In present scenario,the river water has become wastewater due to disposal of city waste through which it flows. Most of the existing wastewater treatment plants are getting overload because of unexpected rapid urbanization and due to change in life style of common man. With such a pitch dark fut ure of fresh water we have to think out of the box for new,better and efficient treatment method. In the recent years biosorption have emerged as an economical and environmental friendly method for the decontamination of polluted water in which impurities sequestering by different parts of the cell can occur via various processes:complexation,chelation,coordination,ion exchange,precipitation,and reduction. Biosorption is a process with some unique characteristics. It can effectively sequester dissolved metal s from very dilute complex solutions with high efficiency. This makes biosorption an ideal candidate for the trea tment of high volume low concentration complex waste-waters.. The paper reviews the work carried out by different researchers about the topic and discusses the remedies in brief. The paper is a part of series of research papers under whic h the objectives stated below are studied and researched.
Shalaby2021 article green_synthesis of recyclable iron nanoparticlesHalaYassinElKassas
This research article describes the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (SP-IONPs) using the microalgae Spirulina platensis for removing cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solutions. The SP-IONPs were characterized using various techniques. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption performance of the SP-IONPs for removing crystal violet and methyl orange dyes under different parameters. The SP-IONPs showed maximum sorption capacities of 256.4 mg/g and 270.2 mg/g for crystal violet and methyl orange, respectively, fitting well with the Langmuir model. The kinetics followed pseudo-second order kinetics and thermodynamics showed the process was endothermic. The
A bio refinery is a facility that converts biomass into multiple fuels, power, chemicals, and products. This report evaluates the feasibility of a bio refinery approach using algae. It discusses using algae grown in wastewater to produce electricity, biodiesel, biogas, and bioethanol. The bio refinery concept aims to reduce water usage, lower costs by using waste resources like CO2 and wastewater, and produce multiple revenue streams from algal biomass. While high upfront costs and concerns over algal toxins remain challenges, the report finds the bio refinery approach could provide sustainable fuel production and wastewater treatment.
Analysis of the Potential for Acid Mine Drainage of the Nickel Mining Area in...Asramid Yasin
The phenomenon of acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the serious environmental problems that is often encountered at a mine site. Controlling acid mine drainage is an important thing to do during mining activities and after mining activities end. This research aims to analyze the potential for rock and soil formation of acid mine drainage to the environment around the nickel mining area in Kabaena Timur District. Data obtained through the analysis of the laboratory of Limited Company of Narayana Lambale Selaras. The results showed that in open land the sulphure content range was 0.411-1.452 Kg H2SO4/ton. NAG values are in the equivalent range of 0-3.675 Kg H2SO4/ton. ANC ranges from 25.725-60.025 Kg H2SO4/ton. The range of MPA values is equivalent to 1.977-44.470 Kg H2SO4/ton. The NAPP values ranged from -40.526 to -3.839 and the NPR ranged from 1.116 to 3.776. Whereas in closed land the values for sulphure content, NAG, ANC, MPA, NAPP, and NPR were respectively = 0.418-1.364 Kg H2SO4/ton; 0-3.185 Kg H2SO4/ton; 25.725-57.575 Kg H2SO4/ton; 12.790-41.775 Kg H2SO4/ton; -36.846 to -1.276 and 1.037-3.927. Based on the criteria for NAPP and NPR values, shows that all rock and soil samples in the nickel mining area don’t have the potential to form acid mine drainage because the NAPP value is < 0 and the NPR value > 1.
ANALYSIS OF THE CONCENTRATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROPLASTIC POLLUTION A...Asramid Yasin
Abstrac: Microplastics represent one of the most current global concern issues for environmental and human health. The main concern is for aquatic ecosystems, a very large increase in the number of microplastics has recently transformed these compounds and their degradation products into one of the most common marine debris. To decompose plastic waste requires 50-100 years to be completely degraded so that it becomes a threat to aquatic ecosystems. This research aims to determine the concentration and characteristics of microplastics pollution at estuaries at Kendari Bay. The data of this research were sourced from water and sediment samples from 3 estuaries at Kendari Bay including the Punggaloba estuary, Lahundape estuary, and Wanggu estuary. The analytical methods used in this research include National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Origin Software and SPSS Software. The results showed that the Kendari Bay was contaminated by microplastics. The highest concentration of microplastic pollution is found at the Lahundape estuary, which is 10.07 particles/liter of water and Punggaloba estuary, which is 96 particles/kg of sediment. Microplastic characteristics are based on morphological analysis and particle size. It can be seen that the shape of microplastic particles from water and sediments includes fragments, fibers, and pellets. The range of microplastic sizes in water samples ranges from 0.24-20.34 μm while the size range in sediment samples ranges from 0.12-16.53 μm. The most dominant source of microplastic polymers found at Kendari bay is polystyrene type.
Characterization of Physicochemical Water Quality Parameters of River Gudar (...IOSRJAC
Due to various natural and anthropogenic activities, quality of water was deteriorated in most towns of the country. These changes make or forced the community to depend on unsafe and poor water consumption. River Gudar is one of the rivers found in towns of the country, and exposed to many anthropogenic activities done around the town. Importance of river Gudar is strongly linked to Domestic consumption, Irrigation, Industrial (HAEF) and other public health. Under the investigation physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals for the quality of river Gudar for drinking purpose were characterized. The laboratory results for both physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals were: Alkalinity (154 ± 15.556 mg/L), pH (8.44), Electrical Conductivity (316.47 ± 72.802 Scm-1 ), TDS (149.37 ± 20.64 mg/L), Ammonia (41.00 ± 1.19 mg/L), Phosphate (3.50 ± 0.32mg/L), Total Hardness (156.87 ± 8.46 mg/L CaCO3), Sodium (17.44 ± 2.87mg/L), Potassium (8.51 ± 0.33 mg/L) and some selected heavy metals such as Cu (0.29 ± 0.04 mg/L ), Pb (2.5 ± 0.25 mg/L), Zn (0.63 ± 0.24 mg/L), Cd (0.79 ± 0.19 mg/L) and Ag (0.35 ± 0.17 mg/L) for water sample.
Some Physiochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Wastewater and Pos...IIJSRJournal
This study focuses on treating wastewater with natural materials (Charcoal and lime), identifying the physiochemical properties, identifying microorganisms in treated and untreated wastewater, and the possibility of using treated wastewater in agriculture by studying two different types of wastewater collected from two areas in Benghazi (Al-Kish and Sarti sites) in order to find out their suitability for agriculture and some other uses. The Microbiological analysis results were as follows; the growth of bacterial colonies represented in Kleibseilla pnewmonia in wastewater collected from the Sirty sites and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa & Escherichia coli from wastewater collected from the El-Kish sites, where a biological analysis of the wastewater after treating by using two types of economic and available materials in nature Calcium carbonate “lime” and Charcoal after replanting the treated wastewater with the same previous method, we obtained bacterial growth, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa in wastewater treatment by Calcium carbonate "Lime" and Escherichia coli growth in wastewater treatment by Charcoal. Wastewater treatment by Calcium carbonate "Lime" and Charcoal did not show any microbial growth, this study was illustrated there was not growth from any kind of fungi from the studied wastewater treatment and un-treatment.
Wastewater treatment was found that it is possible to benefit from the treated wastewater to irrigate green areas and insensitive crops without soil degradation, and criteria for assessing the suitability of water for irrigation according to the United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) wastewater treatment samples are located in class C3-S1, it cannot be used to irrigate sensitive crops, especially citrus fruits, and it should only be used in lands that do not have impervious layers that prevent leaching because they need washing.
Shalaby2021 article green_synthesis of recyclable iron nanoparticlesHalaYassinElKassas
This research article describes the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (SP-IONPs) using the microalgae Spirulina platensis for removing cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solutions. The SP-IONPs were characterized using various techniques. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption performance of the SP-IONPs for removing crystal violet and methyl orange dyes under different parameters. The SP-IONPs showed maximum sorption capacities of 256.4 mg/g and 270.2 mg/g for crystal violet and methyl orange, respectively, fitting well with the Langmuir model. The kinetics followed pseudo-second order kinetics and thermodynamics showed the process was endothermic. The
A bio refinery is a facility that converts biomass into multiple fuels, power, chemicals, and products. This report evaluates the feasibility of a bio refinery approach using algae. It discusses using algae grown in wastewater to produce electricity, biodiesel, biogas, and bioethanol. The bio refinery concept aims to reduce water usage, lower costs by using waste resources like CO2 and wastewater, and produce multiple revenue streams from algal biomass. While high upfront costs and concerns over algal toxins remain challenges, the report finds the bio refinery approach could provide sustainable fuel production and wastewater treatment.
