Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Renal sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Renal
During the second week of embryo development:
- The blastocyst is partially or completely embedded in the endometrial lining, with the trophoblast differentiating into layers. The embryoblast also divides into the hypoblast and epiblast.
- A small cavity, the future amniotic cavity, appears in the epiblast. The syncytiotrophoblast penetrates deeper into the endometrial stroma and establishes the first circulatory system between the embryo and mother.
- By the end of the second week, the extraembryonic mesoderm and chorionic cavity have formed, and primary villi with syncytial covering have begun to develop in the chorionic cavity.
The document summarizes the histology of the male reproductive system. It describes the key structures including the testis, seminiferous tubules, Sertoli and Leydig cells involved in spermatogenesis. It then discusses the male duct system including the rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory glands like the seminal vesicles and prostate gland. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the microscopic anatomy of each structure.
1. The document summarizes the histology of the central nervous system, including the two main cell types (neurons and neuroglia) and their roles.
2. It describes the structure and cell types of several areas of the CNS in detail, including the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, cerebellum, and sensory ganglia.
3. Neurons are the excitable cells that transmit electrical signals, while neuroglia are the supporting cells that surround neurons and help control their chemical environment.
The document provides an overview of the urinary system and kidney anatomy and histology. It describes the key functions and components of the kidneys, including the cortex and medulla. It explains the nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, consisting of the renal corpuscle and uriniferous tubule. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. Filtration occurs across the glomerular capillary endothelium, glomerular basement membrane, and podocytes within Bowman's capsule.
This document provides an overview of the normal histology of the kidney. It describes the anatomy and histological features of the major structures of the kidney, including the cortex, medulla, renal corpuscle, nephron (glomerulus, proximal and distal tubules, loop of Henle), collecting duct system, and juxtaglomerular apparatus. Key cellular components such as podocytes, mesangial cells, and intercalated cells are also discussed. The functions of the kidney in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance and producing hormones are briefly introduced.
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and consists of a renal corpuscle containing the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, and renal tubules. The renal cortex contains proximal convoluted tubules and distal convoluted tubules as well as interlobular arteries and veins. The glomerulus contains glomerular capillaries that filter blood, with mesangial cells helping to control glomerular function and blood pressure. Filtration occurs through the capillary endothelium, glomerular basement membrane, and podocytes before entering the proximal tubules where most reabsorption occurs.
01.28.09(b): Histology of the Male Reproductive SystemOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Endocrine / Reproduction sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Endo
During the second week of embryo development:
- The blastocyst is partially or completely embedded in the endometrial lining, with the trophoblast differentiating into layers. The embryoblast also divides into the hypoblast and epiblast.
- A small cavity, the future amniotic cavity, appears in the epiblast. The syncytiotrophoblast penetrates deeper into the endometrial stroma and establishes the first circulatory system between the embryo and mother.
- By the end of the second week, the extraembryonic mesoderm and chorionic cavity have formed, and primary villi with syncytial covering have begun to develop in the chorionic cavity.
The document summarizes the histology of the male reproductive system. It describes the key structures including the testis, seminiferous tubules, Sertoli and Leydig cells involved in spermatogenesis. It then discusses the male duct system including the rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory glands like the seminal vesicles and prostate gland. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the microscopic anatomy of each structure.
1. The document summarizes the histology of the central nervous system, including the two main cell types (neurons and neuroglia) and their roles.
2. It describes the structure and cell types of several areas of the CNS in detail, including the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, cerebellum, and sensory ganglia.
3. Neurons are the excitable cells that transmit electrical signals, while neuroglia are the supporting cells that surround neurons and help control their chemical environment.
The document provides an overview of the urinary system and kidney anatomy and histology. It describes the key functions and components of the kidneys, including the cortex and medulla. It explains the nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, consisting of the renal corpuscle and uriniferous tubule. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. Filtration occurs across the glomerular capillary endothelium, glomerular basement membrane, and podocytes within Bowman's capsule.
This document provides an overview of the normal histology of the kidney. It describes the anatomy and histological features of the major structures of the kidney, including the cortex, medulla, renal corpuscle, nephron (glomerulus, proximal and distal tubules, loop of Henle), collecting duct system, and juxtaglomerular apparatus. Key cellular components such as podocytes, mesangial cells, and intercalated cells are also discussed. The functions of the kidney in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance and producing hormones are briefly introduced.
