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Feasibility
- 1. THE BIO REFINERY APPROACHWITH ALGAE ABSTRACT Thisreportis to prove whetherornotthe biorefinery approach isfeasible.The reportwill teachthe different waysit can be hovers,the advantagesandalsosafety. Fredrico Watson EnergySystemsEngineering&Technology
- 2. Table of Contents BioRefinery..............................................3 Site…………………………………………………………3 Producing Algae…………………………………………4 Carbon Footprint………………………………………..4 Water Footprint………………………………………4 Industrial for Biomass Production……….5 Microalgae…………………………………………..8 Bio Methane………………………………………..9 Bio Ethanol……………………………………………..10 Bio Hydrogen…………………………………………….11 Power Generation…………………………………….11 Financial Analysis………………………………………12 Safety…………………………………………………………12 References……………………………………………………13
- 3. What is aBio Refinery? A bio refinery is a facility that adds biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and chemicals from biomass. The bio refinery idea is current used today as petroleum refinery which makes a lot of fuels and items from petroleum. The bio refinery.
- 4. Site The site hasto be reasonably far from the human life and should be able to supply its own material. Should be really close to the sea to use the water for the purpose to produce electricity using steam. I decided to place my bio refinery Lower Montague Road because it is near the water and not many people live there. Producing Algae Algae can be produced with wastewater and CO2. The idea is to make a waste water pond which is an estimate cost of 8 to 10million dollars. Information I found stated that 18,000 metric ton of algae was producing which equated to $2,500,000 of electricity which was at $0.08 a kWh. Which would light up over 400 homes in Prince Edward Island. Carbon Footprint Carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gasses that comes from the use or transportation of carbon and methane gases. The increase of our carbon footprint or how much people have been hurting the environment is becoming more apparent such as melting of the ice caps. The surface of these problems is changing mankind idea of relying on fossil fuels and is leaning more and more towards biofuel. Water Footprint One of the disadvantages of bio fuel is that it has a huge water footprint. The best way to estimate how beneficial it is to use bio fuel is to see how much it damages the environment. Water is an undeniable very limited in some country and abundant in others. The production of biomass is estimated to be three times more than it is needed from fossil fuels. The use of so
- 5. much water maylead to water shortages if placed in Prince Edward Island. The bio finery approach is the idea to overcome this disadvantage by using each of the other ways to limit the water footprint of bio fuels. Industrial for Biomass Production Microalgae are single cell photosynthetic organism’s uses nutrients from the sun to grow and also contains atmospheric C02 for its need for energy. Most of the energy needed for micro alga biomass generation is carbon dioxide. The use of industrial waste such as waste water and flue gases will make micro algal feasible. This plan lowers the effect of the water foot print and also the cost to make the biomass. The idea to use the industrial waste water and also flue gases for micro algal biomass generation gives environmental benefits, better management of resources and makes it economically competitive on the price of water. Microalgae can absorb nutrients in wastewater and C02 from flue gases a convert it into carbohydrates and lipids. Then in the end it is then changed into multiple end products such as biodiesel, bio methane and animal feed. The wastewater liquid waste after primary and secondary treatment has many organic and inorganic elements. The release of liquid waste into the environment can cause problems for the sewers such as pollution and eutrophication. Eutrophication is when there is too many nutrients being sent into the water that it causes algae to grow on top and not allow the sunlight to reach the bottom of the sea. Then the plants on the bottom of the sea dies and also algae
- 6. Which causes abacteria which takes oxygen out of the water and cause anoxic which is when there is no oxygen in the sea. If there is no oxygen in the sea any other organism which isn't a bacteria dies. Wastewater nutrient medium Wastewater effluent after primary and secondary treatment has various organic and inorganic constituents. Release of such waste into environment can cause severe problems like eutrophication and pollution. Inorganic constituents of wastewater effluent primarily consists of nitrogen and phosphorous. Discharge of industrial and domestic wastewater are adding organic and inorganic nutrients, pathogens, heavy metals, suspended solids, and oxygen demanding material to the existing water resources. Biological treatment of such tertiary