The IC engine has seen numerous revolutionary and e volutionary modifications in technology and design over the past few decades. The sole motto behind the modifications wa s to increase the overall efficiency of the IC Engi ne including volumetric and thermal efficiency. Recently few benchmarking techn ologies like the CRDI,MPFI,HCCI,etc. in the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle engines have created an enormous revolution in the automobile industry. In spite of these technologica l and design advances,the efficiencies are not being more than a particular l imit. However,the concept of split cycle engines has dra stically increased the overall performance in all respect. The split cycle concept basically separates the fou r strokes of the conventional cycle. The Scuderi engine one of the best-in-class engine desi gns based on the split cycle concept. The Scuderi engine works on the split cycle and gives higher efficiency than the previous split cycle engines resulting overall high perform ance. It also eliminates the problems faced by previous engines based on the spl it cycle in terms of breathing (volumetric efficien cy) and thermal efficiency. This paper throws light on the greater volumetric,thermal and overall efficiency key points related t o the Scuderi Engines.
Do you know what is engine, how many types of engines are available now. How conversion of energy takes place from chemical energy to mechanical energy or useful work. Here engine classified according to their combustion, working stroke, arrangement of piston, fuel used for combustion and on the basis of ignition system. 4-stroke petrol engine and 4-stroke diesel engine are described briefly with all 4-strokes which are completed during power conversion process. 2-stroke engine or scooter engine is also described briefly with the complete details of combustion, charge( petrol,diesel ) filling process and how all 4 stroke process(suction, combustion,power stroke, exhaust) completed in 2 stroke engine.
Do you know what is engine, how many types of engines are available now. How conversion of energy takes place from chemical energy to mechanical energy or useful work. Here engine classified according to their combustion, working stroke, arrangement of piston, fuel used for combustion and on the basis of ignition system. 4-stroke petrol engine and 4-stroke diesel engine are described briefly with all 4-strokes which are completed during power conversion process. 2-stroke engine or scooter engine is also described briefly with the complete details of combustion, charge( petrol,diesel ) filling process and how all 4 stroke process(suction, combustion,power stroke, exhaust) completed in 2 stroke engine.
Complete guide to Internal Combustion engines (IC engines)Syed Yaseen
The following presentation is a part of an online course called "A brief overview of IC engine". The presentation contains complete information about IC engines and will be helpful for students of Mechanical and Automobile engineering. The presentation is full of graphics to reduce the efforts of students for imagination and help them to understand the concept as soon as possible.
theoretical valve timing diagram of two stroke engine
theoretical valve timing diagram of four stroke engine
actual valve timing diagram of two stroke diesel engine
actual valve timing diagram of four stroke diesel engine
Complete guide to Internal Combustion engines (IC engines)Syed Yaseen
The following presentation is a part of an online course called "A brief overview of IC engine". The presentation contains complete information about IC engines and will be helpful for students of Mechanical and Automobile engineering. The presentation is full of graphics to reduce the efforts of students for imagination and help them to understand the concept as soon as possible.
theoretical valve timing diagram of two stroke engine
theoretical valve timing diagram of four stroke engine
actual valve timing diagram of two stroke diesel engine
actual valve timing diagram of four stroke diesel engine
1. INTRODUCTION TO IC ENGINE
2. FUNDAMENTALS OF IC ENGINE
3. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES & FUNCTIONS OF IC ENGINE
4. MATERIALS USED
5.IC ENGINE – TERMINOLOGY
6.SEQUENCE OF OPERATION(A. Four Stroke Engine/B. Two Stroke Engine)
7. COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO STROKE AND FOUR STROKE ENGINES
8.Otto Cycle,Diesel Cycle,Dual Cycle & their Comparison
9.VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM
10.ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS RELATED TO IC ENGINE
11. CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF VARIOUS PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
12. FUEL-AIR CYCLE & THEIR ANALYSIS ( 1.Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Size 2. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Speed 3. Performance Maps )
13. ACTUAL INDICATOR DIAGRAM
14. V.C.R ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS & ITS DESCRIPTION
15. FUTURE WORKS & DISCUSSION
16. CONCLUSION
This paper presents about the design of cam reciprocating engine. For this new design of cam operated reciprocating internal combustion engine the changes such as removing of crank shaft, introducing of cam, retention of exhaust gas particles exist in the clearance volume of the reciprocating internal combustion engine will be removed by the piston itself instead of fresh air and fuel particles as used in the current engines and to improve the suction in the engine cylinder, the intake of fresh air and fuel particles will be happens after creation of small vacuum inside the cylinder. This project mainly focuses on improving the volumetric efficiency of the reciprocating internal combustion engine by removing all of the exhaust gas particles present in the clearance space.