Analysis of the Potential for Acid Mine Drainage of the Nickel Mining Area in...Asramid Yasin
The phenomenon of acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the serious environmental problems that is often encountered at a mine site. Controlling acid mine drainage is an important thing to do during mining activities and after mining activities end. This research aims to analyze the potential for rock and soil formation of acid mine drainage to the environment around the nickel mining area in Kabaena Timur District. Data obtained through the analysis of the laboratory of Limited Company of Narayana Lambale Selaras. The results showed that in open land the sulphure content range was 0.411-1.452 Kg H2SO4/ton. NAG values are in the equivalent range of 0-3.675 Kg H2SO4/ton. ANC ranges from 25.725-60.025 Kg H2SO4/ton. The range of MPA values is equivalent to 1.977-44.470 Kg H2SO4/ton. The NAPP values ranged from -40.526 to -3.839 and the NPR ranged from 1.116 to 3.776. Whereas in closed land the values for sulphure content, NAG, ANC, MPA, NAPP, and NPR were respectively = 0.418-1.364 Kg H2SO4/ton; 0-3.185 Kg H2SO4/ton; 25.725-57.575 Kg H2SO4/ton; 12.790-41.775 Kg H2SO4/ton; -36.846 to -1.276 and 1.037-3.927. Based on the criteria for NAPP and NPR values, shows that all rock and soil samples in the nickel mining area don’t have the potential to form acid mine drainage because the NAPP value is < 0 and the NPR value > 1.
ANALYSIS OF THE CONCENTRATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROPLASTIC POLLUTION A...Asramid Yasin
Abstrac: Microplastics represent one of the most current global concern issues for environmental and human health. The main concern is for aquatic ecosystems, a very large increase in the number of microplastics has recently transformed these compounds and their degradation products into one of the most common marine debris. To decompose plastic waste requires 50-100 years to be completely degraded so that it becomes a threat to aquatic ecosystems. This research aims to determine the concentration and characteristics of microplastics pollution at estuaries at Kendari Bay. The data of this research were sourced from water and sediment samples from 3 estuaries at Kendari Bay including the Punggaloba estuary, Lahundape estuary, and Wanggu estuary. The analytical methods used in this research include National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Origin Software and SPSS Software. The results showed that the Kendari Bay was contaminated by microplastics. The highest concentration of microplastic pollution is found at the Lahundape estuary, which is 10.07 particles/liter of water and Punggaloba estuary, which is 96 particles/kg of sediment. Microplastic characteristics are based on morphological analysis and particle size. It can be seen that the shape of microplastic particles from water and sediments includes fragments, fibers, and pellets. The range of microplastic sizes in water samples ranges from 0.24-20.34 μm while the size range in sediment samples ranges from 0.12-16.53 μm. The most dominant source of microplastic polymers found at Kendari bay is polystyrene type.
Characterization of Physicochemical Water Quality Parameters of River Gudar (...IOSRJAC
Due to various natural and anthropogenic activities, quality of water was deteriorated in most towns of the country. These changes make or forced the community to depend on unsafe and poor water consumption. River Gudar is one of the rivers found in towns of the country, and exposed to many anthropogenic activities done around the town. Importance of river Gudar is strongly linked to Domestic consumption, Irrigation, Industrial (HAEF) and other public health. Under the investigation physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals for the quality of river Gudar for drinking purpose were characterized. The laboratory results for both physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals were: Alkalinity (154 ± 15.556 mg/L), pH (8.44), Electrical Conductivity (316.47 ± 72.802 Scm-1 ), TDS (149.37 ± 20.64 mg/L), Ammonia (41.00 ± 1.19 mg/L), Phosphate (3.50 ± 0.32mg/L), Total Hardness (156.87 ± 8.46 mg/L CaCO3), Sodium (17.44 ± 2.87mg/L), Potassium (8.51 ± 0.33 mg/L) and some selected heavy metals such as Cu (0.29 ± 0.04 mg/L ), Pb (2.5 ± 0.25 mg/L), Zn (0.63 ± 0.24 mg/L), Cd (0.79 ± 0.19 mg/L) and Ag (0.35 ± 0.17 mg/L) for water sample.
Some Physiochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Wastewater and Pos...IIJSRJournal
This study focuses on treating wastewater with natural materials (Charcoal and lime), identifying the physiochemical properties, identifying microorganisms in treated and untreated wastewater, and the possibility of using treated wastewater in agriculture by studying two different types of wastewater collected from two areas in Benghazi (Al-Kish and Sarti sites) in order to find out their suitability for agriculture and some other uses. The Microbiological analysis results were as follows; the growth of bacterial colonies represented in Kleibseilla pnewmonia in wastewater collected from the Sirty sites and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa & Escherichia coli from wastewater collected from the El-Kish sites, where a biological analysis of the wastewater after treating by using two types of economic and available materials in nature Calcium carbonate “lime” and Charcoal after replanting the treated wastewater with the same previous method, we obtained bacterial growth, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa in wastewater treatment by Calcium carbonate "Lime" and Escherichia coli growth in wastewater treatment by Charcoal. Wastewater treatment by Calcium carbonate "Lime" and Charcoal did not show any microbial growth, this study was illustrated there was not growth from any kind of fungi from the studied wastewater treatment and un-treatment.
Wastewater treatment was found that it is possible to benefit from the treated wastewater to irrigate green areas and insensitive crops without soil degradation, and criteria for assessing the suitability of water for irrigation according to the United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) wastewater treatment samples are located in class C3-S1, it cannot be used to irrigate sensitive crops, especially citrus fruits, and it should only be used in lands that do not have impervious layers that prevent leaching because they need washing.
Bioremediation and biodegradation ellis 2012 finalintanldewi
Waste stabilization ponds can effectively treat domestic wastewater through natural bioremediation processes involving bacterial consortiums and microalgae. Microalgae grow quickly in the ponds, absorbing nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants that would otherwise cause eutrophication. The microalgae also produce oxygen and remove heavy metals. The harvested algal biomass can then be processed into high-value bioproducts like biofuels. However, additional nutrients may need to be added to match the microalgae's requirements, and developing efficient harvesting technologies remains a challenge. Overall, waste stabilization ponds provide a sustainable way to clean wastewater while producing microalgal feedstocks for bioproducts.
Effects of pH, Dosage, Temperature and Mixing Speed on The Efficiency of Wate...IJAEMSJORNAL
Studies were carried out to determine the effects of operating parameters such as temperature, pH, dosage and mixing speed on the efficiency of watermelon seed in removing the turbidity and colour of Atabong River, which serves the people of Eket and their environs in Akwa-Ibom State. Results obtained showed that at an ideal pH of 7.5, temperature of 25oC, dosage of 0.6g/l and mixing speed of 120rpm the water melon coagulum removed turbidity and colour of the raw river water by 87.9% and 84.3% respectively. At this optimum conditions, water melon coagulum decreased the raw water turbidity from 67.7 to 8.18 NTU and colour, 318 to 50 TCU. The findings have demonstrated the effectiveness of water melon seeds as a possible replacement for chemicals like alum and ferric salts normally used in coagulation-flocculation water treatment.
Floating treatment wetlands are proposed to improve water quality in Beira Lake in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Studies have found the lake water to have high levels of nutrients, bacteria, and other pollutants that are causing eutrophication. Floating treatment wetlands would help remove these pollutants from the water naturally through bacterial activity and plant uptake without using chemicals. The wetlands provide habitat for microbes and plants to purify the water by absorbing nutrients and increasing oxygen levels. This natural water treatment approach could help restore the lake's ecosystem functionality over time.
The document discusses how urbanization and agriculture have led to the disappearance and degradation of headwater streams and wetlands. This has negatively impacted water quality, biodiversity, and nutrient processing. Regenerative stormwater conveyance and floating wetlands are proposed as nature-based solutions to help restore streams and wetlands by reconnecting water flows, storing and treating stormwater, and providing habitat. Case studies demonstrate their effectiveness at improving water quality and quantity while reducing costs.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water Using Water HyacinthIDES Editor
Water pollution has become one of the most serious
problems of today’s civilization. In the last few years
considerable amount of research has been done on the
potential of aquatic macrophytes for pollutant removal or even
as bio-indicators for heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. Water
hyacinth is one of the aquatic plant species successfully used
for wastewater treatment. It is very efficient in removing
pollutants like suspended solids, BOD, organic matter, heavy
metals and pathogens. This paper mainly focuses on the
treatment of waste water using the plant ‘water hyacinth’ and
has given emphasis to the removal of heavy metals by the
plant. Water hyacinth’ could grow in sewage; they absorb and
digest the pollutants in wastewater, thus converting sewage
effluents to relatively clean water. Thus, the plants hold
promise as a natural water purification system, which could
be established at a fraction of the cost of a conventional sewage
treatment facility. The study conducted in this regard revealed
how efficiently wastewater could be treated using the plant
‘Water hyacinth’.
IRJET- Decontamination of Wastewater by Biofiltration using Invasive BivalvesIRJET Journal
This document discusses using invasive bivalves for biofiltration of wastewater to reduce contamination. Bivalves like quagga mussels, zebra mussels, and blue mussels are effective at removing nutrients, organic matter, pathogens, and other pollutants from water through their filter feeding. A study was conducted where bivalves were placed in a filtration unit to treat wastewater from canals and industrial areas in Kakinada, India. The bivalves decreased levels of eutrophication, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and E. coli through bioaccumulation of contaminants in their bodies. Invasive bivalves show potential for cost-effective wastewater treatment by removing
Sewage, or domestic/municipal wastewater, is a type of wastewater that is produced by a community of people. It is characterized by volume or rate of flow, physical condition, chemical and toxic constituents, and its bacteriologic status (which organisms it contains and in what quantities). It consists mostly of greywater (from sinks, bathtubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers), blackwater (the water used to flush toilets, combined with the human waste that it flushes away); soaps and detergents; and toilet paper (less so in regions where bidets are widely used instead of paper).