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and consists of a renal corpuscle containing the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, and renal tubules. The renal cortex contains proximal convoluted tubules and distal convoluted tubules as well as interlobular arteries and veins. The glomerulus contains glomerular capillaries that filter blood, with mesangial cells helping to control glomerular function and blood pressure. Filtration occurs through the capillary endothelium, glomerular basement membrane, and podocytes before entering the proximal tubules where most reabsorption occurs.
01.28.09(b): Histology of the Male Reproductive SystemOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Endocrine / Reproduction sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Endo
The document summarizes the histology of the kidney. It describes the major structures of the kidney including the cortex, medulla, nephrons, renal corpuscles, glomerular filtration, renal tubules, and collecting system. It explains that the kidney filters blood to produce urine using nephrons as the functional unit, which contain a renal corpuscle for filtration and renal tubules for reabsorption and secretion.
The document summarizes the histology of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes the four layers of the GI tract wall - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. It then focuses on specific structures of the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas. Key points include the four regions of the stomach, gastric glands and their role in digestion, villi and crypts in the small intestine, and acini and islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that produce digestive enzymes and hormones. Clinical correlations are provided regarding conditions like atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, and acute pancreatitis.
The mucose membrane lining of gastrointestinal tract is stratified squamous epithelium at the esophagus which slowly convert into simple columnar epithelium at the stomach until the anus it converts back into the stratified squamous epithelium at the lower half of the anal canal. The stratified epithelium is a wear and tear epithelium.
As it passes down from the small to large intestine, goblet cells increase because as it passes down water was absorb, goblet cells function to produce mucous.
This is just a rough idea, for better slides with more reference please PM the author at davidgqf@gmail.com.
During the first two weeks of development, the fertilized egg undergoes cell division through cleavage to form a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants in the uterine wall and begins to develop two cell layers - the outer trophoblast and inner cell mass. The trophoblast layer further separates into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. The syncytiotrophoblast starts to invade the maternal tissues and establish placenta. Meanwhile, the cell mass develops into the amniotic cavity and the yolk sac to support the growing embryo. Primary villi also begin to form on the trophoblast as the basis for later placenta development.
The document provides an overview of the urinary system and its components. It describes the nephron as the functional unit of the kidney, including the glomerulus, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and loop of Henle. It also discusses podocytes forming filtration slits in the renal corpuscle and mesangial cells cleaning the filter. Finally, it briefly mentions the collecting ducts, ureter, and transitional epithelia of the urinary bladder.
The female reproductive system produces a finite number of eggs during fetal development. During puberty, hormones cause follicles in the ovaries to mature and release eggs, with only a small number reaching maturity. If an egg is fertilized, it develops in the uterus, whose lining changes each month in preparation. If not fertilized, the corpus luteum degrades and menstruation occurs.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional units that filter blood to form urine. Each nephron includes a renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until emptying via the urethra.
The document summarizes the histology of the urinary system. It describes the structures and cell types found in the kidney, nephron, ureter, bladder, and urethra. In the kidney, nephrons contain glomeruli and Bowman's capsules for blood filtration. The ureter transports urine from the kidney to the bladder via smooth muscle layers. The bladder stores urine in transitional epithelium before exiting the body through the urethra, lined with stratified squamous epithelium in males and females. Clinical correlates of urinary structures include incontinence and overactive bladder.
The document provides an overview of the histology of the female genital system, including the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, placenta, cervix, external genitalia, and mammary glands. It describes the ovarian cycle of follicle growth, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation. It also summarizes the histological changes that occur in the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle, including the proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases. Key structures and functions of each organ are highlighted.
The document provides information about the structure and function of the liver:
- The liver is covered by Glisson's capsule and is divided into lobules that contain hepatocytes arranged in plates separated by sinusoids. Bile canaliculi between hepatocytes drain into ductules.
- Blood enters the liver through the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery and flows through sinusoids before draining into the hepatic veins.