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF SIMPLE SPUR GEAR TRAIN AND HELICAL GEAR TRAI...ijiert bestjournal
In recent times,the gear design has become a highl y complicated and comprehensive subject. A designer of modern gear drive system must have to r emember that the main objective of gear drive is to transmit higher power with comparatively smaller overall dim ensions of the driving system which can be construc ted with minimum possible manufacturing cost,runs reas onably free of noise and vibration and which requir es little maintenance. In this paper single stage spur gear t rain and helical gear train with a idler gear are d esigned by American Gear Manufacturing Association (AGMA) stan dard. A idler gear is placed between two gearwheel to obtained the same direction of rotation. AGMA stres s equation is used to determined the tooth bending strength and surface contact strength. As a result,dimensio ns of gears are find out and comparative study is c arried out to select the optimum design of gear train for a give n input parameter
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL LEAF SPRING AND COMPOSITE LEAFijiert bestjournal
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring,commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. It is also one of the oldest forms of spring. Sometimes referred to as a semielliptical l eaf spring (SELS) it takes the form of a slender ar c-shaped length of spring steel of rectangular cross section. The centre of the arc p rovides location for the axle,while tie holes are provided at either end for attaching to the vehicle body. In the present work,a seven-leaf steel spring use d in passenger cars is replaced with a composite mu lti leaf spring made of glass/epoxy composites. The dimensions sand the num ber of leaves for both steel leaf spring and compos ite leaf springs are considered to be the same. The primary objective is to compare their load carrying capacity,stiffness and weight savings of composite leaf spring. Finally,fatigue life of steel and com posite leaf spring is also predicted using life dat a
Brimmed diffuser is collection�acceleration device which shrouds a wind turbine.For a given turbine di ameter,the power augmentation can be achieved by brimmed diffuser,p opularly known as wind lens. The present numerical investigation deals with the effect of low pressure region created by wind l ens and hence to analyze the strong vortices formed by a brim attached to the shroud diffuser at exit. Also in this analysis,a c omparative numerical prediction of mass flow rates through the wind turbine has been carried out with various types of wind lens wh ich in turn helps to optimize the torque augmentati on. It has been numerically proved that there is significant increase in the wa ke formation & vortex strength when brimming effect is added to a diffuser
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD OF MG-ALLOY ijiert bestjournal
The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production,critical component. It co nnects reciprocating piston to rotating crankshaft,transmitting the thrust of the piston to the crankshaft. Every vehicle that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod depending upon the number of cylinders in the engine. As the purp ose of the connecting rod is to transfer the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. Connecting ro ds for automotive applications are typically manufactured by forging from either w rought steel or powdered metal. the material used f or this process is Mg-Alloy and also finite element analysis of connecting rod
REVIEW ON CRITICAL SPEED IMPROVEMENT IN SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE VALVE TRAINijiert bestjournal
The purpose of valve train is to operate the inlet and outlet valves of the engine. The valve train m ainly consists of rocker arm,push rod,cam,poppet valve and spring for kee p the valves closed position. The Greaves G400WG en gine valve train is operated at the maximum speed of 3600 rpm. The main objective of this project is to improve the valve train speed up to safe speed limit that is up to 5000 rpm. The valve spring parameters are optimized based on space availability,stress limit,stiffness,buckl ing of pushrod and natural frequency of the system. The optimized valv e spring configuration is used in the push rod type valve train and the valve train dynamics for different engine speed is studie d using commercially available multi-body dynamic A DMAS software. A comparative valve train dynamics analysis is also c arried out with the existing and optimized valve sp ring combinations. It is observed that valve jump engine speed with respect to optimized valve spring is enhanced to considerab le amount when compared to the existing valve spring configuration. Design improvements include detail study on following topi cs:1. Valve Spring Stiffness. 2. Push rod buckling. 3. Valve closing Velocity. 4. Contact stress between cam and follower
ENERGY CONVERSION PHENOMENON IN IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER LIFTING BY USING PEND...ijiert bestjournal