IRJET- Application of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) in Wastewater Tre...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for wastewater treatment. Water hyacinth is a free-floating aquatic plant that can effectively remove various pollutants like nutrients, heavy metals, dyes, and organic matter from domestic and industrial wastewater through its root systems and other tissues. Studies have found that water hyacinth treatment can reduce parameters like biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and nutrients by 50-90% within 2-4 weeks. Advanced techniques like adding microbial populations or aeration can further increase the removal efficiency of water hyacinth-based wastewater treatment systems.
ABSTRACT- Wastewater treatment is a problem of grave concern in most developing countries. In the last two decades, there has been a lot of research to develop appropriate technologies to alleviate pollution in water resources. Efficient wastewater treatments through conventional methods are expensive and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable solution used to remediate toxic pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. The review describes various aquatic plants, which have high potential to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Key-words- Water pollution, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Aquatic plants, Wastewater treatment
Waste water purification using cnstructed wetlandsAglaia Connect
This document discusses waste water purification using constructed wetlands. It begins by explaining that improper waste water disposal pollutes water bodies and harms organisms. Constructed wetlands are proposed as an effective tertiary treatment for domestic waste water. Constructed wetlands are artificial shallow wetland systems with plants that naturally treat waste water through processes like sedimentation, filtration, and microbial digestion. They have advantages over conventional treatment in being lower cost and more sustainable while effectively removing pollutants. The document outlines the types, processes, advantages and some challenges of constructed wetland waste water treatment.
IRJET- A Review of Feasibility of Use of Duckweed for Treatment of Sludge...IRJET Journal
The document reviews the feasibility of using duckweed (Lemna minor) for sludge water treatment. It summarizes several studies that examined duckweed's nutrient removal efficiency from different wastewaters. One study found duckweed was most effective at removing nutrients from municipal wastewater, removing over 75% of nutrients tested. However, another study found that duckweed did not significantly improve the treatment efficiency of a municipal wastewater system. The document concludes that duckweed systems can effectively treat wastewater and remove nutrients to produce secondary effluent, but land area requirements and lack of winter growth may limit their widespread use. Nitrogen removal requires supplemental aeration in duckweed ponds.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
This document analyzes the water quality of the Mula-Mutha River in Pune, India across four sampling stations from Khadakwasla Dam to Bund Garden. Water samples were collected during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons and tested for pH, turbidity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. The results showed deteriorating water quality from upstream to downstream with pollution levels within satisfactory limits at Khadakwasla Dam but very poor quality at downstream stations. Major sources of river pollution identified were domestic sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and waste discharged from temples. Future measures recommended included public awareness programs, industrial waste
This document summarizes a study on the physicochemical properties of soil affected by municipal solid waste (MSW) in a densely populated tropical region of Onitsha, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from three locations - an uncontaminated control area 15 meters from two disposal sites, the crest formation at one site, and the basin formation at another. The samples were analyzed for properties like pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, heavy metals, and cation exchange capacity. Results showed increases in these parameters with depth. pH, nitrogen, zinc and iron were higher at the crest, while lead was higher at the basin. Aggregate stability decreased significantly at the basin compared to the control. Calculated values for tested parameters at
Study on Assessment of Physico chemical properties of Industrial wastesIJEAB
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to7.66, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum in sample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum at samples of W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/l respectively. The physic chemical parameters studied in this work were varied between the samples and almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
Determination of Heavy Metals in Boreholes, Hand Dug Wells and Surface Water ...Premier Publishers
Drinking water Quality is one of the most important concerns. The heavy metals level up to ppb levels in drinking water quality may cause severe health problems. In this study attempt was made to determine the concentrations of eight heavy metals in water samples taken in August 2016 from boreholes, hand dug wells and streams in some selected areas of Mubi North local government Adamawa state. These samples were subjected to analysis for eight elements (Zn, Fe, Ca, Na, Mg, Mn, Pb and Cd using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentrations of these metals in the study areas were compared with drinking water quality limits given by the World Health Organization (WHO). Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Ca concentrations were found to range from 4.80-5.0, 0.06-2.6, 0.03-3.05, 0.04-0.80, 0.02-0.17, 20.49-35.6Mg/L respectively. The concentrations of Na, Mg, Ca, and Zn found in this study were lower than the permissible limit of WHO. While that of Fe in water sample from stream were found to be higher as compared with the WHO standard. Similarly the concentration of Mn in stream and borehole water samples were also higher.Cd and Pb were not detected in all the samples.
SOIL BIOTECHNOLOGY TO TREAT NAZAFGARH DRAIN WATER BEFORE DISPOSAL INTO RIVER ...civejjour
The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants.
These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world.
Credits of the paper are to the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
This paper was included in the event kit of Green Bloggers Forum, held 7 June 2016 at the Cocoon Boutique Hotel, QC, Philippines. The DENR authorized all bloggers and participants to promote the information and materials during the event.
Floating treatment wetlands were first developed in Japan in the 1990s to absorb nutrients from fish ponds using C. generalis plants, and are now used globally for various applications including water quality improvement, habitat enhancement, and sewage treatment; they provide pollutant removal through physical, biological, and microbial processes aided by planted vegetation; while plant harvesting and environmental factors can impact performance, floating wetlands typically achieve 40-80% removal of nutrients and metals when properly designed and managed.
IRJET- Study of Bioreactors for Biological Treatment of WastewaterIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study comparing the efficiency of two bioreactors - Moving Bed Bioreactor (MBBR) and Biocord - for biological wastewater treatment. A pilot wastewater treatment plant with a capacity of 1600 litres per day was set up using each bioreactor. Samples from the influent and effluent were tested for parameters like BOD, COD, TSS, TN and pH. The results showed that the Biocord bioreactor achieved higher removal rates for all parameters, ranging from 80-95% removal compared to 50-90% for MBBR. It was also observed that more biomass attached to the Biocord, reducing the footprint needed. Therefore,
IRJET- Study of Bioreactors for Biological Treatment of WastewaterIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study comparing the efficiency of two types of bioreactors - moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) and biocord reactors - for the biological treatment of wastewater. A pilot wastewater treatment plant was set up in India using each bioreactor type to test their performance. Samples from the influent and effluent of each system were analyzed to determine the most economical and effective bioreactor for removing biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids from the wastewater. The results of these tests helped identify which bioreactor was best suited for wastewater treatment implementation purposes.
Bioremediation and biodegradation ellis 2012 finalintanldewi
Waste stabilization ponds can effectively treat domestic wastewater through natural bioremediation processes involving bacterial consortiums and microalgae. Microalgae grow quickly in the ponds, absorbing nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants that would otherwise cause eutrophication. The microalgae also produce oxygen and remove heavy metals. The harvested algal biomass can then be processed into high-value bioproducts like biofuels. However, additional nutrients may need to be added to match the microalgae's requirements, and developing efficient harvesting technologies remains a challenge. Overall, waste stabilization ponds provide a sustainable way to clean wastewater while producing microalgal feedstocks for bioproducts.
Effects of pH, Dosage, Temperature and Mixing Speed on The Efficiency of Wate...IJAEMSJORNAL
Studies were carried out to determine the effects of operating parameters such as temperature, pH, dosage and mixing speed on the efficiency of watermelon seed in removing the turbidity and colour of Atabong River, which serves the people of Eket and their environs in Akwa-Ibom State. Results obtained showed that at an ideal pH of 7.5, temperature of 25oC, dosage of 0.6g/l and mixing speed of 120rpm the water melon coagulum removed turbidity and colour of the raw river water by 87.9% and 84.3% respectively. At this optimum conditions, water melon coagulum decreased the raw water turbidity from 67.7 to 8.18 NTU and colour, 318 to 50 TCU. The findings have demonstrated the effectiveness of water melon seeds as a possible replacement for chemicals like alum and ferric salts normally used in coagulation-flocculation water treatment.
Floating treatment wetlands are proposed to improve water quality in Beira Lake in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Studies have found the lake water to have high levels of nutrients, bacteria, and other pollutants that are causing eutrophication. Floating treatment wetlands would help remove these pollutants from the water naturally through bacterial activity and plant uptake without using chemicals. The wetlands provide habitat for microbes and plants to purify the water by absorbing nutrients and increasing oxygen levels. This natural water treatment approach could help restore the lake's ecosystem functionality over time.
The document discusses how urbanization and agriculture have led to the disappearance and degradation of headwater streams and wetlands. This has negatively impacted water quality, biodiversity, and nutrient processing. Regenerative stormwater conveyance and floating wetlands are proposed as nature-based solutions to help restore streams and wetlands by reconnecting water flows, storing and treating stormwater, and providing habitat. Case studies demonstrate their effectiveness at improving water quality and quantity while reducing costs.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water Using Water HyacinthIDES Editor
Water pollution has become one of the most serious
problems of today’s civilization. In the last few years
considerable amount of research has been done on the
potential of aquatic macrophytes for pollutant removal or even
as bio-indicators for heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. Water
hyacinth is one of the aquatic plant species successfully used
for wastewater treatment. It is very efficient in removing
pollutants like suspended solids, BOD, organic matter, heavy
metals and pathogens. This paper mainly focuses on the
treatment of waste water using the plant ‘water hyacinth’ and
has given emphasis to the removal of heavy metals by the
plant. Water hyacinth’ could grow in sewage; they absorb and
digest the pollutants in wastewater, thus converting sewage
effluents to relatively clean water. Thus, the plants hold
promise as a natural water purification system, which could
be established at a fraction of the cost of a conventional sewage
treatment facility. The study conducted in this regard revealed
how efficiently wastewater could be treated using the plant
‘Water hyacinth’.
