The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, regulate electrolytes and acid-base balance, and control blood pressure. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood to form urine via glomerular filtration, reabsorption of nutrients, and secretion of wastes. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters for storage and later excretion through the urethra.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine. The urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters to the urinary bladder, where it is stored until urination. During urination, the bladder contracts and the urethra carries the urine out of the body. In addition to removing waste, the urinary system regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
The human heart heart length, width, and thickness are 12 cm, 8.5 cm, and 6 cm, respectively. In addition, the mean weight of the heart is 280-340 g in males and 230-280 g in females.
The urinary system helps remove waste from the body through urine. It includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. In the bladder, urine is stored until emptying through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which filter blood and reabsorb useful components back into blood while secreting waste to form urine.
Anatomy and physiology of the Urinary system by Dipali HarkhaniDipali Harkhani
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the main components of the urinary system as the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, when urine exits through the urethra. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and modifies it into urine through processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system and immune system. It is composed of a network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph fluid towards the heart. Lymph contains plasma constituents too large to pass through blood capillaries, such as macroparticles from damaged areas. Lymphatic vessels originate as blind-ended tubes and contain valves to prevent backflow. They join to form larger vessels and ducts that drain into veins. Lymph nodes filter lymph and activate immune cells. Key lymphatic organs include the spleen, bone marrow, thymus gland and tonsils, which help generate and select lymphocytes.
The document discusses various types of materials, equipment, and linen used in hospitals and their care and maintenance. It covers the different categories of equipment including reusable and disposable items. It provides details on the proper cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization techniques for different materials like linen, rubber goods, steel instruments, glass, and plastic items. The document also discusses the care and maintenance of other items like furniture and machinery equipment. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining proper inventory and indent records for materials and ensuring their optimal availability.
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the human heart. It discusses the heart's location in the thoracic cavity, its internal and external structures, the layers of the heart wall, the heart chambers and valves, coronary blood supply, cardiac cycle and conduction system, heart sounds, electrocardiography, and cardiac output. The heart is described as a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system through coordinated electrical conduction and mechanical contraction and relaxation of its chambers.
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, at which point urine passes through the urethra and out of the body. Together these structures work to regulate fluid balance and remove waste via urine production and storage.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine. The urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters to the urinary bladder, where it is stored until urination. During urination, the bladder contracts and the urethra carries the urine out of the body. In addition to removing waste, the urinary system regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
The human heart heart length, width, and thickness are 12 cm, 8.5 cm, and 6 cm, respectively. In addition, the mean weight of the heart is 280-340 g in males and 230-280 g in females.
The urinary system helps remove waste from the body through urine. It includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. In the bladder, urine is stored until emptying through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which filter blood and reabsorb useful components back into blood while secreting waste to form urine.
Anatomy and physiology of the Urinary system by Dipali HarkhaniDipali Harkhani
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the main components of the urinary system as the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, when urine exits through the urethra. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and modifies it into urine through processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system and immune system. It is composed of a network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph fluid towards the heart. Lymph contains plasma constituents too large to pass through blood capillaries, such as macroparticles from damaged areas. Lymphatic vessels originate as blind-ended tubes and contain valves to prevent backflow. They join to form larger vessels and ducts that drain into veins. Lymph nodes filter lymph and activate immune cells. Key lymphatic organs include the spleen, bone marrow, thymus gland and tonsils, which help generate and select lymphocytes.
The document discusses various types of materials, equipment, and linen used in hospitals and their care and maintenance. It covers the different categories of equipment including reusable and disposable items. It provides details on the proper cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization techniques for different materials like linen, rubber goods, steel instruments, glass, and plastic items. The document also discusses the care and maintenance of other items like furniture and machinery equipment. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining proper inventory and indent records for materials and ensuring their optimal availability.
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the human heart. It discusses the heart's location in the thoracic cavity, its internal and external structures, the layers of the heart wall, the heart chambers and valves, coronary blood supply, cardiac cycle and conduction system, heart sounds, electrocardiography, and cardiac output. The heart is described as a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system through coordinated electrical conduction and mechanical contraction and relaxation of its chambers.
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, at which point urine passes through the urethra and out of the body. Together these structures work to regulate fluid balance and remove waste via urine production and storage.
The urinary system functions to regulate homeostasis by controlling water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and eliminating waste from the body. The major organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine and are made up of nephrons, the functional units that filter blood and remove waste. Urine is formed through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the nephrons and is temporarily stored in the bladder before being excreted through the urethra.