waste is the possible solution for this problem. Availability of fresh water is facing severe risks due to the fast pace industrialization development. In bio refinery concept cultivation of microalgae using wastewater serves dual purpose of biomass generation as well as polishing of the effluent by removing inorganic nutrients (Rawat et al. 2011; Singh et al. 2014). Microalgae cultivation using wastewater for valuable biomass generation, which can be utilized for several purposes fulfilling energy and feed requirements, is a sustainable approach. Water requirement for microalgae cultivation in open pond is as high as 11–13 million Liter. Wastewater utilization for microalgae cultivation can reduce fresh water footprint as well as can provide treated water for other use. Wastewater has very high concentrations of nutrients especial with heavy metal. Costly chemical treatment methods are required to remove these nutrients. The potential shown by microalgae to grow with minimal fresh water and accumulate nutrients and metals can be exploited to treat such domestic and industrial wastewater. Cultivation of microalgae needs water and supply of inorganic nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous. Nitrogen and phosphorous plays a very important role in micro algal physiology, and this needs to be supplied through growth medium. The nutrient supplementation contributes a major portion in the overall cost of microalgae
- 7. cultivation. Utilization ofindustrial or domestic wastewater as growth medium can supply required nutrients for microalgae. Nutrients cost can be reduced if wastewater effluent is used as the nutrient medium. A lot of micro algal have been studied for their growth in wastewater nutrient medium. Most studied sample for wastewater utilization is Chlorella, due to its random and application in biodiesel production. The different micro algal sample grown on various industrial wastewater and their biomass. Wastewater medium has lower N and P content as compared to commercial media used for microalgae cultivation. Limitation of nutrients for stress induced lipid accumulation is a well-accepted method in microalgae biofuel process. The use of wastewater growth medium for micro algal biomass generation give several benefits like cheap nutrient source, reducing risk of eutrophication, reduce fresh WF, and treated wastewater for other uses. Overall this approach provides sustainability, commercial compatibility, and environmental benefits for micro algal biofuel production process. Utilization of flue gases CO2 is a major contributor of greenhouse gases which causes global warming. Global warming poses serious threat causing climate changes, glacial melting, rise in ocean level, reduced food production, extinction of species, and many other environmental problems. Globally, it has seen as a serious issue. Several strategies are practiced for capture and using the CO2 have been implemented. Most widely used method is carbon capture and storage. CO2 is captured from emission sources like power plants and cement industries. CO2 can be captured by several methods such as absorption, separation membranes, and cryogenic distillation. Captured CO2 is transported to storage locations, and stored in geological or ocean storage. However, with this approach of capture and storage several technological, economical, and environmental issues are related. Biological CO2 capture is a sustainable approach and
- 8. provides better waysto capture CO2. Microalgae have the ability to fix atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis, with great efficiency. Microalgae cultivated by supplying CO2 from flue gases produce biomass which can be utilized for biofuels and animal feed. Microalgae can be cultivated in open or closed system for biomass generation. For microalgae cultivation either CO2 is separated from flue gases and used or directly flue gases are applied. Direct use of flue gases is beneficial in terms of energy and cost saving. The samples with high growth rate at a temperature of 35 °C and 15% CO2 concentration. CO2 can directly spread through the micro algal plasma membrane. CO2 has a low mass transfer coefficient, and this mass transfer from gaseous phase to liquid phase could be a limiting step in the use of this technology. High flow rate in closed system or proper mixing in open cultivation could be the possible solutions to overcome the limitation of transfer of the amount of algae. Flue gases contain many compounds like SOX, NOX, CO, CxHy and halogen acids. The flue gases can cause problems for microalgae cultivation as some of these compounds could have toxic effect on microalgae. Effective utilization of flue gases for microalgae cultivation can reduce environmental concerns as well as earn carbon credits. The future of scientific technologies for the use of flue gases by microalgae, can help in improving economics of biomass production.