IRJET- Decontamination of Wastewater by Biofiltration using Invasive BivalvesIRJET Journal
This document discusses using invasive bivalves for biofiltration of wastewater to reduce contamination. Bivalves like quagga mussels, zebra mussels, and blue mussels are effective at removing nutrients, organic matter, pathogens, and other pollutants from water through their filter feeding. A study was conducted where bivalves were placed in a filtration unit to treat wastewater from canals and industrial areas in Kakinada, India. The bivalves decreased levels of eutrophication, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and E. coli through bioaccumulation of contaminants in their bodies. Invasive bivalves show potential for cost-effective wastewater treatment by removing
Sewage, or domestic/municipal wastewater, is a type of wastewater that is produced by a community of people. It is characterized by volume or rate of flow, physical condition, chemical and toxic constituents, and its bacteriologic status (which organisms it contains and in what quantities). It consists mostly of greywater (from sinks, bathtubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers), blackwater (the water used to flush toilets, combined with the human waste that it flushes away); soaps and detergents; and toilet paper (less so in regions where bidets are widely used instead of paper).
IRJET- Application of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) in Wastewater Tre...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for wastewater treatment. Water hyacinth is a free-floating aquatic plant that can effectively remove various pollutants like nutrients, heavy metals, dyes, and organic matter from domestic and industrial wastewater through its root systems and other tissues. Studies have found that water hyacinth treatment can reduce parameters like biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and nutrients by 50-90% within 2-4 weeks. Advanced techniques like adding microbial populations or aeration can further increase the removal efficiency of water hyacinth-based wastewater treatment systems.
ABSTRACT- Wastewater treatment is a problem of grave concern in most developing countries. In the last two decades, there has been a lot of research to develop appropriate technologies to alleviate pollution in water resources. Efficient wastewater treatments through conventional methods are expensive and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable solution used to remediate toxic pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. The review describes various aquatic plants, which have high potential to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Key-words- Water pollution, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Aquatic plants, Wastewater treatment
Waste water purification using cnstructed wetlandsAglaia Connect
This document discusses waste water purification using constructed wetlands. It begins by explaining that improper waste water disposal pollutes water bodies and harms organisms. Constructed wetlands are proposed as an effective tertiary treatment for domestic waste water. Constructed wetlands are artificial shallow wetland systems with plants that naturally treat waste water through processes like sedimentation, filtration, and microbial digestion. They have advantages over conventional treatment in being lower cost and more sustainable while effectively removing pollutants. The document outlines the types, processes, advantages and some challenges of constructed wetland waste water treatment.
IRJET- A Review of Feasibility of Use of Duckweed for Treatment of Sludge...IRJET Journal
The document reviews the feasibility of using duckweed (Lemna minor) for sludge water treatment. It summarizes several studies that examined duckweed's nutrient removal efficiency from different wastewaters. One study found duckweed was most effective at removing nutrients from municipal wastewater, removing over 75% of nutrients tested. However, another study found that duckweed did not significantly improve the treatment efficiency of a municipal wastewater system. The document concludes that duckweed systems can effectively treat wastewater and remove nutrients to produce secondary effluent, but land area requirements and lack of winter growth may limit their widespread use. Nitrogen removal requires supplemental aeration in duckweed ponds.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
This document analyzes the water quality of the Mula-Mutha River in Pune, India across four sampling stations from Khadakwasla Dam to Bund Garden. Water samples were collected during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons and tested for pH, turbidity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. The results showed deteriorating water quality from upstream to downstream with pollution levels within satisfactory limits at Khadakwasla Dam but very poor quality at downstream stations. Major sources of river pollution identified were domestic sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and waste discharged from temples. Future measures recommended included public awareness programs, industrial waste
This document summarizes a study on the physicochemical properties of soil affected by municipal solid waste (MSW) in a densely populated tropical region of Onitsha, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from three locations - an uncontaminated control area 15 meters from two disposal sites, the crest formation at one site, and the basin formation at another. The samples were analyzed for properties like pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, heavy metals, and cation exchange capacity. Results showed increases in these parameters with depth. pH, nitrogen, zinc and iron were higher at the crest, while lead was higher at the basin. Aggregate stability decreased significantly at the basin compared to the control. Calculated values for tested parameters at
Study on Assessment of Physico chemical properties of Industrial wastesIJEAB
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to7.66, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum in sample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum at samples of W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/l respectively. The physic chemical parameters studied in this work were varied between the samples and almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
Determination of Heavy Metals in Boreholes, Hand Dug Wells and Surface Water ...Premier Publishers
Drinking water Quality is one of the most important concerns. The heavy metals level up to ppb levels in drinking water quality may cause severe health problems. In this study attempt was made to determine the concentrations of eight heavy metals in water samples taken in August 2016 from boreholes, hand dug wells and streams in some selected areas of Mubi North local government Adamawa state. These samples were subjected to analysis for eight elements (Zn, Fe, Ca, Na, Mg, Mn, Pb and Cd using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentrations of these metals in the study areas were compared with drinking water quality limits given by the World Health Organization (WHO). Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Ca concentrations were found to range from 4.80-5.0, 0.06-2.6, 0.03-3.05, 0.04-0.80, 0.02-0.17, 20.49-35.6Mg/L respectively. The concentrations of Na, Mg, Ca, and Zn found in this study were lower than the permissible limit of WHO. While that of Fe in water sample from stream were found to be higher as compared with the WHO standard. Similarly the concentration of Mn in stream and borehole water samples were also higher.Cd and Pb were not detected in all the samples.
SOIL BIOTECHNOLOGY TO TREAT NAZAFGARH DRAIN WATER BEFORE DISPOSAL INTO RIVER ...civejjour
The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants.
These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world.
Credits of the paper are to the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
This paper was included in the event kit of Green Bloggers Forum, held 7 June 2016 at the Cocoon Boutique Hotel, QC, Philippines. The DENR authorized all bloggers and participants to promote the information and materials during the event.
Floating treatment wetlands were first developed in Japan in the 1990s to absorb nutrients from fish ponds using C. generalis plants, and are now used globally for various applications including water quality improvement, habitat enhancement, and sewage treatment; they provide pollutant removal through physical, biological, and microbial processes aided by planted vegetation; while plant harvesting and environmental factors can impact performance, floating wetlands typically achieve 40-80% removal of nutrients and metals when properly designed and managed.
IRJET- Study of Bioreactors for Biological Treatment of WastewaterIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study comparing the efficiency of two bioreactors - Moving Bed Bioreactor (MBBR) and Biocord - for biological wastewater treatment. A pilot wastewater treatment plant with a capacity of 1600 litres per day was set up using each bioreactor. Samples from the influent and effluent were tested for parameters like BOD, COD, TSS, TN and pH. The results showed that the Biocord bioreactor achieved higher removal rates for all parameters, ranging from 80-95% removal compared to 50-90% for MBBR. It was also observed that more biomass attached to the Biocord, reducing the footprint needed. Therefore,
IRJET- Study of Bioreactors for Biological Treatment of WastewaterIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study comparing the efficiency of two types of bioreactors - moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) and biocord reactors - for the biological treatment of wastewater. A pilot wastewater treatment plant was set up in India using each bioreactor type to test their performance. Samples from the influent and effluent of each system were analyzed to determine the most economical and effective bioreactor for removing biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids from the wastewater. The results of these tests helped identify which bioreactor was best suited for wastewater treatment implementation purposes.
This document discusses various topics related to water including its hardness, recycling, and use as an energy source. It provides information on how to soften hard water through various methods like using soda, slaked lime, or boiling. It also discusses recycling of water in various industries like paper, poultry, and greenhouses. Additionally, it explains how water can be used to generate hydroelectric power and the benefits and drawbacks of hydropower. Lastly, it discusses rainwater harvesting as a method to conserve water.
This document discusses various topics related to water including science, social science, and methods of conserving water. It covers the hardness of water in chemistry and recycling of water in biology. In physics, it discusses water as a source of energy. For social science, it discusses topics like the sustainability of groundwater for economic development and movements related to water for political development. It also discusses the conservation of water in geography. The document then provides details on various methods of conserving water including rainwater harvesting and watershed management.
This document summarizes a study on using chitin biopolymer blended with bentonite clay to remove copper from wastewater via adsorption. Characterization of the blended material was done using FTIR, XRD, TGA and SEM. FTIR showed interactions between chitin and bentonite through hydrogen bonding. XRD indicated the blend was amorphous. TGA showed the blended material had higher thermal stability than chitin alone. SEM revealed the blend had a porous structure and large surface area suitable for adsorption. Batch adsorption studies showed the blended biopolymer effectively removed copper from wastewater.
This document presents a summary of groundwater contamination in India. It discusses various sources of groundwater pollution including industrial, agricultural, and mining activities as well as landfills and microbial contaminants. Common pollutants from these sources include heavy metals, nitrates, pesticides, and pathogens. The impacts of groundwater contamination on human and environmental health are significant. Future enhancements to address the issue more effectively include advanced detection technologies, bioremediation techniques, and integrated remediation approaches.