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located slightly left of center in the chest. It has four chambers - the right and left atria receive blood, and the right and left ventricles pump it out. The heart is surrounded by membranes and has three layers - the outer fibrous pericardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endothelial endocardium. It uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow, pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood throughout the body in continuous circulation. The coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygenated blood.
Anatomy and physiology of the digestive systemDipali Harkhani
The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The mouth breaks down food with teeth and saliva. The esophagus transports food to the stomach, where acids and enzymes digest it. The pancreas and liver produce enzymes and bile to emulsify and further break down food in the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into blood. The large intestine absorbs water before waste is excreted.
Communication and nurse patient relationshipEkta Patel
This document discusses communication and the nurse-patient relationship. It defines communication and discusses its elements and types, including verbal and non-verbal communication. It also outlines techniques for effective communication, such as listening, clarification, and reflection. Key aspects of the nurse-patient relationship discussed include attending skills like maintaining eye contact and body language. The document provides an overview of the communication process and methods used between nurses and patients.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy, physiology, and conduction system of the heart. It describes the four chambers of the heart, including the atria and ventricles. It discusses the layers of the heart, including the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It also summarizes the cardiac cycle, explaining systole, diastole, and the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Finally, it provides a brief overview of the vascular system and blood flow through arteries and veins.
There are three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues throughout the body. They have thick muscular walls and elastic tissue to withstand high blood pressure. Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and have thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels and form a network between arteries and veins in tissues, allowing for the exchange of water, oxygen, nutrients and waste.
This document discusses admission and discharge procedures in a hospital setting. It defines admission as allowing a patient to stay in the hospital for treatment purposes. The admission process involves receiving the patient, collecting their history, orienting them and the family, and coordinating care. Discharge planning is an interdisciplinary process that ensures continuity of care after discharge and involves evaluating the patient's needs and arranging any follow up care. Nurses play an important role in both admission and discharge by properly caring for patients, educating them and families, and ensuring proper documentation and coordination of care.
The document provides an overview of the urinary system, including its anatomy and functions. Some key points:
- The kidneys filter blood to remove waste and regulate fluid balance. Each kidney contains around 1 million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood into urine.
- The nephron is made up of blood vessels and tubules that work together to filter blood, reabsorb useful molecules, and secrete waste molecules into urine.
- Urine is formed in four steps - glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, and concentration by the collecting duct. Nearly all the filtrate is reabsorbed except for waste products.
- Hormones
This document summarizes the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It describes that the right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body. The pulmonary circulation carries blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The systemic circulation then carries the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body before returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The document notes some key differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation, such as lower blood pressure requirements in the pulmonary system.
The aorta is the largest artery that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle throughout the body. It can be divided into four sections - the ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta. The aortic arch arises from the ascending aorta and curves superiorly, posteriorly and to the left before descending as the thoracic aorta. It gives off three branches - the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery. The thoracic aorta continues down through the thoracic cavity and passes through the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm to become the abdominal aorta.
The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle.
Blood is composed of plasma and different types of cells that circulate through the body. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and removes waste. The three main cell types are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help with clotting to stop bleeding. Plasma is the liquid portion that carries cells, proteins, salts, and other substances throughout the body. Some disorders of blood include anemia, leukemia, and thalassemia.
lymphatic system, a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs. The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream
The arterial system carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues, while the venous system returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Arteries are thick-walled vessels with three layers and carry blood under high pressure via elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles. Veins are thin-walled vessels with valves to prevent backflow and return blood via large irregular veins to the heart. The function of arteries is to distribute blood through resistance vessels to capillaries for gas exchange, while veins drain and return blood via the action of venous valves and gravitational/muscular forces.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove waste and produce urine. Approximately 1 million nephrons in each kidney filter blood and form urine. The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra form the urinary tract to store and release urine produced by the kidneys.
The document provides information about the excretory/renal system. It discusses the key parts of the system including the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid levels and electrolyte balance. Key structures within the kidneys are described like nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Processes like filtration, reabsorption and secretion are explained in how the kidneys form and regulate urine composition. Learning objectives are also outlined to characterize each part's role and illustrate the kidney's microscopic and macroscopic structures.
The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs located on the posterior abdominal wall. Each kidney has an outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla divided into renal pyramids. The kidneys receive blood supply from the renal arteries which branch into segmental and lobar arteries before branching further. Blood exits via interlobar, arcuate and interlobular veins into the renal veins which drain into the inferior vena cava. The kidneys are surrounded by fibrous capsules and perirenal fat and have anterior relations to other abdominal organs and posterior relations to the vertebral column and muscles.
