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Urinary system overview, it's functional histology and it's congenital diseases
- 2. Submitted To: Dr. Akram Khan Niazi SubmittedBy: Attique Hassan 16-ARID-2874 Umer Farooq 16-ARID-2901 Farhan Mehmood 16-ARID-2878 Group No. 3 DVM 4th (EVENING) 2
- 4. OVERVIEW OF URINARY SYSTEM 4 Urinary system Consist of 1. 2 kidneys 2. 2 ureter 3. 1 urinary bladder and 4. 1 urethra The functional unit of the kidney is called the nephron. About a million in each kidney “The Urinary System is a group of organs in the body concerned with filtering out excess fluid and other substances from the bloodstream.” https://geoface.info/eafb/e557814b9dca/the-urinary-system-of-horses- horse-owners-47698d
- 5. 5
- 6. OVERVIEW OF URINARY SYSTEM The kidneys of pigs and sheep are oval in shape while the kidneys of cattle are each divided into approximately 20 lobules. 6
- 7. FUNCTION OF THE URINARY SYSTEM KIDNEY 1. Regulate blood volume and composition 2. Regulate pH 3. Produce 2 hormones and 4. Excrete waste URETERS- 1. Transport urine from kidney to urinary bladder 7 Sheep Kidney Dissection
- 8. FUNCTION OF THE URINARY SYSTEM URINARY BLADDER • Store urine and expels through urethra URETHRA • Dischargeurinefrom the body 8 Kidney of Equine(Left)
- 9. STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY E a c h kidney is enclosedin a renal capsule, which is surrounded by adipose tissue. Internally, the kidneys consist of a 1. Renal cortex 2. Renal medulla 3. Renal pyramids 4. Renal columns 5. Major calyces 6. Minor calyces and 7. Renal pelvis. 9
- 10. NEPHRON: 10
- 11. NEPHRONS Consist of 2 part 1. Renal corpuscle Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus 2. Renal tube Proximal convoluted tubules Nephron loop (descending & ascending) Distal convoluted tubules 11
- 12. Two Types of Nephrons • Shorter • Mostly in cortex of kidney • Produce "standard“ urine Cortical nephrons (85%) • Nephrons at border of cortex and medulla • Responsive to ADH • Can concentrate urine Juxtamedullary Nephrons (15%) 12
- 13. FUNCTION OF NEPHRON Nephrons perform three basic tasks: 1. Glomerular filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption, and 3. Tubular secretion. Blood cells and most plasma proteins remain in the blood because they are too large to pass through the filtration membrane. The pressure that causes filtration is the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries. 13
- 14. 14
- 15. URETERS 15 The transport urine from the renal pelvis of ureters to the urinary bladder
- 16. URINARY BLADDER The urinary bladder is posterior to the pubic symphysis The shape of urinary bladder depends on how much urine is contain. when empty, it look like a deflated balloon Capacity varies in different species Smaller in female because uterus occupies the space superior to the urinary bladder Toward the base of urinary bladder, the ureter drains into the urinary bladder via the ureteral opening. 16
- 17. URETHRA The terminal portion of the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body. In both male and female, the urethra is the passageway for discharging urine from the body. The male urethra also serves as the duct through which semen is ejaculated. 17
- 18. Functional Histology Of Urinary System 18
- 19. Capsule The surface of kidney is covered by a fibrous capsule. Capsule is mainly comprised of 1. collagen fibers, but also contain 2. Smooth muscles and 3. Blood vessels Outer layer – fibroblasts and collagen fibers Inner layer – myofibroblasts 19
- 20. Nephron Bowman’s Capsule Glomerulus Proximal Convoluted Tubule Loop Of Henle Distal convoluted Tubule Collecting Duct and Tubule JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS. 20
- 21. 21
- 22. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus Following three things make up the apparatus 1. Macula densa 2. Juxtaglomerular cells 3. extraglomerular mesangial cells It maintains necessary Blood Pressure in kidney for glomerular filtration. 22 https://www.memorangapp.com/flashcards/67534/Kidney+Histology+Wee k+9/
- 23. Bowman’s capsule “It is a cup-like sack at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine.” Bowman’s Capsule has 2 layers: 1. Visceral Layer-Inner Contains podocytes 2. Parietal Layer-Contains parietal epithelial cells. 23
- 24. GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES Glomerular endothelium has numerous fenestrations. 1. Fenestrations – larger 2. more numerous 3. more irregular Endothelial cells in glomerular capillaries has large number of aquaporin- 1 water channels that allows fast movement of water through epithelium. 24
- 25. Proximal convoluted tubule Longer and are more numerous in cortex. Have small and uneven lumen. Contains single layer of cuboidal cells with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. Cells have microvilli on their luminal surface. 25
- 26. Distal convoluted tubule Shorter in length, therefore are few in number in cortex. Have larger lumen. Lined by small, cuboidal cells. Cytoplasm stains less intensely. Cells lack microvilli. 26
- 27. 27
- 28. Loop of Henle 1. Thin limbs – simple squamous epithelium. Descends into medulla. 1. Thick limbs – cuboidal epithelium. Ascends through medulla into cortex. No brush border 28 http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/crr/RN015b.html
- 29. Collecting Tubule and Duct Drain urine from nephron to renal pelvis. Lie on medullary ray within cortex. Progressively increase in diameter towards medulla. Simple epithelium - Squamous to cuboidal. Cell boundaries are seen 29