Science and Technology Inputs for Powai Lake.pptUmangi Mehta
This document discusses science and technology inputs that could be used for the rejuvenation of Powai Lake in Mumbai, India. Powai Lake is experiencing issues like untreated sewage discharge, siltation, and eutrophication due to urban development. The summary proposes using constructed wetlands and polishing ponds to treat sewage, desilting to remove silt, and monitoring water quality using remote sensing and measurements. Rejuvenation efforts should follow an integrated approach applying appropriate governance, urban planning, and sustainable business models to enhance the lake ecosystem over the long term.
Physico Chemical Properties of Light Greywater for Residential Society in Bad...ijtsrd
Water plays a vital role and one of the basic necessities of human being. As per the report from the United Nations has estimated that in the year 2025, about 2.6 billion people will be facing water scarcity problems which mean more than half of the population will be affected by water scarcity and even it will not be exerted to say that third world war may occur due to water. 1 Water dearth has turn out to be one of the most critical problems of the current era. Some experts have also suggested that water shortage will turn out to be more severe than oil dearth in the future. The need for increased water requirement for the growing population in the new century is generally assumed, without considering whether available water resources could meet these needs in a sustainable manner. The question about from where the extra water is to come, has led to this study. It is necessary to learn physico chemical properties of contamination of water to understand its reuse in a residential building. It is possible to intercept this grey water, at the household level, treat it so that it can be recycled for using other purposes. In this report we are going to study the domestic light grey water i.e. washing clothes, wash basin, bathroom from day to day life of case study of residential building Mohan Willows in Bhosale Nagar, Shirgaon, Balapur. The samples were analysed for the physical and chemical characteristics of the water. The parameters examined were pH, Turbidity, TDS, COD, BOD, Oil and Grease, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Alkanity, Sulphate, Iron, Lead, Zinc, DO and Nitrate. The research showed that the quality of light greywater with respect to COD, BOD, turbidity and total hardness requires adequate treatment prior to household reuse. With regard to the trace and heavy metal contents, no further treatment is required. Suresh D. Suryawanshi | Prof. Padmakar J Salunke | Prof. Shreeshail Panchu Gaikwad "Physico-Chemical Properties of Light Greywater for Residential Society in Badlapur, Thane District Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50260.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50260/physicochemical-properties-of-light-greywater-for-residential-society-in-badlapur-thane-district-maharashtra/suresh-d-suryawanshi
Analysis Of Water Quality Parameters A ReviewJim Jimenez
This document summarizes research on analyzing water quality parameters in rivers. It discusses how parameters like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, and heavy metals are tested. Heavy metals from sources like industrial and agricultural waste can poison aquatic life. The document reviews several studies on the Mula-Mutha River near Pune, India which found increasing pollution over time from domestic and industrial waste, affecting fish biodiversity. Other studies analyzed heavy metal contamination in the Mula-Mutha and Pavana Rivers, and water quality changes in the Pavana River from 2005 to 2013. The water quality in these rivers often exceeds WHO limits and reaches very poor levels due to untreated municipal and industrial
The major challenge in municipal solid waste management using landfills is
leachate, which causes a significant threat to subsurface resources. Leachate is the
liquid that passes through soil and has extracted dissolved and suspended solids from
it. Municipal solid waste landfills are one of the severe environmental impacts on the
urban environment. Landfills are one of the practices of disposal of municipal solid
waste in the Indian scenario. Understanding the leachate composition is an equally
important and critical factor in terms of environmental production. When the
municipal solid waste is buried in a landfill, physical, chemical and biological
reactions occur, and the refuse reacts with the moisture present in the soil. Studying
leachate characteristics and its treatment is essential as it could threaten the
ecosystem. Rapid urbanization is one of the major contributions to the generation of
municipal solid waste. The present study reviews the different applications available
to treat the leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfills. Nano-particles
are recently gaining great interest in the protection of the environment, which will
ensure sustainable development.
The present investigation along the Mithi River of Mumbai deals with the study of physico-chemical parameters like pH,
Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand content in water samples. The study was performed over a
period of 8 months from October 2013 to May 2014. Sampling was carried out at five different locations along the stretch of the Mithi River in Mumbai. The study points towards Pollution Status of the Mithi River.
Bioremediation of wastewater by microorganismsadetunjiEwa
The term bioremediation has been introduced to describe the process of using biological
agents to remove toxic waste from environment. Bioremediation is the most effective management tool to manage the polluted water and recover contaminated waste water. It is an attractive and successful cleaning technique for polluted environment; it has been used at a number of sites worldwide, with varying degrees of success.
Bioremediation of wastewater by microorganismsadetunjiEwa
ABSTRACT
The term bioremediation has been introduced to describe the process of using biological
agents to remove toxic waste from environment. Bioremediation is the most effective management tool to manage the polluted water and recover contaminated waste water. It is an attractive and successful cleaning technique for polluted environment; it has been used at a number of sites worldwide, with varying degrees of success.
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
This document discusses environmental biotechnology and traditional Indian approaches to environmental issues. It provides an overview of environmental biotechnology techniques used to treat waste and pollution. It also discusses views from ancient Indian scriptures that emphasize harmony between humans and nature. The document advocates applying insights from Indian philosophy's holistic view of the world to help address modern environmental problems through a balanced approach considering both traditional knowledge and new technologies.
This document discusses sewage treatment and wastewater characterization. It defines sewage as wastewater generated by a community from domestic, industrial and storm sources. Sewage treatment is described as a multi-stage process to clean sewage and protect the environment and human health. Wastewater is characterized by its physical, chemical and biological properties such as temperature, solids, organic matter and microorganisms. Oxygen demand parameters like BOD and COD are also discussed.
Role of Wastewater in Transportation of Heavy Metals: A risk assessment to hu...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the role of wastewater in transporting heavy metals and the risks it poses to human health. It notes that wastewater is often used for irrigation in agriculture and can contain heavy metals from industrial and domestic sources. These heavy metals can accumulate in soils and plants irrigated with wastewater and eventually enter the food chain, posing health risks to humans. The document also examines the mechanisms by which heavy metals are absorbed by plant roots from soil and transported throughout plants, and how long-term exposure to heavy metals through food can cause various chronic health issues for humans.
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF SIMPLE SPUR GEAR TRAIN AND HELICAL GEAR TRAI...ijiert bestjournal
The document describes the design of a simple spur gear train and helical gear train with an idler gear using the AGMA (American Gear Manufacturers Association) standard method. Key steps of the design process include selecting input parameters, creating a preliminary drawing, selecting materials, and performing theoretical calculations to determine dimensions and check for bending and contact stresses based on AGMA equations. A comparative study is carried out to select the optimal gear train design that meets the strength requirements for the given input parameters and load conditions.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL LEAF SPRING AND COMPOSITE LEAFijiert bestjournal
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring,commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. It is also one of the oldest forms of spring. Sometimes referred to as a semielliptical l eaf spring (SELS) it takes the form of a slender ar c-shaped length of spring steel of rectangular cross section. The centre of the arc p rovides location for the axle,while tie holes are provided at either end for attaching to the vehicle body. In the present work,a seven-leaf steel spring use d in passenger cars is replaced with a composite mu lti leaf spring made of glass/epoxy composites. The dimensions sand the num ber of leaves for both steel leaf spring and compos ite leaf springs are considered to be the same. The primary objective is to compare their load carrying capacity,stiffness and weight savings of composite leaf spring. Finally,fatigue life of steel and com posite leaf spring is also predicted using life dat a
Brimmed diffuser is collection�acceleration device which shrouds a wind turbine.For a given turbine di ameter,the power augmentation can be achieved by brimmed diffuser,p opularly known as wind lens. The present numerical investigation deals with the effect of low pressure region created by wind l ens and hence to analyze the strong vortices formed by a brim attached to the shroud diffuser at exit. Also in this analysis,a c omparative numerical prediction of mass flow rates through the wind turbine has been carried out with various types of wind lens wh ich in turn helps to optimize the torque augmentati on. It has been numerically proved that there is significant increase in the wa ke formation & vortex strength when brimming effect is added to a diffuser
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD OF MG-ALLOY ijiert bestjournal
The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production,critical component. It co nnects reciprocating piston to rotating crankshaft,transmitting the thrust of the piston to the crankshaft. Every vehicle that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod depending upon the number of cylinders in the engine. As the purp ose of the connecting rod is to transfer the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. Connecting ro ds for automotive applications are typically manufactured by forging from either w rought steel or powdered metal. the material used f or this process is Mg-Alloy and also finite element analysis of connecting rod
REVIEW ON CRITICAL SPEED IMPROVEMENT IN SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE VALVE TRAINijiert bestjournal
1) The document discusses improving the critical speed of the valve train in a single cylinder engine from 3600 rpm to 5000 rpm. It aims to optimize the valve spring parameters to increase the speed limit without failure of contact between components.
2) An analytical and simulation-based approach is proposed. The valve spring stiffness, pushrod buckling, contact stresses, and natural frequency response will be analyzed. ADAMS multi-body dynamics software will be used to simulate the optimized design.
3) Preliminary results found that with the optimized valve spring configuration, the engine speed could be increased beyond 5000 rpm without failure, unlike with the existing design. Experimental validation of the optimized design will evaluate performance.