The circulatory and lymphatic systems work together to transport nutrients, oxygen, hormones, carbon dioxide, and waste throughout the body. The circulatory system is composed of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries and returns via veins. Gases and molecules are exchanged between blood in capillaries and tissues. The lymphatic system drains excess fluid from tissues, transports it via lymph vessels, and returns it to the blood. Lymph nodes along lymph vessels filter the lymph and harbor white blood cells that fight infection and disease. Together these systems maintain homeostasis by circulating nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
The heart has four chambers - right and left atria receive blood returning from the body and lungs respectively, and pump it to the right and left ventricles which pump blood to the lungs and body. It is located in the mediastinum and surrounded by membranes. The heart wall has three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. The sinoatrial node initiates electrical impulses which travel through pathways to coordinate contractions. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium and is pumped to the lungs, then returns oxygenated to the left atrium to be pumped through the body by the left ventricle.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which is stored in the bladder and expelled from the body through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional filtering units that produce urine in a three step process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine production and composition are regulated by hormones like renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone.
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the main components of the urinary system as the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid balance and electrolyte levels. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood to form urine via glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters for storage and later excretion through the urethra.
The urinary system functions to regulate homeostasis by controlling water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and eliminating waste from the body. The major organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine and are made up of nephrons, the functional units that filter blood and remove waste. Urine is formed through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the nephrons and is temporarily stored in the bladder before being excreted through the urethra.
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located slightly left of center in the chest. It has four chambers - the right and left atria receive blood, and the right and left ventricles pump it out. The heart is surrounded by membranes and has three layers - the outer fibrous pericardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endothelial endocardium. It uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow, pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood throughout the body in continuous circulation. The coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygenated blood.
Anatomy and physiology of the digestive systemDipali Harkhani
The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The mouth breaks down food with teeth and saliva. The esophagus transports food to the stomach, where acids and enzymes digest it. The pancreas and liver produce enzymes and bile to emulsify and further break down food in the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into blood. The large intestine absorbs water before waste is excreted.
Communication and nurse patient relationshipEkta Patel
This document discusses communication and the nurse-patient relationship. It defines communication and discusses its elements and types, including verbal and non-verbal communication. It also outlines techniques for effective communication, such as listening, clarification, and reflection. Key aspects of the nurse-patient relationship discussed include attending skills like maintaining eye contact and body language. The document provides an overview of the communication process and methods used between nurses and patients.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy, physiology, and conduction system of the heart. It describes the four chambers of the heart, including the atria and ventricles. It discusses the layers of the heart, including the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It also summarizes the cardiac cycle, explaining systole, diastole, and the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Finally, it provides a brief overview of the vascular system and blood flow through arteries and veins.
There are three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues throughout the body. They have thick muscular walls and elastic tissue to withstand high blood pressure. Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and have thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels and form a network between arteries and veins in tissues, allowing for the exchange of water, oxygen, nutrients and waste.
This document discusses admission and discharge procedures in a hospital setting. It defines admission as allowing a patient to stay in the hospital for treatment purposes. The admission process involves receiving the patient, collecting their history, orienting them and the family, and coordinating care. Discharge planning is an interdisciplinary process that ensures continuity of care after discharge and involves evaluating the patient's needs and arranging any follow up care. Nurses play an important role in both admission and discharge by properly caring for patients, educating them and families, and ensuring proper documentation and coordination of care.
The document provides an overview of the urinary system, including its anatomy and functions. Some key points:
- The kidneys filter blood to remove waste and regulate fluid balance. Each kidney contains around 1 million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood into urine.
- The nephron is made up of blood vessels and tubules that work together to filter blood, reabsorb useful molecules, and secrete waste molecules into urine.
- Urine is formed in four steps - glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, and concentration by the collecting duct. Nearly all the filtrate is reabsorbed except for waste products.
- Hormones
This document summarizes the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It describes that the right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body. The pulmonary circulation carries blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The systemic circulation then carries the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body before returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The document notes some key differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation, such as lower blood pressure requirements in the pulmonary system.
The aorta is the largest artery that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle throughout the body. It can be divided into four sections - the ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta. The aortic arch arises from the ascending aorta and curves superiorly, posteriorly and to the left before descending as the thoracic aorta. It gives off three branches - the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery. The thoracic aorta continues down through the thoracic cavity and passes through the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm to become the abdominal aorta.
The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle.
