
and used to produce recombinant DNA which acts as vaccine to be injected into
the individual.
Steps involved:
Production of recombinant vaccines involves the following steps:
1. First and foremost, it is important that the protein which is crucial to the
growth and development of the causative organism be identified.
The corresponding gene is then isolated applying various techniques. Further to
this, an extensive study of the gene explains the gene expression pattern
8. 1. involved in the production of corresponding protein.
2. This gene is then integrated into a suitable expression vector to produce a
recombinant DNA.
3. This rDNA is used as vaccines or is introduce into another host organism to
produce immunogenic proteins which acts as vaccines.
Recombinant protein vaccines:
A pathogen upon infection produces proteins, vital for its functions, which elicit
an immune response from the infected body. The gene encoding such a protein
is isolated from the causative organism and used to develop a recombinant
DNA.
9. This DNA is expressed in another host organism, like genetically engineered
microbes; animal cells; plant cells; insect larvae etc, resulting in the release of
the appropriate proteins which are then isolated and purified. These when
injected into the body, causes immunogenic response to be active against the
corresponding disease providing immunity against future attack of the pathogen.
Based on the proteins involved in evoking immune response recombinant
protein vaccines are of two types:
Whole protein vaccines: The whole immunogenic protein is produced in
another host organism which is isolated and purified to act as vaccines.
10. Polypeptide vaccines: It is known that in the immunogenic protein produced,
the actual immunogenic property is limited to one or two polypeptides forming
the protein. The other parts of the protein may be successful in evoking an
immune response but do not actually cause the disease. For e.g. in the case of
cholera caused by Vibrio cholera, consists of three polypeptide chains like A1,
A2, and B. The A polypeptides are toxic while B is non-toxic. Thus while
producing vaccines, the polypeptide B is produced by rDNA technology and
used for vaccination.
11. DNA vaccines:
It refers to the recombinant vaccines in which the DNA is used as a vaccine.
The gene responsible for the immunogenic protein is identified, isolated and
cloned with corresponding expression vector. Upon introduction into the
individuals to be immunized, it produces a recombinant DNA. This DNA
when expressed triggers an immune response and the person becomes
successfully vaccinated.
The mode of delivery of DNA vaccines include: direct injection into muscle;
use of vectors like adenovirus, retrovirus etc; in vitro transfer of the gene into
autologous cells and re-implantation of the same and particle gun delivery of
the DNA.
12. In certain cases, the responsible gene is integrated into live vectors which are
introduced into individuals as vaccines. This is known as live recombinant
vaccines. E.g. vaccinia virus. Live vaccinia virus vaccine (VV vaccine) with
genes corresponding to several diseases, when introduced into the body elicit
an immune response but does not actually cause the diseases.
Advantages:
(i) Since it does not involve actual pathogen, recombinant vaccines is
considered to be safe than the conventional vaccines.
(ii) It induces both humoral and cellular immune response resulting in effective
vaccination.
13. Risks involved:
(i) High cost of production.
(ii) Have to be stored at low temperature since heat destabilizes protein. Hence
storage and transportation is tedious.
(iii) Individuals with immunodeficiency may elicit poor immune response.
14. Steps of Production of New Vaccine
Generation of the antigen
The first step in order to produce a vaccine is generating the antigen
that will trigger the immune response. For this purpose the
pathogen’s proteins or DNA need to be grown and harvested using
the following mechanisms:
Viruses are grown on primary cells such as cells from chicken
embryos or using fertilised eggs (e.g. influenza vaccine) or cell
lines that reproduce repeatedly (e.g. hepatitis A)
15. Bacteria are grown in bioreactors which are devices that use a
particular growth medium that optimizes the production of the
antigens
Recombinant proteins derived from the pathogen can be
generated either in yeast, bacteria or cell cultures.
Release and isolation of the antigen
The aim of this second step is to release as much virus or bacteria as
possible. To achieve this, the antigen will be separated from the cells
and isolated from the proteins and other parts of the growth medium
16. that are still present.
Purification
In a third step the antigen will need to be purified in order to
produce a high purity/quality product.
This will be accomplished using different techniques for protein
purification. For this purpose several separation steps will be
carried out using the differences in for instance protein size,
physio-chemical properties, binding affinity or biological activity.
17. Addition of other components
The fourth step may include the addition of an adjuvant, which is a
material that enhances the recipient’s immune response to a
supplied antigen. The vaccine is then formulated by adding
stabilizers to prolong the storage life or preservatives to allow multi-
dose vials to be used safely as needed. Due to potential
incompatibilities and interactions between antigens and other
ingredients, combination vaccines will be more challenging to
develop. Finally, all components that constitute the final vaccine are
combined and mixed uniformly in a single vial or syringe.
18. Packaging
Once the vaccine is put in recipient vessel (either a vial or a syringe),
it is sealed with sterile stoppers. All the processes described above
will have to comply with the standards defined for Good
Manufacturing Practices that will involve several quality controls and
an adequate infrastructure and separation of activities to avoid cross-
contamination, as shown in the diagram below. Finally, the vaccine is
labelled and distributed worldwide.
19.
20. Restriction for the discovery of New Vaccines
According to the Vaccination point of view the various species cause
different diseases such as HIV (Human immune deficiency Virus),
Influenza virus which causes the Cold, Hepatitis-C are not
vaccinated because there is no vaccine for these diseases.
Researchers have made so many struggles to produce a vaccine for
these type of diseases but they have to face the restrictions i.e. about
200 species of influenza virus have been detected. So how many
types of vaccines will be prepared for the influenza virus.
21. Different vaccines are produced in different periods of time and
estimated time for the production is given by the researchers. It had
taken 105 years after the discovery of the typhoid bacterium to
develop a vaccine for typhoid. For whooping cough (pertussis) it had
taken 89 years; for polio and measles 47 and 42 years respectively.
But the time lag was getting shorter. It had only taken 16 years from
the discovery of the hepatitis B virus to the development of a
vaccine.
22. The biotechnology era has experienced significant changes in the
number of companies involved in vaccine manufacturing as well as in
the production systems they use. Nevertheless, challenges in this area
are multiple. In the current vaccine-manufacturing environment, time
to market and cost effectiveness are key issues that need to be
addressed.
One important difference between the production of vaccines and
other biopharmaceuticals is the risk-safety consideration related to
working with pathogens and pathogenic antigens. As with all
23. biomolecules purified from crude biological material, the removal
of contaminants (e.g., derivatives from host cell such as DNA,
protein, or leachable), must be documented. However, the removal
or inactivation of adventitious viruses remains a unique challenge.
24. Conclusion
In simple words, Biotechnology play a major role in the production
of new vaccines, which will be Tested, Measured, cheaper and
Nanotechnology based Vaccines. The Multiple vaccines of Tetanus,
Typhoid, Hepatitis and Tuberculosis.
Vaccinology has been very effective in preventing infectious
diseases. However, in several cases, the conventional approach to
identify protective antigens, based on biochemical, immunological
and microbiological methods, has failed to deliver successful vaccine
25. candidates against major bacterial pathogens. The recent
development of powerful biotechnological tools applied to
genome-based approaches has revolutionized vaccine development,
biological research and clinical diagnostics. The availability of a
genome provides an inclusive virtual catalogue of all the potential
antigens from which it is possible to select the molecules that are
likely to be more effective.