This paper consist of working of reciprocating pump which is driven by a compound pendulum. It provide s the energy required to lift the water from a tank placed approximately several meter below the ground level. Basic application of the mechanism will be for watering the garden which will be operated by means of operation opening and closing of entrance gate. Paper consists of basic concept,design of pump and compound pendulum mecha nism and fabricationed model. The concept can also be implemented in the rural areas,having the problem of electric supply. We aim at making a prototype for providing some me an for pumping of water by the pump which requires less human efforts,conside ring cost effectiveness,easy to operate and portab le mechanism.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN JOURNAL BEARING OPERAT...ijiert bestjournal
The excessive rise of temperature in the journal be aring operating at boundary/mixed lubrication regim es. Journal bearing test set- up is used to measure the temperature along the cir cumference of the bearing specimen for different lo ading conditions. Here in this journal bearing of l/d ratio 1,diameter of jo urnal is 60mm and the bearing length is 60mm,clear ance is .06mm has been designed and tested to access the temperature rise of the bearing. The result shows that as the load o n the bearing is increasing temperature also increasing. Temperature analysis o f journal bearing is also done by the Ansys workben ch software
STUDY OF SOLAR THERMAL CAVITY RECEIVER FOR PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR ijiert bestjournal
Energy is one of the building blocks of the country . The growth of the country has been fueled by chea p,abundant energy resources. Solar energy is a form of renewable ener gy which is available abundantly and collected unre servedly. The parabolic concentrator reflects the direct incident solar rad iation onto a receiver mounted above the dish at it s focal point. The conversion of concentrated solar radiation to heat takes place in receiver. The heat transfer characteristics of the receiver changes during the rotation of the receiver which affects thermal performance. The working temperature may also influence the ther mal performance and overall efficiency of the system. Thermal as well as optica l losses affect the performance of a solar paraboli c dish-cavity receiver system. The thermal losses of a solar cavity receiver include c onvective and radiative losses to the air in the ca vity and conductive heat loss through the insulation used behind the helical tube surface. Convective and radiative heat losses form the major constituents of the thermal losses. The convection heat loss from cavit y receiver in parabolic dish solar thermal power sy stem can significantly reduce the efficiency and consequently the cost effectiveness of the system. It is important to assess this heat loss and subsequently improve the thermal performance of the receiver.
DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CRANKSHAFTijiert bestjournal
Crankshaft is a crucial component in an engine asse mbly. Crankshaft is consisting of two web sections and one crankpin,which converts the reciprocating displacement of the pist on to a rotary motion with a four link mechanism. G enerally crankshafts are manufactured using cast iron and forged steel mater ial. In this work to design and finite element anal ysis of crankshaft of 4 cylinder petrol engine of Maruti swift Vxi. of 1200 cubic capacity. The finite element analysis in ABA QUS software by using six materials based on their composition viz. Cast iron,EN30B,SAE4340,Structural steel,C70 Alloy steel and Aluminium based composite material reinforced with silicon carbide & fly ash. The parameter like von misses stress,deformation;maximum and minimum principal stress & strain were obtained from analysis software. The results of Finite element show that t he Aluminium based composite material is best mater ial among all. Compare the result like weight and Stiffness parameter. It is resulted of 65.539 % of weight,with reduction i n deformation.
ELECTRO CHEMICAL MACHINING AND ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING PROCESSES MICRO...ijiert bestjournal
Nowadays,necessity of small components is a common trend. These requirements encourage the researcher s to develop very minutest size components to fulfill the demand. The manufact uring of these type of components is a difficult ob ligation and for that various machining methods are develop to manufacture such c omponents. In this article the Electro Chemical mac hining and Electrical Discharge Machining is reviewed. We tried to summar ize the work of various researchers. The study show s that this type of machining processes gives good alternative.
HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT BY USING NANOFLUID JET IMPINGEMENTijiert bestjournal
An experimental investigation was carried out for s tudying the heat transfer performance of the water-Al2O3 (28nm average particle size) nanofluid inside a liquid evacuated impinging jet system dest ined to the cooling of circular target surface. Results have shown that th e surface heat transfer coefficient increases consi derably when the mass flow rate is increased,but is relatively insensitive to the nozzle-to heated-surface distance. It was foun d that the use of a nanofluid can provide a heat transfer enhancement when compared t o water. Thus most practical applications of jet im pingement occur in industries where the heat transfer requirements hav e exceeded capacity of ordinary heating and cooling techniques. This work presents and discusses the results of an experiment al investigation of heat transfer between the horiz ontal smooth plate of impinged jets.
