This document discusses environmental biotechnology and traditional Indian approaches to environmental issues. It provides an overview of environmental biotechnology techniques used to treat waste and pollution. It also discusses views from ancient Indian scriptures that emphasize harmony between humans and nature. The document advocates applying insights from Indian philosophy's holistic view of the world to help address modern environmental problems through a balanced approach considering both traditional knowledge and new technologies.
Environmental Pollution, Global Climate Change and Biodiversity Management approaches
current status of pollution levels (air, soil and water), strategies implied to curb the problem (particularly in India) and recent research carried in different parts of the world. Mitigation and adaption approach to climate change.
Solid Waste Management in Lebanon: Challenges and RecommendationsPremier Publishers
Successful waste management plans require accurate data about the nature and composition of waste. Despite the high content of organic (52%) and recyclable (37 %) materials in waste stream, only 8% and 15% of solid waste are recycled and composted respectively. Unfortunately, 48% of the waste are disposed in sanitary landfills. Dumping of waste and open burning is predominant outside Beirut and Mount Lebanon. Adequate treatment is unavailable for wastes produced by slaughterhouses, industrial premises and healthcare centers. Corruption, lack of human resources and suitable facilities and inadequate technical skills are responsible for inefficient municipal solid waste management. This paper aims at determining the current practices of municipalities in terms of segregation, collection, treatment and final disposal of solid waste. It also considers key policy challenges and recommendations for improving the municipal solid waste management system.
Environmental Pollution, Global Climate Change and Biodiversity Management approaches
current status of pollution levels (air, soil and water), strategies implied to curb the problem (particularly in India) and recent research carried in different parts of the world. Mitigation and adaption approach to climate change.
Solid Waste Management in Lebanon: Challenges and RecommendationsPremier Publishers
Successful waste management plans require accurate data about the nature and composition of waste. Despite the high content of organic (52%) and recyclable (37 %) materials in waste stream, only 8% and 15% of solid waste are recycled and composted respectively. Unfortunately, 48% of the waste are disposed in sanitary landfills. Dumping of waste and open burning is predominant outside Beirut and Mount Lebanon. Adequate treatment is unavailable for wastes produced by slaughterhouses, industrial premises and healthcare centers. Corruption, lack of human resources and suitable facilities and inadequate technical skills are responsible for inefficient municipal solid waste management. This paper aims at determining the current practices of municipalities in terms of segregation, collection, treatment and final disposal of solid waste. It also considers key policy challenges and recommendations for improving the municipal solid waste management system.
Environmental Management
Introduction to Solid Waste
Classification of Solid Waste
Collection Methods of Solid Waste
Transfer & Transportation of Solid Waste
Type of Equipment
Recycling, Reuse & Disposal of Solid Waste
Introduction to Air Pollution
Sources of air pollution & it’s Effects
Classification & Control of Air Pollution
Introduction to EIA functions of Environmental Quality Standards.
Introduction to Noise Pollution & it’s Measure
Environmental Health & Safety
Solid Waste Management for Philippine Cities and MunicipalitiesEnergySavings
Cost effective waste management systems to meet your requirements. A Solid Waste Management System designed to be used on a city or municipality with an average population of 20 thousand household that normally generates an average of 120 tons of garbage per day, processing 60tons/day of Non-Biodegradable waste and 60 tons/day of Biodegradable waste.
Wastewater recycling is emerging as an integral part of
water demand management. Promoting as it does the preservation of high-quality fresh water supplies as well as potentially reducing the pollutant in the environment and reducing overall costs.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS IN PATNA - Weaknesses and OpportunitiesAshok Ghosh
Municipal waste management at Patna is in pathetic state.The state capital of Bihar is also famous now as municipal waste capital of India.The presentation is an attempt to highlight the issues and possible solution.
ABSTRACT- Wastewater treatment is a problem of grave concern in most developing countries. In the last two decades, there has been a lot of research to develop appropriate technologies to alleviate pollution in water resources. Efficient wastewater treatments through conventional methods are expensive and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable solution used to remediate toxic pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. The review describes various aquatic plants, which have high potential to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Key-words- Water pollution, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Aquatic plants, Wastewater treatment
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM COW DUNG, FOOD WASTE AND ORGANIC ...IAEME Publication
Anaerobic digestion is one of the ecofriendly methods to treat and dispose the biodegradable wastes and has more advantages when compared to any other waste treatment methods. Biogas production and composting of slurry from the biogas plant is one of the methods to reduce volume of waste (zero waste discharge) and maximum energy recovery from the organic wastes is possible.