Blood is composed of plasma and different types of cells that circulate through the body. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and removes waste. The three main cell types are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help with clotting to stop bleeding. Plasma is the liquid portion that carries cells, proteins, salts, and other substances throughout the body. Some disorders of blood include anemia, leukemia, and thalassemia.
lymphatic system, a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs. The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream
The arterial system carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues, while the venous system returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Arteries are thick-walled vessels with three layers and carry blood under high pressure via elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles. Veins are thin-walled vessels with valves to prevent backflow and return blood via large irregular veins to the heart. The function of arteries is to distribute blood through resistance vessels to capillaries for gas exchange, while veins drain and return blood via the action of venous valves and gravitational/muscular forces.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove waste and produce urine. Approximately 1 million nephrons in each kidney filter blood and form urine. The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra form the urinary tract to store and release urine produced by the kidneys.
The document provides information about the excretory/renal system. It discusses the key parts of the system including the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid levels and electrolyte balance. Key structures within the kidneys are described like nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Processes like filtration, reabsorption and secretion are explained in how the kidneys form and regulate urine composition. Learning objectives are also outlined to characterize each part's role and illustrate the kidney's microscopic and macroscopic structures.
The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs located on the posterior abdominal wall. Each kidney has an outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla divided into renal pyramids. The kidneys receive blood supply from the renal arteries which branch into segmental and lobar arteries before branching further. Blood exits via interlobar, arcuate and interlobular veins into the renal veins which drain into the inferior vena cava. The kidneys are surrounded by fibrous capsules and perirenal fat and have anterior relations to other abdominal organs and posterior relations to the vertebral column and muscles.
The circulatory and lymphatic systems work together to transport nutrients, oxygen, hormones, carbon dioxide, and waste throughout the body. The circulatory system is composed of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries and returns via veins. Gases and molecules are exchanged between blood in capillaries and tissues. The lymphatic system drains excess fluid from tissues, transports it via lymph vessels, and returns it to the blood. Lymph nodes along lymph vessels filter the lymph and harbor white blood cells that fight infection and disease. Together these systems maintain homeostasis by circulating nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
The heart has four chambers - right and left atria receive blood returning from the body and lungs respectively, and pump it to the right and left ventricles which pump blood to the lungs and body. It is located in the mediastinum and surrounded by membranes. The heart wall has three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. The sinoatrial node initiates electrical impulses which travel through pathways to coordinate contractions. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium and is pumped to the lungs, then returns oxygenated to the left atrium to be pumped through the body by the left ventricle.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which is stored in the bladder and expelled from the body through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional filtering units that produce urine in a three step process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine production and composition are regulated by hormones like renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone.
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the main components of the urinary system as the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid balance and electrolyte levels. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood to form urine via glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters for storage and later excretion through the urethra.
BP201T. Human Anatomy And Physiology-II
Unit-III: - Urinary System.
Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and
nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation,
micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid base balance, role of RAS in kidney
and disorders of kidney.
The document summarizes renal physiology and the structure and function of the nephron. It describes the three main areas of the kidney - the renal cortex containing nephrons, renal corpuscles and tubules; the renal medulla containing loops of Henle and collecting tubules; and the renal pelvis which collects urine. It then discusses the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and the segments of the nephron involved in filtering and reabsorbing fluid to form urine. Finally, it outlines the multiple functions of the kidneys, including excretion, electrolyte regulation, blood pressure control, and hormone production.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine. Most of the filtered water and nutrients are reabsorbed, while waste products like urea remain. Hormones like ADH and aldosterone regulate water and electrolyte reabsorption. The urine is stored in the bladder and expelled through the urethra, removing waste from the body.
The kidneys filter blood to produce urine and are located on either side of the spine in the posterior abdominal wall. Each kidney contains around 1-2 million functional filtering units called nephrons. The nephron filters blood in the glomerulus to form an initial filtrate. Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, with only around 1% excreted as urine. Through selective reabsorption and secretion, the kidneys regulate water and electrolyte balance and remove nitrogenous wastes from the body.
The document provides information about the urinary system and kidney anatomy and function. It discusses the main components of the urinary system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. It describes the three main processes involved in urine formation: glomerular filtration, selective reabsorption and tubular secretion. Glomerular filtration filters blood in the kidneys to form an initial filtrate, which then undergoes selective reabsorption of useful substances and tubular secretion of waste, resulting in the final urine composition of mostly water and waste products like urea.
The excretory system removes waste from the body through various organs. The kidneys filter blood and produce urine, containing urea and other nitrogenous wastes, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. The lungs remove carbon dioxide, a waste of cellular respiration. The liver transforms toxic ammonia into urea and excretes bilirubin and other substances in bile. The large intestine and skin also play excretory roles by removing solid wastes and excess water and salts. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney that filter blood and selectively reabsorb or secrete substances to regulate homeostasis.