ENERGY CONVERSION PHENOMENON IN IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER LIFTING BY USING PEND...ijiert bestjournal
This paper consist of working of reciprocating pump which is driven by a compound pendulum. It provide s the energy required to lift the water from a tank placed approximately several meter below the ground level. Basic application of the mechanism will be for watering the garden which will be operated by means of operation opening and closing of entrance gate. Paper consists of basic concept,design of pump and compound pendulum mecha nism and fabricationed model. The concept can also be implemented in the rural areas,having the problem of electric supply. We aim at making a prototype for providing some me an for pumping of water by the pump which requires less human efforts,conside ring cost effectiveness,easy to operate and portab le mechanism.
The IC engine has seen numerous revolutionary and e volutionary modifications in technology and design over the past few decades. The sole motto behind the modifications wa s to increase the overall efficiency of the IC Engi ne including volumetric and thermal efficiency. Recently few benchmarking techn ologies like the CRDI,MPFI,HCCI,etc. in the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle engines have created an enormous revolution in the automobile industry. In spite of these technologica l and design advances,the efficiencies are not being more than a particular l imit. However,the concept of split cycle engines has dra stically increased the overall performance in all respect. The split cycle concept basically separates the fou r strokes of the conventional cycle. The Scuderi engine one of the best-in-class engine desi gns based on the split cycle concept. The Scuderi engine works on the split cycle and gives higher efficiency than the previous split cycle engines resulting overall high perform ance. It also eliminates the problems faced by previous engines based on the spl it cycle in terms of breathing (volumetric efficien cy) and thermal efficiency. This paper throws light on the greater volumetric,thermal and overall efficiency key points related t o the Scuderi Engines.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN JOURNAL BEARING OPERAT...ijiert bestjournal
The excessive rise of temperature in the journal be aring operating at boundary/mixed lubrication regim es. Journal bearing test set- up is used to measure the temperature along the cir cumference of the bearing specimen for different lo ading conditions. Here in this journal bearing of l/d ratio 1,diameter of jo urnal is 60mm and the bearing length is 60mm,clear ance is .06mm has been designed and tested to access the temperature rise of the bearing. The result shows that as the load o n the bearing is increasing temperature also increasing. Temperature analysis o f journal bearing is also done by the Ansys workben ch software
STUDY OF SOLAR THERMAL CAVITY RECEIVER FOR PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR ijiert bestjournal
Energy is one of the building blocks of the country . The growth of the country has been fueled by chea p,abundant energy resources. Solar energy is a form of renewable ener gy which is available abundantly and collected unre servedly. The parabolic concentrator reflects the direct incident solar rad iation onto a receiver mounted above the dish at it s focal point. The conversion of concentrated solar radiation to heat takes place in receiver. The heat transfer characteristics of the receiver changes during the rotation of the receiver which affects thermal performance. The working temperature may also influence the ther mal performance and overall efficiency of the system. Thermal as well as optica l losses affect the performance of a solar paraboli c dish-cavity receiver system. The thermal losses of a solar cavity receiver include c onvective and radiative losses to the air in the ca vity and conductive heat loss through the insulation used behind the helical tube surface. Convective and radiative heat losses form the major constituents of the thermal losses. The convection heat loss from cavit y receiver in parabolic dish solar thermal power sy stem can significantly reduce the efficiency and consequently the cost effectiveness of the system. It is important to assess this heat loss and subsequently improve the thermal performance of the receiver.
DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CRANKSHAFTijiert bestjournal
Crankshaft is a crucial component in an engine asse mbly. Crankshaft is consisting of two web sections and one crankpin,which converts the reciprocating displacement of the pist on to a rotary motion with a four link mechanism. G enerally crankshafts are manufactured using cast iron and forged steel mater ial. In this work to design and finite element anal ysis of crankshaft of 4 cylinder petrol engine of Maruti swift Vxi. of 1200 cubic capacity. The finite element analysis in ABA QUS software by using six materials based on their composition viz. Cast iron,EN30B,SAE4340,Structural steel,C70 Alloy steel and Aluminium based composite material reinforced with silicon carbide & fly ash. The parameter like von misses stress,deformation;maximum and minimum principal stress & strain were obtained from analysis software. The results of Finite element show that t he Aluminium based composite material is best mater ial among all. Compare the result like weight and Stiffness parameter. It is resulted of 65.539 % of weight,with reduction i n deformation.
ELECTRO CHEMICAL MACHINING AND ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING PROCESSES MICRO...ijiert bestjournal
Nowadays,necessity of small components is a common trend. These requirements encourage the researcher s to develop very minutest size components to fulfill the demand. The manufact uring of these type of components is a difficult ob ligation and for that various machining methods are develop to manufacture such c omponents. In this article the Electro Chemical mac hining and Electrical Discharge Machining is reviewed. We tried to summar ize the work of various researchers. The study show s that this type of machining processes gives good alternative.
HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT BY USING NANOFLUID JET IMPINGEMENTijiert bestjournal
This document presents an experimental study on heat transfer enhancement using nanofluid jet impingement. Key findings include:
1) The use of nanofluids (Al2O3-water) can increase heat transfer coefficients by up to 44% compared to using water alone.
2) Heat transfer coefficients are highest near the stagnation point and decrease further from the center.
3) Varying the nozzle-to-plate distance (Z/D ratio) between 2-8 results in maximum heat transfer, with little effect beyond Z/D of 12.
4) Increasing the flow rate leads to higher heat transfer coefficients, up to a 5% increase from 2 lpm to 4 lpm.
MODIFICATION AND OPTIMIZATION IN STEEL SANDWICH PANELS USING ANSYS WORKBENCH ijiert bestjournal
The demand for bigger,faster and lighter moving ve hicles,such as ships,trains,trucks and buses has increased the importance of efficient str uctural arrangements. In principle two approaches exist to develop efficient structures:e ither application of new materials or the use of new structural design. A proven and well-establi shed solution is the use of composite materials and sandwich structures. In this way high strength to weight ratio and minimum weight can be obtained. The sandwich structures have potential to offer a w ide range of attractive design solutions. In addition to the obtained weight reduction,these so lutions can often bring space savings,fire resistance,noise control and improved heating and cooling performance. Laser-welded metallic sandwich panels offer a number of outstand ing properties allowing the designer to develop light and efficient structural configuratio ns for a large variety of applications. These panels have been under active investigations during the last 15 years in the world.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM HONEYCOMB SANDWICH PANEL BUMPER BEAM: A REVIEW ijiert bestjournal
Bumper is a energy absorbing protective element whi ch absorb the energy in front collision and protect valuable parts like radiator etc. Bumper is act like protect ive shield generally made of steel material. As eco nomic point of view and to reduce consumption of fuel manufacturin g of light weight vehicle is requirement of current situation. Application of composite material in automobile sec tor is now day common thing. Aluminum honeycomb san dwich panel is basically material from aerospace industri es and known for its high strength to weight ratio. Sandwich structure basically having its properties due to ge ometry. To determine various properties of sandwich structure conducting experiments is expensive,so generally F EA is used .However complex geometry is hurdle so t here are various theories are available for simplification o f model. These theories convert 3D model in to homo genous model .As far as concerning India manufacturing rate of s andwich structure is very less,so generally cost i s more. Greatest giant manufacturer is china we can observe their bu llet train and metro transport facility constructio n. Recently in march 2014 largest selling Indian cars are failed in NCap test in 100% frontal crash test. So requirement of more energy absorbing material with economy cons ideration is important.
Robotic welding requires specialized fixtures to ac curately hold the work piece during the welding operation. Despite the large variety of welding fix tures available today the focus has shifted in maki ng the welding arms more versatile,not the fixture. T he new fixture design reduces cycle time and operat or labor while increasing functionality;and allows co mplex welding operations to be completed on simple two axis welding arms
ADVANCED TRANSIENT THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE BY USING ANS...ijiert bestjournal
In these paper structural fields of the solid disc brake during short and emergency braking with four different materials is studied. The distribution of the tempe rature depends on the various factors such as frict ion,surface roughness and speed. The effect of the angular velo city and the contact pressure induces the temperatu re rise of disc brake. The finite element simulation for three -dimensional model was preferred due to the heat fl ux ratio constantly distributed in circumferential direction . Here value of temperature,friction contact power,nodal displacement and deformation for different pressure condition using analysis software with four materi als namely cast iron,cast steel,aluminium and carbon fibre reinforced plastic are taken. Presently the D isc brakes are made up of cast iron and cast steel. With the v alue of simulation result best suitable material fo r the brake drum with higher life span is determined.
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Metallic matrix composites are combinations of two or more different metals inter metallic compounds or second phases in which dispersed phases are embe dded within the metallic matrix. They are produced by controlling the morphologies of the constituents to achieve optimum combination of properties. Properties of the composites depend on the properti es of the constituent phases,their relative amount,and dispersed phase geometry including particle siz e,shape and orientation in the matrix. In this pap er,The mechanical properties,behaviour and micro stru ctural evolution of aluminium metal matrix metallic composites fabricated under various process conditi ons were investigated to understand their process- structure�property relations by optimization proces s. Addition of silicon carbide to aluminum has show n an increase in its mechanical properties.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON SEED OIL FOR MULT...ijiert bestjournal
A lubricant is a substance that reduces friction an d wear by providing a protective film between two moving surfaces. Good lubricants possess the proper ties such as low toxicity,high viscosity index,hi gh load carrying capacity,excellent coefficient of fr iction,good anti-wear capability,low emission int o the environment,high ignition temperature. So tribolog y related problems can be minimized by proper selection of lubricant from wear consideration. Tod ay,the depletion of reserves of crude oil,the gro wing prices of crude oil and concern about protecting th e environment against pollution have developed the interest towards environment-friendly lubricants. B ecause of these the purpose of this work is to eval uate the anti-wear characteristics of cottonseed oil and to check the suitability of cottonseed oil as a lu bricant for multi-cylinder engine. Four ball testing machin e is used for anti-wear testing as per ASTM D 4172. The wear preventive characteristic of cottonseed oi l is obtained by measuring wear scar diameter. The present study shows the potential of cotton seed oi l as an alternating lubricant.