In this study the production potential of biogas from bio degradable organic wastes such as food waste, cow dung and fresh organic wastes under the same operating condition of room temperature between 28ºC to 32ºCare compared. A pilot plant of 0.3 cubic meter gas holding capacity is used as digester.
Environmental Impacts of the liquid waste from Assalaya Sugar Factory in Rabe...IJEAB
The study aimed to assess the environmental health impacts of the liquid waste from Assalaya Sugar Factory, the efficiency of the existing Assalaya effluent treatment plant, the dilution factors available in the White Nile to gather with wastewater environmental impacts. A descriptive cross-sectional focused on the Factory and its neighborhoods. Four hundred and thirty two out of 3931 households were statistically determined as the sample size, the individual samples were picked using multi-stage stratified method 432 households selected as sample size. Data were collected by using structured questionnaires, field observations, laboratory analysis and interviewing the concerned and affected persons. The effluent load discharged from the factory into the Al - jassir canal at the White Nile was analyzed for BOD, COD, pH, PO4, TDS, TSS, Turbidity, Color, and flow rate.The Data were processed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16, Chi-square test, test associations and office excel 2007. The study showed that Eighty one percent of the households used the surplus irrigation canal as a source for water supply. 64% of the respondents suffered from diarrhea, vomiting and allergic diseases, the rather low rate of water consumption and the bad quality of water consumed were reflected adversely on hygiene and consequently increased water related diseases. The study concludes that always or sometime 49.5% of the water collectors were children and used animals and plastic containers for water collection and transportation. The conducted laboratory water analysis revealed that the average concentrations of PO4, COD and BOD of the raw wastewater produced by Assalaya Sugar Factory were 4260, 3800 and 1500 mg/l, respectively, these values were above the WHO recommended concentrations for the disposed treated effluent (2, 250 and 30 mg/L respectively). As to physical analysis; the turbidity on the average was higher (540 NTU) and the color was (854 TCU) also high.
Environmental Management
Introduction to Solid Waste
Classification of Solid Waste
Collection Methods of Solid Waste
Transfer & Transportation of Solid Waste
Type of Equipment
Recycling, Reuse & Disposal of Solid Waste
Introduction to Air Pollution
Sources of air pollution & it’s Effects
Classification & Control of Air Pollution
Introduction to EIA functions of Environmental Quality Standards.
Introduction to Noise Pollution & it’s Measure
Environmental Health & Safety
Solid Waste Management for Philippine Cities and MunicipalitiesEnergySavings
Cost effective waste management systems to meet your requirements. A Solid Waste Management System designed to be used on a city or municipality with an average population of 20 thousand household that normally generates an average of 120 tons of garbage per day, processing 60tons/day of Non-Biodegradable waste and 60 tons/day of Biodegradable waste.
Wastewater recycling is emerging as an integral part of
water demand management. Promoting as it does the preservation of high-quality fresh water supplies as well as potentially reducing the pollutant in the environment and reducing overall costs.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STATUS IN PATNA - Weaknesses and OpportunitiesAshok Ghosh
Municipal waste management at Patna is in pathetic state.The state capital of Bihar is also famous now as municipal waste capital of India.The presentation is an attempt to highlight the issues and possible solution.
ABSTRACT- Wastewater treatment is a problem of grave concern in most developing countries. In the last two decades, there has been a lot of research to develop appropriate technologies to alleviate pollution in water resources. Efficient wastewater treatments through conventional methods are expensive and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable solution used to remediate toxic pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. The review describes various aquatic plants, which have high potential to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Key-words- Water pollution, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Aquatic plants, Wastewater treatment
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM COW DUNG, FOOD WASTE AND ORGANIC ...IAEME Publication
Anaerobic digestion is one of the ecofriendly methods to treat and dispose the biodegradable wastes and has more advantages when compared to any other waste treatment methods. Biogas production and composting of slurry from the biogas plant is one of the methods to reduce volume of waste (zero waste discharge) and maximum energy recovery from the organic wastes is possible.