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It discusses the key parts which include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional units that filter blood to form urine. Urine is produced via glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion. The kidneys play important roles in regulating water balance, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance in the body.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters into the bladder, where it is stored until urination. When the bladder fills to a certain volume, urine is expelled through the urethra. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional filtering units that produce urine from blood plasma via glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood in the form of urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, when it is expelled through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which filter the blood and reabsorb necessary substances, producing urine that is collected and excreted.
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra. The kidneys filter wastes from the blood and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. Each kidney contains over a million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb useful substances along the renal tubules. The kidneys secrete urine that travels through ureters to the bladder, where it is temporarily stored then expelled through the urethra. The urinary system plays critical roles in homeostasis by filtering wastes and regulating water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination. During urination, urine exits the body through the urethra. Together, these components work to regulate fluid balance and remove waste from the body.
The kidneys are essential excretory organs that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The kidneys contain over 1 million tiny filtering units called nephrons. Blood enters nephrons via the glomerulus and is filtered, then most water and nutrients are reabsorbed. The loop of Henle and countercurrent mechanism allow concentration of urine. Hormones regulate water and electrolyte balance. The kidneys maintain acid-base balance and blood pressure while filtering wastes and drugs for excretion. Kidney disorders occur if filtration, reabsorption or other functions are disrupted.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The urine passes through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored until excretion through the urethra. The kidneys play a vital role in regulating water balance and electrolyte levels in the body by selectively reabsorbing needed substances and secreting waste through urine production. The urinary system works to maintain homeostasis in the body.
The urinary system regulates blood composition and excretes waste through the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys filter blood to form urine and regulate electrolyte and fluid levels. Urine passes from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder, where it is temporarily stored until urination. During urination, urine exits the body through the urethra under control of sphincter muscles. The urinary system helps maintain homeostasis by regulating water balance and removing toxins and wastes from the bloodstream.
The document provides an overview of the urinary system and its functions. It describes the key components - kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine and regulate electrolyte and fluid levels. Each kidney contains approximately 1.3 million nephrons, the functional units that filter blood and produce urine by reabsorbing necessary substances. Urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters and collects in the bladder before being released through the urethra. The urinary system works to maintain homeostasis by regulating water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.
The document discusses various methods of data collection. It describes primary and secondary sources of data, as well as internal and external sources. It then explains different methods of data collection like interviews, questionnaires, observation, and various scales. Specific techniques within each method are also outlined, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Selection of the appropriate data collection method depends on factors like the nature of the study, target population, and available resources.
This document provides an overview of sampling techniques used in research. It discusses key terms like population and sample. The main types of sampling covered are probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling and cluster sampling as well as non-probability methods like convenience sampling and purposive sampling. Factors that influence sampling like sample size, sampling errors and strengths and limitations of different approaches are also outlined. The goal of sampling is to select a subset of a population that accurately represents the whole to allow researchers to make generalizations.
This document provides an overview of inflammation. It defines inflammation as the body's response to local injury or infection and discusses the signs and classifications. Acute inflammation is described as persisting for minutes to days and involving vascular changes like increased blood flow and permeability, as well as cellular changes such as leukocyte migration and phagocytosis. Chronic inflammation can last for weeks or years and is characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and simultaneous tissue destruction and healing. The document also examines specific types of inflammation including granulomatous inflammation and inflammation of the pulp, periodontium, and gingiva.
This document provides information about neoplasia (new growth) and tumor nomenclature and characteristics. It defines neoplasia and discusses the definitions and nomenclature of benign and malignant tumors. Benign tumors are well-differentiated, grow slowly, remain localized, and are easily removable. Malignant tumors are typically less differentiated, grow more rapidly, can invade locally and metastasize to distant sites, and cause death. The document outlines characteristics used to classify tumors such as differentiation, growth rate, invasion potential, and metastasis.
Clinical sociology is a branch of sociology that is concerned with assessing and treating physical, mental, social, emotional, and behavioral problems. It focuses on understanding human functioning from intellectual, emotional, biological, psychosocial, and behavioral perspectives across different cultures and socioeconomic levels. Clinical sociology uses sociological research and analysis to provide insights into unsolved clinical problems and promote human adaptation, adjustment, and resilience. The document discusses strategies for developing services to help victims of different types of abuse such as physical, sexual, psychological, and neglect.