- The liver performs many metabolic functions like detoxification, protein synthesis, and glucose regulation. It also stores vitamins, glycogen, and lipids. Bile produced by hepatocytes is secreted into small bile ducts and stored in the gallbladder.
This document summarizes the key components and histology of the urinary system, including the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and juxtaglomerular apparatus. It describes the cortex, medulla, glomeruli, calyces, and other structures of the kidney. It also outlines the transitional epithelium, muscle layers, and adventitia of the ureter. The urinary bladder components discussed are the transitional epithelium, umbrella cells, and muscle layers. The juxtaglomerular apparatus role in regulating blood pressure and filtration is summarized. Histopathological findings for each organ are also listed.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document summarizes the histology of the female reproductive system. It describes the layers of the ovary including the cortex containing ovarian follicles and stroma, and the medulla containing blood vessels, connective tissue, and hilus cells. It also describes the layers of the uterus (perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium), uterine tubes (mucous membrane, muscle coat, serosa), and vagina (mucous membrane with stratified squamous epithelium, muscle coat, adventitia).
The document summarizes the histology of the respiratory system. It describes the structure of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. The trachea has ciliated pseudostratified epithelium and incomplete hyaline cartilage rings. The bronchi have plates of cartilage instead of rings and a smooth muscle layer between the lamina propria and submucosa. Bronchioles lack cartilage and glands. Terminal bronchioles have Clara cells and cuboidal epithelium. Respiratory bronchioles have alveoli in their walls. The lungs contain alveolar ducts, alveoli lined with simple squamous epithelium, and macrophages in the interalveolar septa.
1. The liver is organized into lobules centered around a central vein, with hepatic portal triads located at the lobules' peripheries. Blood flows from the portal triads through sinusoidal capillaries between hepatocyte plates to the central vein.
2. The liver acinus is the smallest functional unit, shaped like a hexagonal prism and zoned based on blood oxygen levels around its short axis portal triad and long axis central veins.
3. Hepatocytes are arranged in plates separated by sinusoids, with microvilli extending into perisinusoidal spaces to maximize nutrient exchange before blood drains into central veins. Bile canaliculi between hepatocytes drain into canals of
Blood vessel development occurs through vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. The major vessels form through vasculogenesis while the rest develop via angiogenesis. During development, the aortic arches form pairs that connect the aortic sac to the dorsal aortae and pharyngeal arches. Most of the arches regress except for parts that form portions of the carotid, pulmonary and subclavian arteries. Other changes accompany arch regression like dorsal aorta obliteration and heart descent into the thorax. The vitelline and umbilical arteries supply the gut and placenta, respectively, and remodel after birth. Coronary arteries arise from angioblasts and the epicardium, connecting to the aorta
11.03.08(c): Histology of the Cardiovascular SystemOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Cardiovascular / Respiratory sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Cardio
This document summarizes the histology and function of the pancreas. It describes the two main types of pancreatic tissue - exocrine and endocrine. The exocrine pancreas is made up of acini that secrete digestive enzymes into ducts. The endocrine pancreas contains islets of Langerhans that are clusters of hormone-producing cells. The major cell types in the islets and their hormones are identified. The document also outlines the regulation and functions of the pancreas as well as some common pancreatic diseases.
The urinary system removes waste from the bloodstream through the kidneys, which filter blood to form urine. The urine travels from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters. The bladder stores urine until urination, when urine exits the body through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb nutrients in the tubules, forming urine.
This document provides an outline of key topics in Chapter 21 of Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, including:
1) The structure and function of blood vessels such as arteries, veins, and capillaries.
2) Hemodynamics, the forces involved in circulating blood through the cardiovascular system.
3) An overview of the major circulatory routes of the blood vessels and the layers of the vessel walls.
The origins of the endoneurial collagen of peripheral nerves and their roots have
not yet been determined. Ochoa (1976) has recently commented upon the presence
of collagen in endoneurial clefts some weeks before the earliest appearance of endoneurial
fibroblasts and consequently attributed collagen production to the immediately
adjacent Schwann cells. The occurrence of collagen in 'pockets' invaginated
into the Schwann cells of unmyelinated fibres (Gamble, 1964) was interpreted as
showing a tendency in such cells to enwrap any suitably sized and orientated structure,
but Thomas (1973) thought the phenomenon more probably indicative of a
capacity of Schwann cells to replace degenerated axons with newly formed collagen.