In this study the production potential of biogas from bio degradable organic wastes such as food waste, cow dung and fresh organic wastes under the same operating condition of room temperature between 28ºC to 32ºCare compared. A pilot plant of 0.3 cubic meter gas holding capacity is used as digester.
Environmental Impacts of the liquid waste from Assalaya Sugar Factory in Rabe...IJEAB
The study aimed to assess the environmental health impacts of the liquid waste from Assalaya Sugar Factory, the efficiency of the existing Assalaya effluent treatment plant, the dilution factors available in the White Nile to gather with wastewater environmental impacts. A descriptive cross-sectional focused on the Factory and its neighborhoods. Four hundred and thirty two out of 3931 households were statistically determined as the sample size, the individual samples were picked using multi-stage stratified method 432 households selected as sample size. Data were collected by using structured questionnaires, field observations, laboratory analysis and interviewing the concerned and affected persons. The effluent load discharged from the factory into the Al - jassir canal at the White Nile was analyzed for BOD, COD, pH, PO4, TDS, TSS, Turbidity, Color, and flow rate.The Data were processed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16, Chi-square test, test associations and office excel 2007. The study showed that Eighty one percent of the households used the surplus irrigation canal as a source for water supply. 64% of the respondents suffered from diarrhea, vomiting and allergic diseases, the rather low rate of water consumption and the bad quality of water consumed were reflected adversely on hygiene and consequently increased water related diseases. The study concludes that always or sometime 49.5% of the water collectors were children and used animals and plastic containers for water collection and transportation. The conducted laboratory water analysis revealed that the average concentrations of PO4, COD and BOD of the raw wastewater produced by Assalaya Sugar Factory were 4260, 3800 and 1500 mg/l, respectively, these values were above the WHO recommended concentrations for the disposed treated effluent (2, 250 and 30 mg/L respectively). As to physical analysis; the turbidity on the average was higher (540 NTU) and the color was (854 TCU) also high.
International waste management strategiesAhmed Ali
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimisation. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimisation strategies.
http://socceronlinetv.com/aff-suzuki-cup-2016-final-live/
http://socceronlinetv.com/aff-suzuki-cup-2016-final-live-streaming/
http://socceronlinetv.com/thailand-vs-indonesia-live-streaming/
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/aff-suzuki-cup-2016-final-live-streaming-thailand-vs-indonesia-ali
https://twitter.com/i/moments/809777680317026304
International waste management strategiesAhmed Ali
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimisation. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimisation strategies.
http://socceronlinetv.com/thailand-vs-indonesia-live-streaming/
http://socceronlinetv.com/aff-suzuki-cup-2016-final-live-streaming/
http://socceronlinetv.com/aff-suzuki-cup-2016-final-live/
https://www.biomedscidirect.com/2835/bioremediation-and-information-technologies-for-sustainable-management?utm=articles
Bioremediation and information technologies for sustainable management
Authors:Jyoti Prakash, Aryan Shukla , Ruchi Yadav
Int J Biol Med Res. 2023; 14(4): 7702-7711 | Abstract | PDF File
Bioremediation is a method which utilizing the life forms to kill or expel contamination from waste. It is vital to comprehend that this type of waste remediation utilizes no poisonous chemicals, in spite of the fact that it might utilize a living organism that can be detrimental in specific situations. In other words, we can say that bioremediation is the use of living microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants or to prevent environment from pollution. It is an important technology for removing pollutants from the environment and thus restoring the original natural surroundings so that the environment can be prevent from pollution. It can be divided into three phases or levels. Firstly, by natural attenuation in which the contaminants are reduced by native microorganisms without any human augmentation, secondly the biostimulation is employed where nutrients and oxygen are applied in the systems to improve their effectiveness and to accelerate the process of biodegradation. Finally, during bioaugmentation microorganisms are added in the systems. The techniques of bioremediation are now widely being applied to remove the pollutants or contaminants from the environment. Types of BioremediationThere are much more than nine types of bioremediation, yet the accompanying are the most well known ways in which it is utilized. The list of some of the bioremediation techniques are as follows Phytoremediation Phytoremediation is a process of utilization of plants to expel