introduction to the endocrine glands ( suprarenal gland, testis and ovary)

1. Suprarenal glands, ovary and
testis
Dr Laxman Khanal
MS- Human Anatomy
Date-27-04-2012

2. Pretest
1. Which ICS is related with the suprarenal
gland ???
2. Which histological layer of the adrenal cortex
is thickest ??
3. What is the origin of middle suprarenal
artery ?
4. What is the anterior boundary of ovarian
fossa ??

3. Pretest
5 Which ligament contain the blood vessels
supplying the ovary ??
6 What is the embryological source of
spermatogonia and oogonia ??
7 What is the difference between secondary
follicles and graffina follicles ??
8 What is pouch of Douglas ??
9 What is the fxn of sustentacular cells ?

4. Pretest
10 What is the functioin of corpus luteum ??

5. Suprarenal gland
• LOCATION
Posterior abdominal wall, behind peritoneum
At epigastrium, in front of the 11th ICS
In front of the right and left crus of the
diaphragm
Covered by renal fascia

6. Suprarenal gland
• GENERAL STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPEMENT
5 gm weight
Cortex(90%) and medulla(10%)
Cortex develops from embryonic mesoderm
Medulla develops from neural crests cells

7. Suprarenal gland
• ARTERIAL SUPPLY
3 suprarenal arteries
Superior-B/O inferior Phrenic artery
Middle-B/O abdominal aorta
Inferior-B/O renal artery
• VENOUS DRAINAGE
Right side- to IVC
Left side- to left renal vein

9. Suprarenal gland
• HISTOLGY AND FUNCTIONS
3 layers can be seen in cortex with distinct
functions
1. Zona glomerulos- mineralocorticoid
2. Zona fasiculata- glucocorticoid
3. Zona reticulosa- sex corticoid
 Rich in smooth ER

12. Suprarenal glands
• HISTOLGY AND FUNCTIONS
Adrenal medulla cells are modified
postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
Medulla cells + chromium salt gives yellow
granules in cytoplasm called as chromaffin
reaction.
High in rough ER
Included in APUD system or neuroendocrine
system.

13. Suprarenal glands
Adrenal medulla secrets catecholamines like
epinephrine , nor-epinephrine and Dopamine.
These acts as neurotransmitters for the
postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
Directly can stimulate the adrenergic receptor
during sympathetic activity

14. Suprarenal gland
• CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Addison’s disease- decreased ACTH
Cushing syndrome- increased cortosol
Commonest cause is iatrogenic
Conn’s syndrome- increased Aldosterone
Aldosterone secreting adenoma
Increased angiotensin

15. Suprarenal gland
Masculinization( virilism)- sex hormone
Feminization- sex hormone
Pheochromocytoma
Increased adrenaline
Associated with MEN2(+hyperparathyroid and
medullary ca of thyroid)

17. OVARY
• Female gonads- produce female gamets and sex
hormones(oestrogen and progesterone).
• 3cm in diameter
• LOCATION
 Ovarian fossa on lateral pelvic wall
Ant- obliterated umbilical artery
Post- ureter and internal iliac artery
 Nulliparous- long axis vertical
 Multiparous- long axis horizontal

18. Ovary
• Gross features
 2 pole or extremities--- upper or tubal pole&
lower or uterine
 2 borders– anterior or mesovarian, posterior
or free borders
 2 surfaces– lateral & medial

20. Ovary
• Almost entirely covered by peritoneum except
along anterior border (mesovarian)
• 2 ligaments
1. Ligament of ovary
2. Suspensory ligament – contain vessels and
nerves.
• Arterial supply
Ovarian artery- L1 level

21. Ovary
• Venous drainage
Right side- to IVC
Left side – to left renal vein
• Lymphatic drainage
Lateral aortic and pre-aortic nodes

24. Ovary
• Histology
Outer lining - germinal epithelium
 Cuboidal epithelium
Tunica albuginea
Substance of ovary
Cortex(stroma)- ovarian follicles of diff stages
Medulla- CT and blood vessels

28. Ovary
• Ovarian cycle
From formation of ovarian follicles to
degeneration of the corpus luteum.
 Primordial follicle
 Primary follicle
 Secondary follicle
 Graafian follicle

29. Ovary
 Rupture of graafian follicle and release of the
ovum( secondary oocyte)
 Formation of corpus luteum
 Degeneration of the corpus luteum
14 wk if ovum get fertilized
14 day without fertilization

31. Ovary
• Clinical relation
 Prolapse of ovary- laxness of braod ligament and
mesovarium( into the pouch of Douglas).
 Follicular cyst- in unruptured graafian follicles.
 Luteal cyst- around C.luteum
 Commonest site of endometrial cyst also called as
chocolate cyst.
 Agenesis – in Turner’s syndrome

33. TESTIS
• One of the internal male reproductive organ
• Produce male germ cells and male sex
hormones.
• Developed in the posterior abdominal wall .
Around 2 month of IUL they leave the
peritonial cavity and come out of body
through inguinal canal to the scrotum.
• Lies in the skin pocket called as Scrotum.

34. Testis
• External feature
Suspended in scrotum by the spermatic cord.
Left testis lower than right one.
2 poles, 2 borders and 2 surfaces.
Upper border give attachment to the
spermatic cord.
Epididymis lies along the lateral border of the
posterior border.

36. Testis
• Histology
 Lies in double layer T. vaginalis except for its
posterior border.
 Covered by T. albuginea and T. vasculosa.
 Around 200 lobules are present separated by CT
,which contains interstitial cell or cells of Leydig
 Made up of large number of semineferous
tubules , which contain male germ cells and
sustentacular cells or cells of sertoli.

40. Testis
• Arterial supply
Testicular artery- at the level of L2
Enter the spermatic cord
• Venous drainage
Vein first form the pampiniform plexus , pass
through the inguinal canal and finally drain to
the IVC and left renal vein.

41. Testis
• Lymphatic drainage
Preaortic and paraortic group of lymph node
• Nerve supply
 T10 segment of spinal cord

42. Testis
• Clinical relation
Vasectomy- b/l cutting of vas deferens for
male sterility.
Hermaphroditism- true and false
Hydrocoele
Varicocoele – common in left side