- 9. Microalgae Microalgae is avery special group of organisms that are very important to the ecosystems. Microalgae makes a variable of compounds as a backup metabolites in different parts of the life cycle. Micro algal is the biomass cultivation believed to be a possible way to lower are use of fossils fuels. Micro algal biomass can be used for combination of numbers of different bio fuels such as biodiesel, bioethanol and bio hydrogen. The downfall for biofuels production from microalgae has been the high cost to produce it but the bio refinery idea can make micro algal feasible. The profits from algal biomass for biofuels is high dependent on people as well as the other products produce. The study of microalgae commercially was then focused on aquaculture, human consumption, coloring agents, animal feed and etc. Carbohydrate, protein, and lipids are other area in which microalgae can be exploited for. Biodiesel Biodiesel is biomass that is conceived from oil from crops, waste cooking oil and animal fats. Those are unable to meet the demand for fuel in today society. It is predicted that microalgae has a lot of potential to either fulfill the demand or lower the amount of use usage of
- 10. fossil fuels. Lipidsand oils contains proteins, carbohydrates and other nutrients. Microalgae also has the same nutrients and proteins. After extraction of the oil from microalgae, the residue biomass can still be used for other uses such as food for animals. The residue biomass can be used for the making of methane by anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion is the process which organisms breaks down biomass in the lack of oxygen. The cost of an anaerobic digestion plant is roughly 15 million dollars. The energy made from the methane can be used to lower the cost of making biodiesel. Bio Methane The palm seed shell can be used to make bioethanol and the oil from palm seeds can be used to produce biodiesel. Grass is planned to be added to the green bio refinery approach as a biomass. The advantages of grass are that its highly digestible, high sugar and low lignin. The idea is to extract the lignocellulosic portion of the grass and once the liquid is removed from the grass, the transport the fiber will be easier. The sugar rice juice is the idea to ferment on a farm to produce methane by anaerobic digestion or the use of chemicals such as lactic acid. The fiber left over can be changed into fermentable sugar by using the right enzymes or be used as feed for animals because of its protein. Bio Ethanol
- 11. Both bioethanol anddimethyl has been produced at the same time but using a pulp mill based biomass as the bio refinery approach. The cost of C02 capture and storage will be reasonably low. Seaweed that has hexose sugars could be used to produce bioethanol. The efficiency to change the raw material to ethanol of fuel grade is between 30-50% and is estimated by taking the lowest heating value. The reason for the low efficiency is because of the heat loss and the reaction losses. Microalgae was thought of to produce ethanol with the bio refinery approach. The excess heat from the ethanol bio refinery could be used to keep the algal at a steady temperature especially in the cold winter climates. The C02 released from an ethanol bio refinery using the microalgae can minimize the cost up 20%. The carbohydrate in macro algae or better known as seaweed could be used in bio refinery. Macro algae has low amount of lignin and can be used to produce many products. Macro algae has a low protein content of 7-15% dry and lipid content of between 1-5%. The micro algae is superior of a high protein off 40-60% and lipid content of 10-20%. For the production of bio ethanol using macro algae first carbohydrates must be in the seaweed because hexose sugars is what is used to produce bioethanol. The rapeseed plant can be used to produce bio fuels such as bio diesel and bio ethanol as a bio refinery concept. By examining a straw as biomass, researchers learned that there was approximately .15g of bio ethanol. They obtained the ethanol by pretreating the straw with alkaline peroxide and steam. The coproducts and by products made from rapeseeds was glycerol, hydrolysate, cake and a stillage were used for production of methane and mixture of hydrogen and methane. The efficiency of the energy recovery process was only 20% but with the bio refinery approach which produced bio ethanol, bio hydrogen and methane an also bio diesel increased production of bio diesel to 60%. Citrus waste can be used in the bio refinery process to create limonene, ethanol and bio gas. The cost to produce ethanol was .91 USD/L with the production capacity of 100,000
- 12. tons/year with theprice of transporting and also handling fees. The production of limestone and methane gas also to increase the store of the plant can almost half the price of ethanol to.46 USD/L which makes it more affordable and able to maintainable. The lignin in the biomass cellular structure is not easily degraded or remove, it requires an expensive pretreatment. Using lignocellulosic materials such as bark or wood can lower the cost of biofuel substantially. Research discovered rearranging of lignin can be a new development of biofuel. Bio Hydrogen Bio hydrogen can be produced from the leftover biomass of micro algae after fermentation. The biomass left over from micro alga is called Nannochloropsis. Biodiesel is essentially produced from the oil of nannochloropsis and bio hydrogen was produced as the coproduct. Bio finery approach is to remove the oil and pigment from the microalgae and why the oil was used for production of biodiesel, the left over biomass was used to make high value compounds such as carotenoids and bio hydrogen. The use of supercritical C02 and a temperature of 40°C the dried biomass of microalgae high lipid content went up from 33% to 45% with 70% recovery of pigments when it was 20% ethanol doped with the C02. Bio Hydrogen was produced by dark fermentation. Power Generation Power generation system for algae is quite similar to a coal system. The algae is feed into a gasifier which is set to approximately 700-1000 C. Then after the gas is sent to the power generation system. The system also has a separator and high temperature filter for removing fine and rough particles from the cooled down of algae.
- 13. Financial Analysis If 18,000metric ton of algae was producing which equated to $2,500,000 of electricity which was at $0.08 a kWh. Which is about 400 homes in PEI. I did not factor in construction cost of pipes to receive waste water because it varied. If used it would take 5years alone for it to pay back. Safety The problem with algae is called cyanotoxins. It is a blue green algae and is an organism that can live in freshwater, salt water or in pond water also known as pond scum. They do no usually produce chemicals that are harmful to humans or animals but a natural substance. They can break down and eliminate itself naturally. If infected it can harm your liver, skin and nervous system but only if a lot of it is ingested. Contact or breathing droplets can cause irritation.
- 14.