contaminants. The plants can draw the contaminants from the soil and water into their structures and clutch them, adequately expelling them from soil or water.Bioventing Bioventing is an in situ remediation technique that includes blowing of air through soil to expand oxygen rates in the waste. It works well with light contaminants as which can evaporate easily. It is a very efficient approach to neutralize certain oxygen sensitive metals or chemicals with the help of microorganisms.Bioleaching This technique includes expelling metals from soil with the help of living life forms especially bacteria. Certain sorts of life forms attract to heavy metals and other type of contaminants and ingest them. This technique has widely being used to remove the metals like lead, zinc, cobalt, lead, gold etc.Landfarming This technique involves placing the contaminants soil in a biocell which is consisting of a linear surrounded by a berm. After that the soil placed on the linear and turned periodically to help the microorganism to breakdown the pollutants.Bioreactor The utilization of uniquely outlined containers to hold the waste while bioremediation happens.Composting Containing waste so a characteristic decay and remediation process happens.Bioaugmentation Adding microorganisms and living organisms to fortify the same in waste to permit them to assume control and purify the region.Rhizofiltration The utilization of plants to expel metals in water.Biostimulation The utilization of organisms int
Treatment of Industrial Wastewater by Nonviable Biomass –A ReviewIJERA Editor
The present paper is a review paper on use of viable biomass of Industrial waste water treatment. there are many industry that use that latest technology such as the use of synthetic dyes for textile. However, a variety of synthetic dyestuff released by the textile industry has been posing a threat to the safety of the environment due the presence of a large number of toxic contaminants such as organic waste, acids, bases and organic pollutants. Therefore, the government began to control the pollution created by the industry to tighten the re gulation and enforcement by forcing the industry to treat waste before discharge to the environment. There are many methods have been used to treat this waste. However, it requires a treatment that really works not only at low cost with require minimal or no pre-treatment at all, but it must also be environmentally friendly, minimum sludge production and cleaner. This study used biological method to explore the usability of the microorganisms i.e. bacteria, Lactobacil lusde lbruckii for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions. The ability of microorganism to decolorize and metabolise dyes has long been also the use of bioremediation based technology for treating textile waste water has attracted interest. The effects of different parameters such as pH, temperature and initial dye concentration were studied and the effectiveness of this method to remove the dye solution was determined by measuring the percentage of color removal
Biological Wastewater Treatment Market Global Trends and Forecast Analysis (2...PriyanshiSingh187645
The global biological wastewater treatment market is projected to grow at a substantial CAGR of 5.5% over the coming years. The global Biological Wastewater Treatment industry was estimated to be worth USD 9465.2 million in 2022 and was expected to be worth USD 13768.8 million by 2028.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abideen Adeyinka Adekanmi, Adeniyi Sheriffdeen Adekanmi and Uthman Taiwo Adekanmi “Biotreatment of Slaughterhouse Waste Water by Microalgae” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), Volume 01, Issue 09, pp. 19-30, 2020. https://uijrt.com/articles/v1i9/UIJRTV1I90003.pdf
Bioremediation of wastewater by microorganismsadetunjiEwa
The term bioremediation has been introduced to describe the process of using biological
agents to remove toxic waste from environment. Bioremediation is the most effective management tool to manage the polluted water and recover contaminated waste water. It is an attractive and successful cleaning technique for polluted environment; it has been used at a number of sites worldwide, with varying degrees of success.
Bioremediation of wastewater by microorganismsadetunjiEwa
ABSTRACT
The term bioremediation has been introduced to describe the process of using biological
agents to remove toxic waste from environment. Bioremediation is the most effective management tool to manage the polluted water and recover contaminated waste water. It is an attractive and successful cleaning technique for polluted environment; it has been used at a number of sites worldwide, with varying degrees of success.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
Ijariie1156
1. Vol-1 Issue-2 2015 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
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Environmental Biotechnology for
Environmental Problems abatment
Camparing with our Indian Traditional Way
Dr. Kumari Bharati
Guest Lecturer, J.W.C., Philosophy Dept.