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3. WHAT IS URINARY SYSTEM?
• The urinary system, also known as the
renal system or urinary tract, consists
of
• The kidneys (two)
• Ureters (two)
• Bladder (one)
• The urethra(one)
• The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate
waste from the body, regulate blood volume and
blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and
metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
• The urinary tract is the body's drainage system
for the eventual removal of urine.
4.
5. Functions of the Urinary
System:
• Removal of waste product from the body
(mainly urea and uric acid)
• Regulation of electrolyte balance (e.g. sodium,
potassium and calcium)
• Regulation of acid-base homeostasis.
• Controlling blood volume and maintaining
blood pressure.
7. • The kidneys are two bean shaped organs found on
the left and right sides of the body in vertebrates.
• They are located at the back of the abdominal
cavity in the retroperitoneal space.
• The kidneys are located high in
the abdominal cavity, one on each side of the spine, and
lie in a retroperitoneal position at a slightly oblique
angle.
• The asymmetry within the abdominal cavity, caused by
the position of the liver, typically results in the right
kidney being slightly lower and smaller than the left,
and being placed slightly more to the middle than the
left kidney.
8. RELATIONSHIP
Right kidney
• Anteriorly:the duodenum,hepatic flexure of the colon
& right lobe of the liver.
• Posteriorly: Diaphragm,muscles of posterior
abdominal wall
• Superiorly: the right adrenal gland
Left kidney
• Anteriorly:the spleen & splenic vessels,jejunum
splenic flexure of the colon,pancreas & stomach.
• Posteriorly: Diaphragm,muscles of posterior
abdominal wall
• Superiorly: the left adrenal gland
9. STRUCTURE
• Length: 11 centimetres or 4.3 inch
• Width: 5 cm Thick: 2.5 cm
• Weight: Male:125 to 170 grams. Females:115 to 155
gm
• The left kidney is approximately at the vertebral level
T12 to L3 and the right is slightly lower.
• The upper parts of the kidneys are partially protected by
the 11th and 12th ribs.
• The kidney is a bean-shaped structure with a
convex and a concave border.
• Blood Supply- Oxygenated blood comes to
the kidneys from the right and left renal
arteries off the abdominal aorta.
Deoxygenated blood leaves the kidneys via the
right and left renal veins that run into to the
inferior vena cava.
10.
11.
12. • A recessed area on the concave border is
the renal hilum, where the renal artery enters
the kidney and the renal vein and ureter leave.
• The kidney is surrounded by tough fibrous
tissue, the renal capsule.
• The kidney is divided into two major structures:
the outer renal cortex and the inner renal
medulla.
• These structures take the shape of 8 to 18 cone-
shaped renal lobes, each containing renal cortex
surrounding a portion of medulla called a renal
pyramid.
• Between the renal pyramids are projections of
cortex called renal columns.
13. • The nephron is the structural and functional unit
of the kidney,span the cortex and medulla.
• Each adult kidney contains around one million
nephrons.
• The initial filtering portion of a nephron is the
renal corpuscle which is located in the cortex.
• This is followed by a renal tubule that passes from
the cortex deep into the medullary pyramids.
• Part of the renal cortex, a medullary ray is a
collection of renal tubules that drain into a single
collecting duct.
• Each pyramid empties urine into a minor calyx;
minor calyces empty into major calyces, and
major calyces empty into the renal pelvis.
• This becomes the ureter . At the hilum, the ureter and
renal vein exit the kidney and the renal artery enters.
14. THE NEPHRON
• The nephron is the microscopic structural and
functional unit of the kidney.
• It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
• The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries
called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman's
capsule.
• A healthy adult has 0.8 to 1.5 million nephrons in each
kidney they cleanse the blood and balance the
constituents of the circulation.
• The afferent arterioles form a tuft of high- pressure
capillaries about 200 μm diameter, in the glomerulus.
• After passing through the renal corpuscle, the
capillaries form a second arteriole, the efferent
arteriole
15.
16.
17. • In a dissected kidney, it is easy to identify the cortex; it
appears lighter in color compared to the rest of the
kidney.
• All of the renal corpuscles as well as both the
proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) and distal
convoluted tubules (DCTs) are found here.
• Some nephrons have a short loop of Henle that
does not dip beyond the cortex.
• Nephrons take a simple filtrate of the blood and
modify it into urine. Many changes take place in the
different parts of the nephron before urine is created
for disposal.
• The principle task of the nephron population is to
balance the plasma to homeostatic set points and
excrete potential toxins in the urine.