MODIFICATION AND OPTIMIZATION IN STEEL SANDWICH PANELS USING ANSYS WORKBENCH ijiert bestjournal
The demand for bigger,faster and lighter moving ve hicles,such as ships,trains,trucks and buses has increased the importance of efficient str uctural arrangements. In principle two approaches exist to develop efficient structures:e ither application of new materials or the use of new structural design. A proven and well-establi shed solution is the use of composite materials and sandwich structures. In this way high strength to weight ratio and minimum weight can be obtained. The sandwich structures have potential to offer a w ide range of attractive design solutions. In addition to the obtained weight reduction,these so lutions can often bring space savings,fire resistance,noise control and improved heating and cooling performance. Laser-welded metallic sandwich panels offer a number of outstand ing properties allowing the designer to develop light and efficient structural configuratio ns for a large variety of applications. These panels have been under active investigations during the last 15 years in the world.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM HONEYCOMB SANDWICH PANEL BUMPER BEAM: A REVIEW ijiert bestjournal
Bumper is a energy absorbing protective element whi ch absorb the energy in front collision and protect valuable parts like radiator etc. Bumper is act like protect ive shield generally made of steel material. As eco nomic point of view and to reduce consumption of fuel manufacturin g of light weight vehicle is requirement of current situation. Application of composite material in automobile sec tor is now day common thing. Aluminum honeycomb san dwich panel is basically material from aerospace industri es and known for its high strength to weight ratio. Sandwich structure basically having its properties due to ge ometry. To determine various properties of sandwich structure conducting experiments is expensive,so generally F EA is used .However complex geometry is hurdle so t here are various theories are available for simplification o f model. These theories convert 3D model in to homo genous model .As far as concerning India manufacturing rate of s andwich structure is very less,so generally cost i s more. Greatest giant manufacturer is china we can observe their bu llet train and metro transport facility constructio n. Recently in march 2014 largest selling Indian cars are failed in NCap test in 100% frontal crash test. So requirement of more energy absorbing material with economy cons ideration is important.
Robotic welding requires specialized fixtures to ac curately hold the work piece during the welding operation. Despite the large variety of welding fix tures available today the focus has shifted in maki ng the welding arms more versatile,not the fixture. T he new fixture design reduces cycle time and operat or labor while increasing functionality;and allows co mplex welding operations to be completed on simple two axis welding arms
ADVANCED TRANSIENT THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE BY USING ANS...ijiert bestjournal
In these paper structural fields of the solid disc brake during short and emergency braking with four different materials is studied. The distribution of the tempe rature depends on the various factors such as frict ion,surface roughness and speed. The effect of the angular velo city and the contact pressure induces the temperatu re rise of disc brake. The finite element simulation for three -dimensional model was preferred due to the heat fl ux ratio constantly distributed in circumferential direction . Here value of temperature,friction contact power,nodal displacement and deformation for different pressure condition using analysis software with four materi als namely cast iron,cast steel,aluminium and carbon fibre reinforced plastic are taken. Presently the D isc brakes are made up of cast iron and cast steel. With the v alue of simulation result best suitable material fo r the brake drum with higher life span is determined.
REVIEW ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-ASBESTOS COMPOSITE MATERIAL USED IN BR...ijiert bestjournal
Metallic matrix composites are combinations of two or more different metals inter metallic compounds or second phases in which dispersed phases are embe dded within the metallic matrix. They are produced by controlling the morphologies of the constituents to achieve optimum combination of properties. Properties of the composites depend on the properti es of the constituent phases,their relative amount,and dispersed phase geometry including particle siz e,shape and orientation in the matrix. In this pap er,The mechanical properties,behaviour and micro stru ctural evolution of aluminium metal matrix metallic composites fabricated under various process conditi ons were investigated to understand their process- structure�property relations by optimization proces s. Addition of silicon carbide to aluminum has show n an increase in its mechanical properties.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON SEED OIL FOR MULT...ijiert bestjournal
A lubricant is a substance that reduces friction an d wear by providing a protective film between two moving surfaces. Good lubricants possess the proper ties such as low toxicity,high viscosity index,hi gh load carrying capacity,excellent coefficient of fr iction,good anti-wear capability,low emission int o the environment,high ignition temperature. So tribolog y related problems can be minimized by proper selection of lubricant from wear consideration. Tod ay,the depletion of reserves of crude oil,the gro wing prices of crude oil and concern about protecting th e environment against pollution have developed the interest towards environment-friendly lubricants. B ecause of these the purpose of this work is to eval uate the anti-wear characteristics of cottonseed oil and to check the suitability of cottonseed oil as a lu bricant for multi-cylinder engine. Four ball testing machin e is used for anti-wear testing as per ASTM D 4172. The wear preventive characteristic of cottonseed oi l is obtained by measuring wear scar diameter. The present study shows the potential of cotton seed oi l as an alternating lubricant.