ABSTRACT
Environmental Biotechnology Encompasses all the biotechnological approaches applied to the management
of environmetal problems. It employes genetic engineering techniques to improve the effeciency of
mircroorganisms to reduce the burden of toxic substances ill the environment. To be more specific
environmental biotechnology in the context of environment and at the same time implications of bio-
technological development to the environment also will be encompassed.
The two problems which are receiving constant attention of environmentalists are.
1. Control of environmental pollution.
2. Conservation of nature and natural resources.
The environmental problems we face – population growth, wasteful use of resource destruction and
degradation of wild life habitats, extinction of plants and animals, the widening income gap between the rich
and the poor and pollution are inter connected and are growing exponentially.
Science and Technology as part of their contribution to economic and social contribution to
economic and social development, must be applied to the identification, avoidance and control of
environmental risks and the solution of environmental problems and for the common good of mankind bio-
technolgoy to protect the environment from pollution and to conserve natural resources. The natural
resources are plenty on one side and poor on the other and the gap between these two is increasing. So, as
the world commission on environment and development has stressed, both developed and developing
countries should find a developmental path which meets their needs. Efforts are being made to achieve this
through many approaches including biotechnolgical ones.
But Indian metaphysics a holistic viewpoint is adopted for the nature or the world, so, that morality is
not only related to the human world but extends to plants, animals and natural resoruces. In fact, man is
regarded as a part of the nature community and shares equal importance with all other components as God
has created them all. This paper also suggests that the broader values of Indian tradition might contribute in
the overall effort at preserving and sustaining the world.
We face a number of interconnected environmental and resource problems. According to environmentalists,
these include :
2. Vol-1 Issue-2 2015 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
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Rapid population growth.
Rapid and wasteful use of resources with too little emphasis on pollution prevention and watste
reduction.
Simplification and degradation of parts of the earth‟s life support systems.
Poverty, which can drive poor people to use potentially renewable resources unsustainably for short
term survival and often exposes the poor to health risks and other environental risks.
Failure of economic and political systems to have market prices include the overall enviornmental
cost of an economic good or service.
Our urge to dominate and manage nature for our use with far too tittle knowledge about how nature
works.
Environmental Biotechnology encompasses all the biotechnological approaches applied to the management
of environmental problems. It employs genetic engineering techniques to improve the efficiency of
microorganisms to reduce the burden of toxic substances ill the environment.
Biotechnological techniques to treat waste before or after it has been brought into the environment are
described and exemplified in the section on bioremediation. Biotechnology can also be used to develop
products and processes that generate less waste and use less non-renewable reasources and energy. In this
respect biotechnology is well positioned to contribute to the development of a more sustainable society.
Bioremediation is the use of biological systems for the reduction of pollution from air or from aquatric or
terrestrial systems. Bioremediation techniques can be used to reduce or to remove hazardous waste which
has already polluted the environment. They can also be used to treat waste streams before they leave
production facilities; end-of-pipe-processes. Some applications of bioremediation are discussed below.
Waste water and industrial effluents : Micro-organisms in sewage treatment plants remove the more
common pollutants from waste water before it is discharged into rivers or the sea. Increasing industrial and
agricultural pollution has led to a greater need for processes that remove specific pollutants such as nitrogen
and phosphorus compounds, heavy metals and chlorinated compounds. New methods include aerobic,
anaerobic and physico-chemical processes in fixed-bed filters and in bioreactors in which the materials and
mincrobes are held in suspension. The costs of waste water treatement can be reduced by the conversion of
wastes into useful products. For example, heavy metals and sulphur compounds can be removed from waste
streams of the galvanisation industry by the aid of sulphur metabolising bacteria and reused. Another
example is the production of animal feed from the fungal biomass which remains after the production of
penicillin. Most anaerobic waste water treatment systrems produce useful biogas.