Magnetic abrasive finishing is a machining process where the tooling allowance is remove by media wi th both magnetic and abrasive properties,with a magnetic f ield acting as a binder of a grain. Such machining falls into the category of erosion by abrasive suspension and lend itself to the finishing of any type of surface . The possibility of finishing complex surfaces is a spec ial benefit of this machining. Magnetic abrasive fi nishing process is most suitable for obtaining quality fini sh on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Magnetic abrasive finishing used for complicated product finishing & Roughness and tolerance band achieved that is diffi cult using conventional machine process. The product dimension al requirement easily possible with taking trial wi th MAF parameters.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
USING BIOABSORBENTS TO REDUCE RIVER WATER POLLUTION: A REVIEW
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USING BIOABSORBENTS TO REDUCE RIVER WATER POLLUTION: A
REVIEW
Snehalata B. Khalkar
M.E. Scholar, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, SRESCOE Kopargaon, University Of Pune,
Maharashtra India
S. R. Korke
Asst. Prof., Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, SRESCOE Kopargaon, University Of Pune,
Maharashtra India
ABSTRACT
In present scenario, the river water has become wastewater due to disposal of city waste through which it flows.
Most of the existing wastewater treatment plants are getting overload because of unexpected rapid urbanization
and due to change in life style of common man. With such a pitch dark future of fresh water we have to think
out of the box for new, better and efficient treatment method. In the recent years biosorption have emerged as
an economical and environmental friendly method for the decontamination of polluted water in which
impurities sequestering by different parts of the cell can occur via various processes: complexation, chelation,
coordination, ion exchange, precipitation, and reduction. Biosorption is a process with some unique
characteristics. It can effectively sequester dissolved metals from very dilute complex solutions with high
efficiency. This makes biosorption an ideal candidate for the treatment of high volume low concentration
complex waste-waters..
The paper reviews the work carried out by different researchers about the topic and discusses the remedies in
brief. The paper is a part of series of research papers under which the objectives stated below are studied and
researched.
OBJECTIVES
I. To Positioning Point and Non-Point sources of pollution in river.
II. To take River water sampling at various contaminated sites and chemical characterization of collected
samples
III. To Finalizing type and dosage of microorganisms for Biosorption
IV. To Monitoring of river water quality periodically
Key Words—Biosorption, Phosphate, Nitrates and Mula River Pune.
INTRODUCTION
The water problem is a global phenomenon, and is not restricted to any one nation. Water pollution has been the
inevitable outcome of the human’s powerful desire for betterment of living standards, through increasing efforts
and activities manifesting as heavy industrialization and constant urbanization leading to progressive aquatic
system pollution. Human being truly depend on renewable fresh water for drinking, irrigation of crops, and
industrial uses as well for production, transportation, recreation and waste disposal. In many regions of the
world, the amount and quality of water available to meet human needs are already limited. The gap between
freshwater supply and demand will widen during the coming century because of climate change and increasing
consumption of water and increasing population.
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Out of all the total water on earth, salt water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater makeup about 97% of it.
Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.7–0.8% as fresh
groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers.
Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water. (U.S. Geological Survey, 2014)
In Indian at 1990, the total water withdrawal was estimated at 552 BM3
i.e. 30 per cent of the country’s
renewable water resources (1869 BM3
). The contribution from surface water was 362 BM3
, while the
groundwater withdrawal was estimated at 190 BM3
. Approximately 460 BM3
was used for irrigation while 25
BM3
was used for domestic needs. About 19 BM3
and 15 BM3
were used for energy and industrial purposes
respectively. Currently, more than 80 per cent of the 750 BM3
water used in India is for irrigation. The balance
20 per cent is used to meet domestic, energy, industrial and other requirements. Estimates indicate that by the
year 2025, the total water demand of 1050 BM3
will be very close to the total utilizable water resources of 1,122
BM3
in the country. Though projections are not available beyond 2025, it is evident that the country may have
to face an acute water crisis unless clear and strategic measures are adopted now. India's population is around
1.21 billion as on 1st March, 2011. The population of India is expected to stabilize at around 1,640 million by
the year 2050. As a result, gross per capita water availability will decline from 1,820 m3
/ yr in 2001 to as low as
1,140 m3
/yr in 2050. Total water requirement of the country for various activities in the year 2050 has been
estimated to be 1,140 m3
/yr. This is significantly more than the current estimate of utilizable water
resource.(Status of Water Quality in India, CPCB 2011)
LITERATURE REVIEW
BIOSORPTION METHOD
Regine & Vieir [24] has studied that solution to solve the water pollution problem by toxic heavy metal
contamination resulting from humans technological activities has for long presented a challenge. Biosorption
can be a part of the solution. Some types of biosorbents such as seaweeds, molds, yeasts, bacteria or crab shells
are examples of biomass tested for metal Biosorption with very encouraging results. The uptake of heavy metals
by biomass can in some cases reach up to 50% of the biomass dry weight. New biosorbents can be manipulated
for better efficiency and multiple re-use to increase their economic attractiveness.
Tsezoset al [18] has investigated in this paper Biosorption defined as the selective sequestering of metal soluble
species that result in the immobilization of the metals by microbial cells. Metal sequestering by different parts
of the cell can occur via various processes: complexation, chelation, coordination, ion exchange, precipitation,
reduction. Biosorption is a process with some unique characteristics. It can effectively sequester dissolved
metals from very dilute complex solutions with high efficiency. This makes Biosorption an ideal candidate for
the treatment of high volume low concentration complex waste-waters. Pilot applications have shown the
limitations associated with inactive microbial biomass mainly due to the cost of formulating the biomass into an
appropriate biosorbents material. Furthermore, the negative effect of co-ions in the solution on the uptake of the
targeted metals by the immobilized microbial biomass, and the reduced resilience of the biological material,
made recycling and reuse of the biosorbents even more difficult. However, in cases of metabolically active
microbial cells, in biological reactors, Biosorption contributes as a parallel mechanism together with other
metabolically mediated mechanisms such as bio-precipitation and bio-reduction. For this reason, Biosorption
should always be taken into account as a metal immobilization process in every case of metal bearing water
streams treatment technology based on the interactions of microbial cells with soluble metal species.
Ramachandraet al. [23] has found all details related to the Biosorption with each important detail related to the
Mechanism of Biosorption. Heavy metal contamination exists in aqueous waste streams of many industries,
such as metal plating facilities, mining operations, tanneries, etc. Some metals associated with these activities
are cadmium, chromium, iron, nickel, lead and mercury. Heavy metals are not biodegradable and tend to
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accumulate in living organisms causing diseases and disorders. Many industries like dye industries, textile,
paper and plastics use dyes in order to color their products and also consume substantial volumes of water. As a
result they generate a considerable amount of colored wastewater. The presence of small amount of dyes (less
than 1 ppm) is highly visible and undesirable. Many of these dyes are also toxic and even carcinogenic and pose
a serious threat to living organisms. Hence, there is a need to treat the wastewaters containing toxic dyes and
metals before they are discharged into the water bodies. Many physico-chemical methods like coagulation,
flocculation, ion exchange, membrane separation, oxidation, etc are available for the treatment of heavy metals
and dyes. Major drawbacks of these methods are high sludge production, handling and disposal problems, high
cost, technical constraints, etc. This necessitates cost effective and environmentally sound techniques for
treatment of wastewaters containing dyes and metals. During the 1970s, the increasing awareness and concern
about the environment motivated research for new efficient technologies that would be capable of treating
inexpensively, waste waters polluted by metals and dyes. This search brought Biosorption/adsorption to the
foreground of scientific interest as a potential basis for the design of novel wastewater treatment processes.
Several adsorbents are currently used which are by-products from agriculture and industries, which include
seaweeds, molds, yeast, bacteria, crab shells, agricultural products such as wool, rice, straw, coconut husks, peat
moss, exhausted coffee waste tea leaves, walnut skin, coconut fiber, etc. Adsorption/Biosorption using low cost
adsorbents could be technically feasible and economically viable sustainable technology for the treatment of
wastewater streams. Low cost adsorbents are nothing but materials that require little processing, are abundant in
nature or is a byproduct or waste material from another industry.
Parket al. [12] has studied in this paper details about the past as well as current research on the Method of
Biosorption. The discovery and further development of Biosorption phenomena provide a basis for a whole new
technology aimed at the removal of various pollutants or the recovery of valuable resources from aqueous
systems. Today, Biosorption is one of the main components of environmental and bio-resource technology.