Magnetic abrasive finishing is a machining process where the tooling allowance is remove by media wi th both magnetic and abrasive properties,with a magnetic f ield acting as a binder of a grain. Such machining falls into the category of erosion by abrasive suspension and lend itself to the finishing of any type of surface . The possibility of finishing complex surfaces is a spec ial benefit of this machining. Magnetic abrasive fi nishing process is most suitable for obtaining quality fini sh on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Magnetic abrasive finishing used for complicated product finishing & Roughness and tolerance band achieved that is diffi cult using conventional machine process. The product dimension al requirement easily possible with taking trial wi th MAF parameters.
DESIGN OF INNER LID OF PRESSURE COOKER WITH CIRCULAR SHAPE HAVING STRAIGHT ED...ijiert bestjournal
Pressure cooker works hand in hand with the workin g woman. This is happening because of saving in tim e & energy. It means that pressure cooker become the in evitable item in kitchen. If we concentrate on the analysis of inner lid of the pressure cooker,it is highly bene ficial for everyone. That is why we concentrate on the possible shapes of lids of pressure cooker. The existing pre ssure cooker is of two type i. e. inner lid and out er lid type. The shape of existing inner lid pressure cooker is gene rally having elliptical shape. This shape is becaus e of locking & easy handling. The different alternatives are arisi ng. Out of which the best alternative found is the circular shape having straight edges at the edges. The modificatio n suggested here is also serving the same purposes as like the previous one. The advantages obtained here are also giving better result for locking,increase the hea t transfer area & saving in cooling time for food in measurable way as compare with the elliptical inner lid pressure c ooker. The result obtained will be definitely good comparing w ith the old model. Here simple & thermal stress ana lysis had been done by finite element method for the load & t emperature stability.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
1. Novateur Publication’s
International Journal of Innovation in Engineering, Research and Technology [IJIERT]
ICITDCEME’15 Conference Proceedings
ISSN No - 2394-3696
1 | P a g e
SCUDERI SPLIT CYCLE ENGINE: REVOLUTIONARY TECHNOLOGY &
EVOLUTIONARY DESIGN REVIEW
Prof. Dattu Balu Ghane
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Ahmednagar, India
dattu.ghane@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The IC engine has seen numerous revolutionary and evolutionary modifications in technology and design over the past few
decades. The sole motto behind the modifications was to increase the overall efficiency of the IC Engine including volumetric and
thermal efficiency. Recently few benchmarking technologies like the CRDI, MPFI, HCCI, etc. in the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle
engines have created an enormous revolution in the automobile industry. In spite of these technological and design advances, the
efficiencies are not being more than a particular limit. However, the concept of split cycle engines has drastically increased the
overall performance in all respect. The split cycle concept basically separates the four strokes of the conventional cycle. The
Scuderi engine one of the best-in-class engine designs based on the split cycle concept. The Scuderi engine works on the split
cycle and gives higher efficiency than the previous split cycle engines resulting overall high performance. It also eliminates the
problems faced by previous engines based on the split cycle in terms of breathing (volumetric efficiency) and thermal efficiency.
This paper throws light on the greater volumetric, thermal and overall efficiency key points related to the Scuderi Engines.
KEYWORDS: Split Cycle, Scuderi Engine, Volumetric Efficiency, Thermal Efficiency.
INTRODUCTION
The Scuderi engine works based on the split cycle. A split cycle engine is an IC engine that separates the four strokes of Intake,
Compression, Power and Exhaust. These strokes separation is achieved by using two separate but paired cylinders of the Scuderi
engine are named as the Compression Cylinder (i.e. First Cylinder) and the Power Cylinder (i.e. Second Cylinder). The sucked
atmospheric air is compressed into the Compression Cylinder and then it is sent to the Power Cylinder. The system through which
the compressed air is transferred to the Power Cylinder is known as Crossover Passage. The compressed air is then mixed with
injected fuel and the combustion takes places in the Power Cylinder.