Drinking and Proces Water : Abundant supplies of water are vital for modern urban and industrial
development. By the turn of this century, it is estimated that two-thirds of the world‟s nations will be water
stressed – using clean water faster than it is replenished in acquifers or rivers. A very important aspect of
biotechology is therefore its potential for the reclamation and purification of waste waters for re-use. Public
Air Pollution
Global Climate change
Stratospheric
ozone depletion
Urban air pollution
Acid deposition
Outdoor pollutants
Indoor Pollutants
Noise
Biodiversity Depletion
Habitat
Destruction
Habiutat
degradation
Extinction
Water Pollution
Sediment
Ntrient Overload
Toxic Chemicals
Infectious agents
Oxygen depletion
Pesticides
Oil Spills
Excess heat
Urban air pollution
Acid deposition
Outdoor pollutants
Indoor Pollutants
Noise
Major
Environmental
Problems
Waste
Production
Solid waste
Hazardous
waste
Food Supply Problems
Overgrazing
Farmland loss &
degradation
Wetlands loss and
degradation
Overfishing
Coastal pollution
Soil erosion
Soil salinization
Soil waterlogging
Water shortages
Groundwater depletion
Loss of biodiversity
Poor nutrition
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concern has also increased over the quality of drinking water. Not only does water need to be recycled in the
development of sustainable use of resources, overall quality must also be improved to satisfy consumers. In
many agricultural regions of the world, animal wastes and excess fertilisers result in high levels of nitrates
in drinking water. Biotechnology has provided successful methods by which these compounds can be
removed from processed water before it is delivered to customers.
Air and waste gases : Originally, industrial waste gas treatment systems were based on cheap compost-
filled filters that removed odours. Such systems still exist. However, slow processing rates and the short life
of such filters drove research into better methods such as bioscrubbers, in which the pollutants are washed
out using a cell suspension and biotrickling filters, in which the pollutant is degraded by micro-organisms
immobilised on an inert matrix and provided with an aqueous nutrient film trickling through the device. The
selection of micro-organisms that are more efficient at metabolising pollutants has also led to better air and
gas purifying biofilters. Examples are a bioscrubber based system for the simultaneous removal of nitrogen
and sulphur oxides from the flue gas of blast furnaces which has been developed as an alternative to the
classical limestone gypsum process, and the elimination of styrene from the waste gas of polystyrene
processing industries by a biofilter containing fungi.
Solid waste : Domestic solid wastes are a major problem in our consumption society. There elimination is
both costly and warrants constant surveillance in terms of groudwater and air pollution. Yet, for a major part
they are composed of readily biodegradable organics. In this respect, source separated bio-wastes can be
converted to a valuable resource by composting or anaeroubic digestion. In recent years, both processes
have ssen remarkable developments in terms of process design and control. Praticularly, anaerobic digestion
of solid wastes in high-rate anaerobic digesters has gained increasing public acceptance because it permits
the recovery of substaintial amounts of high-value biogas together with a high quality stable organic residue
and this without giving rise to environmental nuisance. Moreover, anaerobic digestion of mixed solid wastes
is under intensive development because in the near future it may be an impiortant step in recycling of solid
wastes and constitute an alternative to incineration.
Progressively more industrial companies are developing processes with reduced environmental impact
responding to the international call for the development of a sustainable society. There is a pervading trend
towards less harmful products and processes; away from “end-of-pipe” treatment of waste streams.
Biotechnolgoy is pre-eminently suitable to contribute to this trend and it has already done so in many cases,
both by the improvement of existing processes and by the development of new ones.
They are non toxic and biodegradable, work best at moderate temperatures and in mild conditions
and have fewer side reactions than traditional methods becuase they are highly specific. New techniques and
approaches to protein design and molecular modelling are enabling researchers to develp novel enzymers
active at high temperatures, in non-aqueous solvents and as solids.
So environmental biotechnology has a career extending back into the last century.
But we go back to our traditional way .
The idea of global society the concept of „vasudhaiva kutumbakam‟ – the whole world as a family is very
old in Indian tradition. It as an inclusive concept which conceives of the „world family‟ giving equal place to
humans, animals, plant as well as other nature elements. In the Indian view the force that creates and
sustains the world is a conscious will (saccidananda) the purpose of the creation is – welfare of all (save
bhabantu sukhina) on the earth, which is to be attained by awakening of ethical sensibility and responsibility
on man‟s part.
But even while the development in the field of science, technology and communication work towards
creating a global society, they also throw up challenges for sustaining the nature and ecologically balanced
world conforming to the purpose of the great creator.
Vedas the most ancient of all religious scriptures, emphasized the permanent link between man and all
creation as illustrated through some invocatory hymns.