- 30. Ureter Epithelium: Transitional Lamina muscularis / muscularis mucosae: absent Propria-submucosa: connective tissue, blood vessels Tunica muscularis: Inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscles Tunica adventitia: outer covering of connective tissue 30 http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/urinary_system_lab/u reter.php
- 31. Urinary bladder Epi: Transitional Lamina muscularis: present in horses, ruminants, pigs & dogs, however absent in cats Tunica Muscularis: three ill defined layers of smooth muscles Tunica serosa: outermost layer of connective tissue 31 https://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat2/histology/h isto%20E%20urinary%20system.htm
- 32. Urethra Epithelium: Transitional OR Membranous-pseudostratified columnar OR Spongy-pseudostratified + stratified squamous 32 https://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/ anat2/histology/histo%20E%20urinary%20s ystem.htm
- 34. congenital disease A sate of abnormality that is present at or before birth. Congenital diseases of urinary system: Mainly comprise of anatomical disease May have serious functional consequences. 34
- 35. Major Congenital diseases of urinary system Aplasia Hypoplasia Cyst in kidney Other diseases 35
- 36. Aplasia: Absence of one or both kidneys. 1. Unilateral aplasia: Absence of one kidney is called Unilateral aplasia. 2. Bilateral aplasia: Absence of both kidneys is called bilateral aplasia 36 http://slideplayer.com/slide/7464 570/
- 37. 37 X-ray of aplasia in cat one kidney is missing http://www.dvm360.com/tumkur- narasimhan-dvm-ms-phd
- 38. Hypoplasia The size of kidneys remain small as they don’t grow properly due to defect in recessive autosomal gene. Usually associated with hyperplasia of opposite kidney. 38 pathologia.instagram
- 39. Hypoplasia Etiology: • May due to due to problem in sensitive stage of metanephrogenesis. Diagnosis: • X-ray • CT-scan • Ultrasound 39 http://radiopaedia.org/images/1391 705
- 40. Cyst in Kidney Single or multiple cysts in pig and dog kidney are reported. Presence of multiple cysts is termed as congenital polycystic kidney. 40 www.epainassist.com/abdomina l-pain/kidney/renal-cysts
- 41. Cyst in kidney 1. Type-I cysts are formed due to dilation and hyperplasia of collecting tubules. 2. Type-II polycystic kidney is formed. Cysts are thick walled with dense connective tissue. may involve one or both kidneys. 41 https://library.med.utah.edu/ WebPath/RENAHTML/REN AL124.htm
- 42. Cyst in kidney 3. Type-Ill cysts: cysts in kidneys develop from tubules or Bowmen's capsule with part of glomeruli in cyst. • This condition is bilateral and causes considerable enlargement of kidney. 42
- 43. Other diseases • The patient's kidneys fuse together to form a horseshoe-shape.Horseshoe kidney • A condition where the ureter rather than terminating at the correct position in urinary bladder, terminates at other site Ectopic Ureter • Bladder duplication, dysplasia, hypoplasia, agenesis, and exstrophy (congenital eversion)are seen. Miscellaneous Bladder Anomalies 43
- 44. Other diseases Horseshoe kidney Ectopic Ureter exstrophy 44
- 47. Reference Wheater’s functional histology Textbook by Barbara Young, Geraldine O'Dowd, H. Burkitt, James Lowe, John W. Heath, Paul Wheater, and Phillip Woodford Illustrate veterinary pathology Prof. R.S. Chauhan MVSc., PhD. Merck veterinary manual By Scott D. Fitzgerald, DVM, PhD, DACVP, DACPV 47
- 48. Backup slides 48
Editor's Notes
- The renal column is a medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids. It allows the cortex to be better anchored. The renal pelvis or pelvis of the kidney is the basin-like or funnel-like dilated proximal part of the ureter in the kidney. The renal cortex is the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla. The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. The pyramids consist mainly of tubules that transport urine from the cortical, or outer, part of the kidney, where urine is produced, to the calyces, or cup-shaped cavities in which urine collects before it passes through the ureter to the bladder. The point of each pyramid, called the papilla, projects into a calyx. The minor calyces surround the apex of the renal pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney passes through a renal papilla at the apex into the minor calyx; two or three minor calyces converge to form a major calyx, through which urine passes before continuing through the renal pelvis into the ureter
- Renal corpuscle, also called malpighian body, filtration unit of vertebrate nephrons, functional units of the kidney. It consists of a knot of capillaries (glomerulus) surrounded by a double-walled capsule (Bowman's capsule) that opens into a tubule. It consists of a glomerulus - a tuft of capillaries composed of endothelial cells, and a glomerular capsule known as Bowman's capsule The renal tubule is the portion of the nephron containing the tubular fluid filtered through the glomerulus.[4] After passing through the renal tubule, the filtrate continues to the collecting duct system.
- Metanephrongenetic blatema is a embryological structure that is converted to the kidney.
- Cyst :a thin-walled hollow cavity containing a liquid secretion
- occurs when the skin over the lower abdominal wall does not form properly. The bladder is exposed on the outside of the abdomen.