18. • They do this by accomplishing three principle
functions—filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
• They also have additional secondary functions that
exert control in three areas: blood pressure (via
production of renin),red blood cell production (via
the hormone EPO),and calcium absorption (via
conversion of calcidiol into calcitriol,the active form
of vitamin D).
19. Renal Corpuscle
• The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries
called the glomerulus that is largely surrounded by
Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule.
• The glomerulus is a high-pressure capillary bed
between afferent and efferent arterioles.
• As blood passes through the glomerulus, 10 to 20
percent of the plasma filters between these sieve-
like fingers to be captured by Bowman’s capsule
and funneled to the PCT (proximal convoluted
tubules).
20. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
• Filtered fluid collected by Bowman’s capsule
enters into the PCT.
• It is called convoluted due to its tortuous path.
Simple cuboidal cells form this tubule with
prominent microvilli on the luminal surface,
forming a brush border.
• These microvilli create a large surface area to
maximize the absorption and secretion of solutes
(Na+, Cl–, glucose, etc.), the most essential
function of this portion of the nephron.
21. Loop of Henle
• The descending and ascending portions of the loop of
Henle (sometimes referred to as the nephron loop)
are, of course, just continuations of the same tubule.
• The descending loop of Henle consists of an initial
short, thick portion and long, whereas the
ascending loop consists of an initial short, thin
portion followed by a long, thick portion.
• The descending thick portion consists of simple
cuboidal epithelium similar to that of the PCT.
The descending and ascending thin portions
consists of simple squamous epithelium.
22. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
• The DCT, like the PCT, is very tortuous and formed
by simple cuboidal epithelium, but it is shorter than
the PCT.
• These cells are not as active as those in the PCT; thus,
there are fewer microvilli on the apical surface.
• However, these cells must also pump ions against
their concentration gradient.
23. Collecting Ducts
• The collecting ducts are continuous with the
nephron but not technically part of it.
• In fact, each duct collects filtrate from several
nephrons for final modification.
• They are lined with simple squamous
epithelium with receptors for ADH
antidiuretic hormone or Vasopressin.
24. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
• The volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys
per minute is termed the glomerular filtration
rate (GFR).
• The heart pumps about 5 L blood per min under
resting conditions.
• Approximately 20 percent or one liter enters
the kidneys to be filtered.
• On average, this liter results in the production of
about 125 mL/min filtrate produced in men
(range of 90 to 140 mL/min) and 105 mL/min
filtrate produced in women (range of 80 to 125
mL/min).
25. URETERS
• As urine is formed, it drains into the calyces of
the kidney, which merge to form the funnel-
shaped renal pelvis in the hilum of each kidney.
• The hilum narrows to become the ureter of each
kidney.
• As they approach the bladder, they turn medially
and pierce the bladder wall obliquely.
• This is important because it creates an one-way
valve that allows urine into the bladder but
prevents reflux of urine from the bladder back
into the ureter.
26. • The ureters are approximately 30 cm long.
• The muscular layer of the ureter consists of
longitudinal and circular smooth muscles that
create the peristaltic contractions to move the
urine into the bladder without the aid of gravity.
27. URINARY BLADDER
• The urinary bladder collects urine from both
ureters.
• The bladder lies anterior to the uterus in
females,posterior to the pubic bone and
anterior to the rectum.
• During late pregnancy, its capacity is reduced due
to compression by the enlarging uterus, resulting
in increased frequency of urination.
• Volumes in adults can range from nearly zero to
500–600 mL.
28.
29. Micturition Reflex
• Micturition is a less-often used for urination
or voiding.
• It results from an interplay of involuntary
and voluntary actions by the internal and
external urethral sphincters.
• As the bladder fills, subsequent urges become
harder to ignore.
• The micturition reflex is active in infants but with
maturity, children learn to override the reflex by
asserting external sphincter control, thereby
delaying voiding (toilet training).
30. Urethra
• The urethra transports urine from the bladder
to the outside of the body for disposal.
• The urethra is the only urologic organ that
shows any significant anatomic difference
between males and females.
• Voiding is regulated by an involuntary
autonomic nervous system-controlled internal
urinary sphincter, consisting of smooth
muscle and voluntary skeletal muscle that
forms the external urinary sphincter below it.
31.
32. Female Urethra
• The external urethral orifice is embedded in the
anterior vaginal wall inferior to the clitoris,
superior to the vaginal opening and medial to
the labia minora.
• Its short length, about 4 cm, is less of a
barrier to fecal bacteria than the longer male
urethra and the best explanation for the
greater incidence of UTI in women.