It was remarked also (Ochoa, 1971) that although collagen pockets may be quite
numerous in young adult human nerves they had not appeared in the sural nerve of
a human fetus of 18 weeks of intrauterine life, i.e. at a stage of development when Schwann cells are extremely active in the establishment of complex interrelationships with unmyelinated axons. In the course of work directed to the study of the development of the human trochlear nerve some observations have been made which are pertinent to the problem of the origin of the endoneurial collagen. They are reported and discussed below.
The document summarizes the histology of the kidney. It describes the major structures of the kidney including the cortex, medulla, nephrons, renal corpuscles, glomerular filtration, renal tubules, and collecting system. It explains that the kidney filters blood to produce urine using nephrons as the functional unit, which contain a renal corpuscle for filtration and renal tubules for reabsorption and secretion.
The document summarizes the histology of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes the four layers of the GI tract wall - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. It then focuses on specific structures of the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas. Key points include the four regions of the stomach, gastric glands and their role in digestion, villi and crypts in the small intestine, and acini and islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that produce digestive enzymes and hormones. Clinical correlations are provided regarding conditions like atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, and acute pancreatitis.
The mucose membrane lining of gastrointestinal tract is stratified squamous epithelium at the esophagus which slowly convert into simple columnar epithelium at the stomach until the anus it converts back into the stratified squamous epithelium at the lower half of the anal canal. The stratified epithelium is a wear and tear epithelium.
As it passes down from the small to large intestine, goblet cells increase because as it passes down water was absorb, goblet cells function to produce mucous.
This is just a rough idea, for better slides with more reference please PM the author at davidgqf@gmail.com.
During the first two weeks of development, the fertilized egg undergoes cell division through cleavage to form a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants in the uterine wall and begins to develop two cell layers - the outer trophoblast and inner cell mass. The trophoblast layer further separates into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. The syncytiotrophoblast starts to invade the maternal tissues and establish placenta. Meanwhile, the cell mass develops into the amniotic cavity and the yolk sac to support the growing embryo. Primary villi also begin to form on the trophoblast as the basis for later placenta development.
The document provides an overview of the urinary system and its components. It describes the nephron as the functional unit of the kidney, including the glomerulus, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and loop of Henle. It also discusses podocytes forming filtration slits in the renal corpuscle and mesangial cells cleaning the filter. Finally, it briefly mentions the collecting ducts, ureter, and transitional epithelia of the urinary bladder.
The female reproductive system produces a finite number of eggs during fetal development. During puberty, hormones cause follicles in the ovaries to mature and release eggs, with only a small number reaching maturity. If an egg is fertilized, it develops in the uterus, whose lining changes each month in preparation. If not fertilized, the corpus luteum degrades and menstruation occurs.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional units that filter blood to form urine. Each nephron includes a renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until emptying via the urethra.
The document summarizes the histology of the urinary system. It describes the structures and cell types found in the kidney, nephron, ureter, bladder, and urethra. In the kidney, nephrons contain glomeruli and Bowman's capsules for blood filtration. The ureter transports urine from the kidney to the bladder via smooth muscle layers. The bladder stores urine in transitional epithelium before exiting the body through the urethra, lined with stratified squamous epithelium in males and females. Clinical correlates of urinary structures include incontinence and overactive bladder.
The document provides an overview of the histology of the female genital system, including the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, placenta, cervix, external genitalia, and mammary glands. It describes the ovarian cycle of follicle growth, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation. It also summarizes the histological changes that occur in the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle, including the proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases. Key structures and functions of each organ are highlighted.
The document provides information about the structure and function of the liver:
- The liver is covered by Glisson's capsule and is divided into lobules that contain hepatocytes arranged in plates separated by sinusoids. Bile canaliculi between hepatocytes drain into ductules.
- Blood enters the liver through the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery and flows through sinusoids before draining into the hepatic veins.
- The liver performs many metabolic functions like detoxification, protein synthesis, and glucose regulation. It also stores vitamins, glycogen, and lipids. Bile produced by hepatocytes is secreted into small bile ducts and stored in the gallbladder.