Since the status of scientific developsmeant of a technology can be reflected through analyses of the literatures
pertaining to it, in this review, they qualitatively examine almost all aspects of Biosorption research. A range of
subjects are covered, including the initial history, raw materials, mechanisms, instrumental tools, process
factors, modification and immobilization methods, recovery and regeneration, continuous processes,
commercial application, and modeling studies of Biosorption. Finally, we summarized the important
considerations of the current research on Biosorption, as well as the suggestions for its future directions. We
believe that this review will prove to be useful for scientists and engineers in the performance of their research
into Biosorption.
Veglioet al. [14] Investigated information related to the processes has been proposed and discussed in this
report. Four cases of copper Biosorption are here reported and discussed as examples of application:
Biosorption of copper onto Sphaerotilusnatans, Rhizopusoligosporus, calcium alginate and olive mill residues
(OMR) have been here described and discussed. Several empirical and semi-empirical models have been
proposed and summarized, to consider the pH effect on the heavy metal up-take. The proposed models,
originated from Langmuir isotherm, may be useful to fit experimental data avoiding pH control during
Biosorption tests and simply monitoring its equilibrium value. The adsorption isotherms were built considering
experimental procedures at constant pH (in standard manner) and in pH edge conditions. Both empirical and
semi-empirical models were able to fit these experimental results. The pH-edge experimental procedure coupled
with the proposed pH-related models is proposed as useful tools to investigate and model Biosorption processes
with single heavy metals in solution.
Nour and Ghadir [20] have examined the details of micro-organism roll in biosorption. Presence of metal ions
in aqueous solutions represents a major environmental problem. These inorganic species are persistent and non-
biodegradable pollutants that should be eliminated from water. In the recent years Biosorption have emerged as
an economical and environmental friendly method for the decontamination of polluted water. The present work
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represents a review of the recently published literature discussing the use of non-modified biosorbents for the
removal of metal ions from aqueous solution. In this review the main classes of biomass materials used as
biosorbents are discussed along with the principle factors affecting the Biosorption process such as: solution
pH, biomass dose, metal ion concentration and contact time. The potential health and environmental hazards of
metal ions in ad it on to the kinetic and isothermal models usually assessed to fit the Biosorption experimental
data were also reviewed.
Whiteet al. [10] has researched multiplicity of physico-chemical and biological mechanisms for the
determination of the removal of toxic metals, metalloids and radionuclide’s from contaminated wastes. Physico-
chemical mechanisms of removal, which may be encompassed by the general term “Biosorption”, include
adsorption, ion exchange and entrapment which are features of living and dea biomass as well s derived
products. In living cells, Biosorption can be directly and indirectly influenced by metabolism. Metabolism-
dependent mechanisms of metal removal which occur in living micro-organisms include metal removal which
occur in living micro-organisms include metal precipitation as sulphides, Complexation by siderophores and
other metabolites, sequestration by metal-binding proteins and peptides, transport and intracellular
compartmentation. In addition, Transformations of metal species can occur resulting in oxidation, reduction or
methylation. For metalloids such as selenium, two main transformation mechanisms are the reduction of
oxyanions to elemental forms, and methylation to methylated derivatives which are volatilized. Such
mechanisms are important components of natural biogeochemical cycles for metals and metalloids as well as
being of potential application.
L. Babaket al. [17] has founded in this paper gives information of Biosorption capacity of metals copper, lead
and zinc by Geobacillusthermodenitrificans and Geobacillusthermocatenulatus. Solution of each metal was
mixed with dry biomass and incubated at room temperature. The supernatant was taken and used for complex
metric titration. The sorption capacity for Cu2+
was highest when using 0.5 g·l−1
Geobacillusthermodenitrificans (57 ± 4 mg·g−1). The sorption capacity rapidly decreases with increased
concentrations. Similarly for Zn2+
ions, the highest sorption capacity was for biomass concentration 0.5 g·l−1
(18 ± 3 mg·g−1) and slowly decreases. For Pb2+
ions, the decrease is almost linear to the biomass concentration
2 g·l−1, i.e. from 117 ± 13 mg·g−1 to 53 ± 3 mg·g−1.The sorption capacity of Cu2+
ions was highest at the
lowest biomass concentration of Geobacillusthermocatenulatus (65 ± 3 mg.g−1), then it sharply decreased and
at concentration of biomass of 1 g·l−1 did not changed. In the case of Zn2+
ions, we could seen a moderate drop
with the increasing concentration with the range of 24 ± 3 to 12.3 ± 0.4 mg·g−1. For Pb2+
ions was the decrease
slow, from 119 ± 8 mg·g−1 to 54 ± 4 mg·g−1.Affi nity of metals to bacteria was determined in the order Pb2+
>
Cu2+
> Zn2+
. The results show, that Geobacillusthermocatenulatus has better sorption capabilities than
Geobacillusthermodenitrificans.
PHOSPHATES AND NITRATE REMOVAL METHODS
Daset al. [19] has stuided inthis paper that industrial effluents loaded with heavy metals are a cause of hazards
to human and other forms of life. Conventional methods such as precipitation, evaporation, electroplating, ion
exchange, membrane processes, etc. used for removal of heavy metals from waste water however, are often cost
prohibitive having inadequate efficiencies at low metal ion concentrations. Biosorption can be considered as an
alternative technology which has been proved as more efficient and economical for removal of heavy metals
from the industrial waste water. The most frequently used biosorbents are bacteria, fungi, algae and yeasts. But
more recently, low cost natural products have also been searched as biosorbents. This paper presents an
overview of the potential use of some natural products as biosorbents which could serve as a cost effective
means of treating effluents charged with toxic heavy metals.
Fried et al. [25] has investigated high rates of agricultural runoff whichcan cause large quantities of nitrates and
phosphates to enter the water system. When added to a water body, these nutrients can create a large
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proliferation of algae which is harmful to water quality. The blooms deplete oxygen levels in aquatic
ecosystems and thus have a detrimental effect on the organisms within the system. We evaluated the effects of
nine different combinations of nitrate and phosphate concentrations on algal growth by measuring relative
chlorophyll levels. We concluded that both nitrates and phosphates have positive effects on algal growth.
However, these variables affect algal growth independently of each other and there is no interaction between the
two. This implies that both nitrates and phosphates are effective limiting nutrients that can be reduced to control
algal proliferation.
O. Korostynskaet al. [21]has studied what consumers expect from water supply companies to deliver safe
drinking water that meets both health quality standards and aesthetic requirements such as color, turbidity, taste
and odor. Current water quality assessment methods of these parameters, which form the basis for sound water
resources management, are mainly laboratory based, require fresh supply of chemicals, trained staff and are
time consuming. Real-time water quality monitoring is essential for National and International Health and
Safety, as it can significantly reduce the level of damage and also the cost to remedy the problem. This paper
critically analyses both commercially available and state-of-the-art research methods and devices suitable for
real-time wastewater quality monitoring and suggests further developments in this area. In particular, the focus
is made on the monitoring of nitrates and phosphates in wastewater and a novel microwave based method for
instantaneous water quality assessment is suggested
RIVER POLLUTION
Kanaseet al. [11] has carried out Physico-Chemical monitoring of major rivers in Pune was done during the
month of June and July 2005. In Pune city, there are three major rivers named Mula, Mutha and Pavana. For
this assessment, six sampling points were selected from Khadakwasla (Mutha River) to Sangavi (Pavana River)
and the samples were collected along the course of rivers. The analysis was carried out for the parameters
namely pH, Acidity, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate and
Phosphate. In many into the rivers; which probably exceed the assimilative capacity of environment; leads to
accumulation of pollutants on ground water and soils. The results obtained in this investigation revealed that the
discharge of untreated industrial Effluents and sewage have contributed considerable pollution in the rivers
Mula, Mutha and Pavana; hence the water of these rivers is unsafe for consumption or human use and needs
preventive action.
Chandanshive [09] has found pollution status and impact on fish diversity in Mula-Mutha River and dams on
it. Seventy-two were species reported in 1942 in this river. However, it has been observed that fish diversity is
gradually decreasing since last thirty years unpresidenty, mainly due to manifold human activity. Fish diversity
in midway of river is becoming rare and only four species have been reported form polluted stretch of river. The
river Mula-Mutha is flowing through city area and is one of the important sources of water body because of
seven dams on it and its importance in agricultural, industrial and development of Pune city. Its perennial nature
supports abundance of aquatic life including fish fauna. About Sixty Three species of different fishes have been
reported from upstream from January 2003- December -2007 and only four species of fishes in the downstream
during winter and summer. The River Mula-Mutha and its tributaries are highly polluted due to domestic and
industrial wastes. The physico-chemical aspects of water pollution of River Mula-Mutha were analyzed
seasonally with respect to following parameters from July-2004 to May-2005. I) Water temperature, II) pH, III)
Dissolved solids, IV) Dissolved oxygen, V) Free carbon dioxide, VI) Acidity, VII) Alkalinity, VIII) Chloride
content, IX) Nitrates, X) Phosphates, XI) Biological oxygen demand, XII) Chemical oxygen demand. It is
observed that the level of these parameters was optimum during and winter and summer seasons. In the polluted
stretch of this river, tolerant species as Aorichthysseengala, Oreochromi, Smossambicus and Gambusiaaffinis as
well as air breathing fish H. fossilisare found at many places.
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CONCLUSION
The paper reviews the different views of researchers worked in past and working to minimize
the pollution of river water by using different techniques like bioabsorption.
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