HISTORY
The split cycle engines appeared as early as 1914. Various split cycle configurations with different specifications were designed
but they failed to match the efficiency of the conventional IC Engines. This was because of the two predominant causes i.e.
Breathing (Volumetric Efficiency) and Low Thermal Efficiency.
The Scuderi engine was invented by Carmelo J. Scuderi. The Scuderi engine was formally known as Scuderi Split Cycle Internal
Combustion Engine. Scuderi Group is an engineering and licensing company situated in West Springfield, Massachusetts and
founded by Carmelo Scuderi following own generations. The first working prototype engine after testing was officially revealed
by the Scuderi Group to the public in the year 2009. The Scuderi Group had around more than 476 patent applications worldwide
as of August 2011 and more than 154 applications as patens have issued in more than 50 countries.
Compression Curve: The compression stroke is negative work, or energy that the engine expends to do work on the gas. When
the piston is at the Top Dead Center (TDC) during the intake stroke, the inlet valve of the compression cylinder opens allowing
the atmospheric air to enter into the cylinder at atmospheric pressure (low pressure). The volume in the cylinder starts increasing
as the piston starts travelling from its TDC to BDC (Bottom Dead Center).
WORKING
The Scuderi engine is a split cycle internal combustion engine. It has two separate but paired cylinders for performing the
conventional four strokes of Intake, Compression, Power and Exhaust. The first cylinder, generally known as the Compression
Cylinder, used for taking the air inside and compressing it. The compressed air is then sent to the second cylinder through a
passage known as the Crossover Passage. The second cylinder, generally known as the Power Cylinder, used for Power and
Exhaust Strokes [5].
Fig. 3 Scuderi Split Cycle Engine [6]
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At BDC, the inlet valve closes resulting low pressure air trapped inside compression cylinder.
Then the piston starts its travel from the BDC to TDC, the trapped air starts compressing as the volume in the cylinder decreases
and there is a pressure rise in the cylinder. When the pressure in the compression cylinder reaches high enough (around 50 bar),
the crossover passage inlet valve opens and the pressurized air is then transferred to the crossover passage. When the piston
reaches TDC, outlet valve of crossover passage closes and inlet valve of compression cylinder opens and the pressure
instantaneously reduces to atmospheric pressure. As the pressure is now atmospheric, the above process repeats as graphically
represented on Fig. 3.1 P-V Curve for Compression Cylinder.
Power stroke occurs for each revolution of crank shaft rather than per cycle. After this, the crossover passage outlet valve closes
and the pressure in the power cylinder increases even though the volume is also increasing. The power cylinder travel from TDC
to BDC continues and the volume is constantly increasing with the pressure starting to reduce. When power piston starts its return
travel from BDC to TDC, outlet valve of power cylinder opens resulting to push the exhaust gases out of the system at
atmospheric pressure. Power cylinder outlet valve is generally known as exhaust valve. When the piston reaches TDC, all the
exhaust gases are expelled to the atmosphere and the above process repeats as graphically represented on Fig. 3.2 P-V Curve for
Power Cylinder.
Fig. 3.1 P-V Curve for Compression Cylinder [6]
Power Curve: The power stroke is positive work, or energy that the expanding gases of combustion perform on the engine to
create mechanical work. When the piston in power cylinder is at TDC, the crossover outlet valve opens resulting high pressure air
enters inside the power cylinder. Then power piston starts its travel from TDC to BDC, fuel is injected inside the power cylinder
and combustion initiates after power piston has displaced by around 10° to 15° form the TDC [6].
Fig. 3.2 P-V Curve for Power Cylinder [6]
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The areas inside the P-V curves reflect the amount of energy consumed and generated during each cycle. The net energy
produced by the Scuderi Engine (its efficiency) is the difference between energy generated during the power stroke and the
amount of energy consumed during the compression stroke.
REVOLUTIONARY TECHNOLOGY
The revolutionary feature of the Scuderi engine is the combination of a split cycle design with the combustion process of firing
ATDC in power cylinder. The Scuderi split cycle engine improved the design and developed the components and supporting
systems like crossover valves, crossover passage, fuel delivery system and power piston head design, ignition timing and valve
lash controls etc. The Scuderi split cycle engine solves both the poor breathing (volumetric efficiency) and low thermal efficiency
problems with two unique and patented concepts as unique valve design and Firing after Top Dead Center (ATDC), referred as
revolutionary technology.