This document summarizes the key components and histology of the urinary system, including the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and juxtaglomerular apparatus. It describes the cortex, medulla, glomeruli, calyces, and other structures of the kidney. It also outlines the transitional epithelium, muscle layers, and adventitia of the ureter. The urinary bladder components discussed are the transitional epithelium, umbrella cells, and muscle layers. The juxtaglomerular apparatus role in regulating blood pressure and filtration is summarized. Histopathological findings for each organ are also listed.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document summarizes the histology of the female reproductive system. It describes the layers of the ovary including the cortex containing ovarian follicles and stroma, and the medulla containing blood vessels, connective tissue, and hilus cells. It also describes the layers of the uterus (perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium), uterine tubes (mucous membrane, muscle coat, serosa), and vagina (mucous membrane with stratified squamous epithelium, muscle coat, adventitia).
The document summarizes the histology of the respiratory system. It describes the structure of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. The trachea has ciliated pseudostratified epithelium and incomplete hyaline cartilage rings. The bronchi have plates of cartilage instead of rings and a smooth muscle layer between the lamina propria and submucosa. Bronchioles lack cartilage and glands. Terminal bronchioles have Clara cells and cuboidal epithelium. Respiratory bronchioles have alveoli in their walls. The lungs contain alveolar ducts, alveoli lined with simple squamous epithelium, and macrophages in the interalveolar septa.
1. The liver is organized into lobules centered around a central vein, with hepatic portal triads located at the lobules' peripheries. Blood flows from the portal triads through sinusoidal capillaries between hepatocyte plates to the central vein.
2. The liver acinus is the smallest functional unit, shaped like a hexagonal prism and zoned based on blood oxygen levels around its short axis portal triad and long axis central veins.
3. Hepatocytes are arranged in plates separated by sinusoids, with microvilli extending into perisinusoidal spaces to maximize nutrient exchange before blood drains into central veins. Bile canaliculi between hepatocytes drain into canals of
Blood vessel development occurs through vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. The major vessels form through vasculogenesis while the rest develop via angiogenesis. During development, the aortic arches form pairs that connect the aortic sac to the dorsal aortae and pharyngeal arches. Most of the arches regress except for parts that form portions of the carotid, pulmonary and subclavian arteries. Other changes accompany arch regression like dorsal aorta obliteration and heart descent into the thorax. The vitelline and umbilical arteries supply the gut and placenta, respectively, and remodel after birth. Coronary arteries arise from angioblasts and the epicardium, connecting to the aorta
11.03.08(c): Histology of the Cardiovascular SystemOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Cardiovascular / Respiratory sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Cardio
This document summarizes the histology and function of the pancreas. It describes the two main types of pancreatic tissue - exocrine and endocrine. The exocrine pancreas is made up of acini that secrete digestive enzymes into ducts. The endocrine pancreas contains islets of Langerhans that are clusters of hormone-producing cells. The major cell types in the islets and their hormones are identified. The document also outlines the regulation and functions of the pancreas as well as some common pancreatic diseases.
The urinary system removes waste from the bloodstream through the kidneys, which filter blood to form urine. The urine travels from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters. The bladder stores urine until urination, when urine exits the body through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb nutrients in the tubules, forming urine.
This document provides an outline of key topics in Chapter 21 of Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, including:
1) The structure and function of blood vessels such as arteries, veins, and capillaries.
2) Hemodynamics, the forces involved in circulating blood through the cardiovascular system.
3) An overview of the major circulatory routes of the blood vessels and the layers of the vessel walls.
The origins of the endoneurial collagen of peripheral nerves and their roots have
not yet been determined. Ochoa (1976) has recently commented upon the presence
of collagen in endoneurial clefts some weeks before the earliest appearance of endoneurial
fibroblasts and consequently attributed collagen production to the immediately
adjacent Schwann cells. The occurrence of collagen in 'pockets' invaginated
into the Schwann cells of unmyelinated fibres (Gamble, 1964) was interpreted as
showing a tendency in such cells to enwrap any suitably sized and orientated structure,
but Thomas (1973) thought the phenomenon more probably indicative of a
capacity of Schwann cells to replace degenerated axons with newly formed collagen.