Atharvaveda says-
Supreme Lord, let there be peace in the sky and in the atmosphere peace in the plant world and in
the forests let the cosmic powers be peaceful let Brahma be peaceful, let there be undiluted and fulfilling
peace everywhere.
Rigveda says - Oh Tree, May you develop in a hundred ways. By your grace we will also progress
in a thousand ways”.
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“Oh tree may the fire be away from you. May the axe also away from you, Let it rain, without gate.
May you be harry always. May we also be happy by your grace.”
The scriptures also warned the human kind against the thoughtless destruction of trees.
“He who destroys the trees completely will suffer destruction of his entire family.
He who cuts trees for reason will suffer hundreds of physical and mental illnesses.”
The Quran says –
“By water everything lives.”
The Prophet Mohammed exhorted,
“The world is green and beautiful and God has appointed his stewards over it”.
Abu-Baker, the First Muslim Caliph exhorted, “Do not cut down a tree, do not abuse a river do not
harm, animals and be always kind and human to God‟s creatures, even to your enemies”.
Guru Nanak Dev, the founder of Sikhism said.
“Air is the vital force, water the progenitor, the vast Earth the mother of all ; Day and night as
nurses, founding the creation in their lap.”
In Indian metaphysics a holistic viewpoint is adopted for the nature or the world, so, that morality is not
only related to the human world but extends to plants, animals and natural resources. In fact, man is regarded
as a part of the nature community and shares equal importance with all other components as God has created
them all.
The Vows and Virtues : The Indian ethical thought which is normative and practical guides man for the
practice of different vows and virtues. The practice of the five vows of non-violence (ahimsa) truthfulness
(satys) not stealing (asteya), sexual restraint (brahma charya) and non possession (aparigraha) which are
given importance in Indian ethics can minimize harm to all living beings. In the jain and the Bouddha ethics
the vow of „ahimsa‟ referes not only to overt non killing of living beings but also to non-harming or non-
injuring any creature in any way. In a positive sense it means traits of love kindness etc. so, “we should
pervade the whole world with love, pity, sympathy and equanimity.”14
To develop a feeling of unity and
intimacy with all beings and natural component is possible by awakening the feeling of friendship (maitri),
compassion (karuna) and love (sneha). A truthful person can be the interdependence of every being and
interrelatedness of everything. Such a person will not be the cause of suffering to any other. The vow of
non-stealing may be re-interpreted in the ecological context, i.e. if we take anything from Nature for our use,
we must compensate it in some way. The concept of „non-possession‟ or „aparigraha‟ means non-
attachment to worldly objects. Due to our attachment to worldly objects we want to possess more and more
by exploiting natural resources. To avoid this and minimize our personal needs the virtue of contentment
(santosa), is to be practiced, Jainism and Buddhism stress on taking only that much which is necessary
(parimita parigraha). As we have seen that the ever increasing population is the cause of the present
ecological crisis, the vow of celibacy or „brahmacharya‟ may guide people to control passion and help to
minimize population growth. Therefore, one has to practice to control one‟s senses (indriyanigraha) so that
one may follow these vows.
Conclusion :
Traditional knowledge an technology should be conserved simultaneously. Here we may say that holistic
approach of the Indian Philosophy towards the world can help us in developing a better understanding of our
environment. Its emphasis on self realization by identifying one self with the world and one‟s fellow
inhabitants proves its ecological sensibility. Indian ethics can guide us to make proper choice through a
proper appreciation of value significance as there is a message to preserve the integrity and maintain stability
of the biotic community.
References :
1. M.N. Shastri , Intorduction to Environment, Himalaya Publishing house, 2005,
P 293 to 294
2. Vidya Sagar. K, National Conference on Environmental Bioyrvhnology
Bangalore 2005
3. Gerben J Zytstraa and Jerome J Kukor, what is environmental biotechnolgoy? current opinion in
Biotechnology 16(3) : 243-245,2005.
4. Biotechnolgoy for a clean environment 1994 OECD. ISBN 02-64-14257-6
5. Shatpath Brahman-11/
6. Manu Smriti – 6/35 – Rnani Trinyapakritya manomoksha niveshayet
Avapakritya mokshan tu sevamano brajtyadyah