The Scuderi Engine is solved the poor breathing problem by reducing the clearance between the piston and the cylinder head to
less than 1mm [6]. This design requires the use of outwardly opening valves that enable the piston to move extreme close to the
cylinder head. This avoids interference of the valves with piston in compression cylinder. This effectively pushes almost complete
charge of the compressed air from the compression cylinder into the crossover passage though crossover inlet valve. This design
eliminates the breathing problems associated with previous split cycle engines resulting greater volumetric efficiency.
Firing After Top Dead Center (ATDC)
The thermal efficiency of previous split cycle engines has always been significantly worse than a conventional Otto cycle engine.
The cause of low thermal efficiency is combustion initiates before top dead center (BTDC) like a conventional engine. In order to
fire BTDC in a split cycle engine, the trapped charge of compressed air, in the crossover passage is allowed to expand into the
power cylinder during the power piston is travelling from BDC to TDC. The work done on the compressed air in the compression
cylinder is lost by releasing the pressure of the same in the power cylinder. The power piston then recompresses the expanded
charge of compressed air in order to fire BTDC. The engine needs to perform the work done, to compress the same charge of air
twice. In a conventional engine, the work of compression is done only once, resulting it achieves much better thermal efficiency.
The combustion initiates ATDC by using a combination of high pressure compressed air trapped in the crossover passage and
high turbulence in the power cylinder of Scuderi split cycle engine. The compression cylinder and power cylinder in a Scuderi
split cycle engine are independent from each other. The compression ratio in the compression cylinder is not limited by the
combustion process. A compression ratio in the order of 75:1 is obtained, with pressure in the compression cylinder equal to that
of a conventional engine during combustion. The pressure in the compression cylinder and the crossover passage reach more than
50 bar (725 psi) on naturally aspirated (NA) engine and more than 130 bar (1885 psi) on turbocharged (TC) engine [6]. This high
pressure compressed air enters inside the power cylinder and creates massive turbulence. The turbulence is further enhanced by
keeping the crossover outlet valve open as long as possible during combustion. The result is very rapid atomization of the air/fuel
mixture, creating a fast flame speed or combustion rate faster than any previously obtained. The combination of high starting
pressure and fast flame speed enables combustion to start between 11 and 15 degrees ATDC and end 23 degrees after ignition [6].
The result is a split cycle engine with better efficiency and greater performance than a conventional engine.
EVOLUTIONARY DESIGN
The evolution is the innovative design that derived from the unique concept of revolution technology used in the Scuderi split
cycle Engine. Its evolution into the various configurations of naturally aspirated, turbocharged, air-hybrid and diesel designs, the
Scuderi split cycle engine technology provides a simple but elegant solution to meet the engine demands for increased efficiency,
improved power, downsizing and lower emissions.
Fig. 4.1 Unique Valve Design [6]
Unique Valve Design
The poor breathing problem was caused by high pressure charge of air trapped inside the compression cylinder due to clearance
exists at TDC on the top of piston. This trapped high pressure charge of air needed to re-expand before another charge of air could
be drawn into the compression cylinder, effectively reducing the engine capacity to pump the atmospheric air and resulting in poor
volumetric efficiency.
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Scuderi Turbocharged Split Cycle Engine
The turbocharged version is the next development of the Scuderi split cycle engine. This version provides high torque, high speed,
enormous power and smaller engines. The crossover passage provides an opportunity to cool the intake air after it is compressed
in compression cylinder. The Scuderi split cycle engine has a very high resistance to pre-detonation (knock). This high resistance
to knock potentially enables the Scuderi split cycle engine to boost or turbocharge to more than 2.5 bar absolute pressure. A
conventional engine(s) typically can boost up to 1.5 bar absolute before pre-detonation occurs. The result is a significantly higher
Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) and torque level. In fact, the torque level of the Scuderi split cycle Engine matches or
exceeds most turbocharged diesel engines. However, a Scuderi split cycle Engine can potentially obtain rated speeds of up to 6000
rpm. The combination of diesel like torque levels matched with gasoline like speed levels would result in a power density higher
than any conventional engine available today. The Scuderi split cycle Turbocharged Engine has a potential power rating at 6000
rpm of up to 135 hp per liter. The Scuderi engine enables the industry to drastically downsize its engines (reducing fuel
consumption and CO2 emissions) without compromising performance.