It was remarked also (Ochoa, 1971) that although collagen pockets may be quite
numerous in young adult human nerves they had not appeared in the sural nerve of
a human fetus of 18 weeks of intrauterine life, i.e. at a stage of development when Schwann cells are extremely active in the establishment of complex interrelationships with unmyelinated axons. In the course of work directed to the study of the development of the human trochlear nerve some observations have been made which are pertinent to the problem of the origin of the endoneurial collagen. They are reported and discussed below.
10 Enduring Scientific remarks in NephrologyKiwon Kim
This document summarizes 10 scientific landmarks in the history of nephrology over 2000 years:
1) Galen discovered that the kidneys are the source of urine.
2) William Harvey discovered that blood circulates through organs including the kidneys, driven by heart contractions.
3) Marcello Malpighi discovered the fine structure of the kidney providing insight into its function using early microscopes.
4) Richard Bright was the first to describe clinical manifestations of kidney disease known as Bright's disease.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Cardiovascular / Respiratory sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Cardio
The document provides an overview of the urinary system anatomy and function. It lists the main organs of the urinary system as the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It describes the location of the kidneys and discusses the nephrons as the functional units of the kidney. It also summarizes key processes in the nephron including filtration, reabsorption, and concentration of urine.
Emailing urinary answered essay asm 2019 team (2)sallamahmed1
The document summarizes histological features of the urinary system. It discusses differences between the renal cortex and medulla, basis of renal lobulation and contents of lobes and lobules. It also describes structures within the renal interstitium, parts of the nephron, classification of nephrons, renal vasculature, venous drainage, glomerular capillaries, functions of mesangial cells, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle segments, collecting duct cell types and more.
Emailing urinary answered essay asm 2019 team (1)sallamahmed1
The document summarizes histological features of the urinary system. It discusses differences between the renal cortex and medulla, basis of renal lobulation and contents of lobes and lobules. It also describes structures within the renal interstitium, parts of the nephron, classification of nephrons, renal vasculature, venous drainage, glomerular capillaries, functions of mesangial cells, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle segments, collecting duct cell types and more.
The document summarizes histological features of the urinary system. It discusses differences between the renal cortex and medulla, basis of renal lobulation and contents of lobes and lobules. It also describes structures within the renal interstitium, parts of the nephron, classification of nephrons, renal vasculature, venous drainage, glomerular capillaries, functions of mesangial cells, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle segments, collecting duct cell types and more.
Here are the key factors that affect renal blood flow (RBF):
1. Autoregulation - RBF is maintained relatively constant over a range of blood pressures (70-170 mmHg) through adjustments in renal vascular resistance.
2. Sympathetic stimulation - Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole, especially in cortical nephrons, decreasing RBF.
3. Angiotensin II - This vasoconstrictor hormone causes constriction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles, reducing RBF.
4. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - This vasodilator
USMLE NEUROANATOMY 016 White matter of the brain corpus calloum.pdfAHMED ASHOUR
Neurosurgery involving the white matter of the brain typically focuses on addressing specific conditions or abnormalities within this tissue. The white matter comprises nerve fibers, or axons, which are responsible for transmitting signals between different regions of the brain and connecting various parts of the central nervous system. Surgery involving the white matter of the brain is highly specialized and requires a thorough understanding of the brain's anatomy, neuroimaging, and advanced surgical techniques. Neurosurgeons carefully plan interventions to achieve therapeutic goals while minimizing damage to critical white matter tracts that play a crucial role in neural communication.
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, at which point urine passes through the urethra and out of the body. The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra each have distinct tissue layers including mucosa, muscularis, and serosa that allow them to perform their specialized functions within the urinary system.
Micro anatomy of cochlea humans and animalsravi9164
The document summarizes the microanatomy of the inner ear, specifically the cochlea, in the chinchilla. It describes the various microstructures that make up the cochlea, including the osseous spiral lamina, Reissner's membrane, basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, organ of Corti, hair cells, spiral ganglion, and stria vascularis. It provides details on the composition, structure, and function of these various microstructures that are essential for hearing.
This document provides lecture notes on homeostasis and cellular metabolism. It contains sections on the histology of the kidney, central glycolytic pathways, common metabolic terms and concepts, glycolysis, the link reaction, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, lipid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, glycogen metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. The notes describe the gross structure and vasculature of the kidney, as well as the structure and function of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney.