33. Male Urethra
• The male urethra passes through the prostate
gland immediately inferior to the bladder
before passing below the pubic symphysis.
• The length of the male urethra varies between
men but averages 20 cm in length.
34. Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion:
The Three Steps of Urine
Formation
• The kidneys filter unwanted substances from
the blood and produce urine to excrete them.
• There are three main steps of urine formation:
glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
• These processes ensure that only waste and
excess water are removed from the body.
35. 1. The Glomerulus Filters Water and Other
Substances from the Bloodstream
• Each kidney contains over 1 million tiny
structures called nephrons. Each nephron has a
glomerulus, the site of blood filtration.
• The glomerulus is a network of capillaries
surrounded by a cuplike structure, the glomerular
capsule (or Bowman’s capsule).
• As blood flows through the glomerulus, blood
pressure pushes water and solutes from the
capillaries into the capsule through a filtration
membrane.
• This glomerular filtration begins the urine formation
process.
36. 2. The Filtration Membrane Keeps Blood Cells
and Large Proteins in the Bloodstream
• Inside the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes fluid
from capillaries into the glomerular capsule
through a specialized layer of cells.
• This layer, the filtration membrane, allows water
and small solutes to pass but blocks blood cells
and large proteins. Those components remain in
the bloodstream.
• The filtrate (the fluid that has passed through the
membrane) flows from the glomerular capsule
further into the nephron.
37.
38. 3. Reabsorption Moves Nutrients and Water Back into
the Bloodstream
• The glomerulus filters water and small solutes out of the
bloodstream.
• The resulting filtrate contains waste, but also other
substances the body needs: essential ions, glucose,
amino acids, and smaller proteins. When the filtrate
exits the glomerulus, it flows into a duct in the nephron
called the renal tubule.
• As it moves, the needed substances and some water are
reabsorbed through the tube wall into adjacent
capillaries.
• This reabsorption of vital nutrients from the filtrate is
the second step in urine creation.
39. 4. Waste Ions and Hydrogen Ions Secreted from
the Blood Complete the Formation of Urine
• The filtrate absorbed in the glomerulus flows
through the renal tubule, where nutrients and water
are reabsorbed into capillaries.
• At the same time, waste ions and hydrogen
ions pass from the capillaries into the renal
tubule.
• This process is called secretion.
• The secreted ions combine with the
remaining filtrate and become urine.
• The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a
collecting duct. It passes out of the kidney
through the renal pelvis, into the ureter, and
down to the bladder.
40. Physical Characteristics of Urine
• The glomeruli create about 200 liters of this
filtrate every day, yet you excrete less than two
liters of waste you call urine.
• Some of the characteristics such as color and
odor are rough descriptors of your state of
hydration.
• For example, if you exercise or work outside, and
sweat a great deal, your urine will turn darker and
produce a slight odor, even if you drink plenty of
water.Athletes are often advised to consume
water until their urine is clear.
41. CHARACTERISTIC NORMAL VALUES
COLOR Pale yellow to deep amber
ODOR Odorless
VOLUME 750–2000 mL/24 hour
PH 4.5–8.0
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1.003–1.032
42.
43. VOLUME
CONDITION VOLUME CAUSES
NORMAL 1–2 L/day normal healthy
POLYURIA >2.5 L/day Diabetes mellitus; diabetes insipidus; excess
caffeine or alcohol; kidney disease;
certain drugs, such as diuretics; sickle cell
anemia; excessive water intake
OLIGURIA 300–500
mL/day
Dehydration; blood loss; diarrhea; cardiogenic
shock; kidney disease; enlarged
prostate
ANURIA <50
mL/
day
Kidney failure; obstruction, such as kidney stone or
tumor; enlarged prostate
44. Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
• Several hormones have specific, important
roles in regulating kidney function.
• They act to stimulate or inhibit blood flow.
• Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
45. Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
• The major hormones influencing total body water
are ADH, aldosterone.
• Blood volume is important in maintaining
sufficient blood pressure.
Diuretics and Fluid Volume
• A diuretic is a compound that increases urine
volume.
Regulation of Extracellular Na+
• Sodium has a very strong osmotic effect and
attracts water.
• It plays a larger role in the osmolarity of the
plasma than any other circulating component of
the blood.
46. • If there is too much Na+ present, either due to
poor control or excess dietary consumption, a
series of metabolic problems ensue.
• There is an increase in total volume of water,
which leads to hypertension (high blood
pressure).
• Over a long period, this increases the risk of
serious complications such as heart
attacks,strokes, and aneurysms.
• It can also contribute to system-wide edema
(swelling).