This results from the combustion cylinder in the Scuderi engine having a higher average temperature but at the same time a lower
peak temperature than a conventional engine. The high average temperature, along with the high turbulence in the combustion
process, is expected to reduce soot. However, lower peak temperatures resulting from combustion gases rapidly expanding when
firing ATDC occurs, reduces NOx emissions by as much as 80 percent. The Scuderi split cycle engine offers a unique opportunity
to reduce emissions to the new levels without the need for costly after treatment systems.
Air-Hybrid Design
The Scuderi split cycle engine is really a dedicated pneumatic compressor on one side and an engine on the other, it simply
requires the addition of an air storage tank and some controls to convert it into a hybrid system that can capture and store energy
lost during the normal operation of the engine. Since the turbocharged version of the Scuderi engine operates at 130 bar, it will be
able to store a significant amount of energy in its air tank. There are various engine control strategies that can be employed to
improve the overall reduction in fuel consumption. This includes engine shutoff at idle, air-only driving, off-loading of the
compression cylinder and regenerative braking. The Scuderi Air-Hybrid provides a cost-effective hybrid solution that does not
compromise performance.
ADVANTAGES
The most important and key advantages of Scuderi split cycle revolutionary technology is the design flexibility of the engine.
The features that are very difficult to implement or need additional equipments in a conventional engine design can be easily
accomplished in Scuderi split cycle configuration. For example, supercharging can be added simply by increasing the
diameter of the compression cylinder.
Scuderi engines are compatible with additional devices like turbocharger used to recover energy from exhaust that in turn
increases the overall efficiency.
The Miller cycle can be achieved by simply increasing the length of the power cylinder.
The piston friction can be reduced by offsetting the compression and power cylinders.
The revolutionary technology reduces the NOx emissions by as much as 80 percent.
Higher volumetric, thermal efficiencies and overall efficiency are achieved.
Fig. 5.2 Split Cycle Diesel Engine [6]
Scuderi Split Cycle Diesel Engine
The biggest advantage of the Scuderi split cycle engine for diesel applications is the reduction in emissions. The tougher emission
standards that will begin in 2010 are causing the cost of diesel engines to dramatically increase while performance is being
compromised. The Scuderi Engine’s combustion process of firing ATDC has an unusual effect of reducing both soot and NOx.
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LIMITATIONS
The Scuderi split cycle engine are still neither used in practice nor incorporated in all the vehicles.
The power density is same as other gasoline engines due to compression cylinder.
The additional number of cylinder increases the cost of the engine.
The additional cylinder also adds up to increase in frictional losses.
CONCLUSION
From the above literature review, it can be concluded that the Split Cycle Engine is purely technological combination of
pneumatic compressor and combustion chamber. The Scuderi Split Cycle Engine solves both the breathing (volumetric efficiency)
and thermal efficiency problems by Unique Valve Design and Firing After Top Dead Center (ATDC) respectively as compared to
the Previous Split Cycle Engines. The Scuderi Engine is more efficient than a conventional IC engines since an area inside P-V
Curves is greater for Power Cylinder.
REFERENCES
[1]Prince Bora, Neeraj Joshi, & Priyanka Hire. (2015). The scuderi revolution: a review. International Journal of Advanced
Technology in Engineering and Science (IJATES) Vol. No.3, Special Issue No. 01, August 2015.
[2]Ashwini S. Gaikwad & Rajendra M. Shinde. (2014). Review on scuderi cycle engine. International Journal of Emerging
Technology in Computational and Applied Sciences (IJETCAS) 14-123.
[3]Anshul Jangalwa, Aditya Kumar Singh, Akshay Jain & Ankit Barua. (2013). Scuderi split cycle engine: a review. International
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research (IJMERR) Vo. 2, No. 4, October 2013.
[4]Sudeer Gowd Patil, Martin A. J. & Ananthesha (2012). Study on performance characteristics of scuderi-split cycle engine,
SASTECH, Volume 11, Issue 1, Apr 2012.
[5]Scuderi Group LLC (2009), Split Cycle Four Stroke Engine, EP Patent No. 1639247B9
[6] Scuderi Group LLC, “Scuderi- Engine Brochure”