Urinary.pptx knowledge about tracts and inauguration of the dayakshayamritanshuru40
The urinary tract is the system in the body that is responsible for producing, storing, and eliminating urine. It includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste products from the blood to produce urine, which then travels through the ureters to the bladder for storage. When the bladder is full, urine is expelled from the body through the urethra. The urinary tract plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's fluid balance and removing waste products from the bloodstream.
Lymph nodes of head and neck: Normal anatomy and applied aspectAshish Ranghani
Lymph nodes in the head and neck can be classified as either superficial or deep nodes. Superficial nodes include the submental, submandibular, buccal, mandibular, parotid, postauricular, occipital, anterior cervical, and superficial cervical nodes. Deep nodes include the prelaryngeal, pretracheal, paratracheal, jugulodigastric, and jugulo-omohyoid nodes. The lymph nodes drain various structures in the head and neck region and filter lymph before it returns to circulation. Lymph nodes are important for immune function and removing debris from tissues.
Lymph nodes of head & neck, Normal anatomy and its applied aspectAshish Ranghani
Lymph nodes in the head and neck can be classified as either superficial or deep nodes. Superficial nodes include the submental, submandibular, buccal, mandibular, parotid, postauricular, occipital, anterior cervical, and superficial cervical nodes. Deep nodes include the prelaryngeal, pretracheal, paratracheal, jugulodigastric, and jugulo-omohyoid nodes. The lymph nodes drain various structures in the head and neck region and filter lymph before it returns to circulation. Lymph nodes are important for immune function and removing debris from tissues.
The urinary system removes waste from the body via the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter blood to form urine via nephrons, which consist of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule. Urine passes from nephrons to the renal pelvis and ureters into the bladder, then exits via the urethra. The kidneys also regulate electrolytes and blood pressure by producing hormones like erythropoietin and renin.
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This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
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1. Author(s): Michael Hortsch, Ph.D., 2009
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3. Histology of the Urinary Tract
Michael Hortsch, Ph.D.
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
University of Michigan
Fall 2008
4. James A. Shannon, Robert
Berliner, and Homer W. Smith
(center) prior to Smith s
lecture on April 26, 1960
(NIH, Bethesda, Maryland,
USA).
National Library of Medicine
(1939)
5. Objectives Renal Histology:
• Study the general organization of the kidney and how cortical and medullar
structures relate to each other.
• Follow the blood supply distribution network throughout the kidney tissue.
• Define the nephron as the principle functional unit of the kidney.
• Learn about the different renal glomerular components and how they
accomplish blood filtration.
• Discuss filtrate conditioning by the proximal convoluted tubules.
• Study the changes in the epithelial lining along the nephron and collecting
tubules and how they tie into the physiological role of the kidney
• Understand the organization and function of the different postglomerular
blood vessels.
• Recognize the cellular components of the juxtaglomerular junctions and
their physiological roles.
• Learn about the histological appearance of the ureter and bladder.
6. Kidney Functions:
• Filtration of most small molecules from blood plasma
to form a filtrate.
• Selective reabsorption of most of the water and other
molecules from the filtrate, leaving behind waste
products to be secreted.
• Secretion of some excretory products directly into the
filtrate (e.g., H+ by Na+/H+ exchanger).
• Endocrine functions: Maintenance of blood pressure
(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system), synthesis of
erythropoietin, and activation/hydroxylation of 25-OH
vitamin D3 (Ca2+ metabolism).
7. U.S. Federal Government Wheater s Functional Histology; 4th edition, 2000, Young
and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig.16.3
The kidney is subdivided in lobes with medullary and cortical areas
8. Medium magnification of a
single kidney lobe:
The medulla is characterized
by long straight tubules,
which extend into cortical
areas. It has a triangular
shape with the tip pointing
to the hilum (medullary
pyramid)
Wheater s Functional Histology; 4th edition, 2000, Young
and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig 16.5
9. Proximal
Convoluted
Tubule
Distal
Renal or
Convolute
Malpighian d Tubule
corpuscle
Source Undetermined
The nephron is the principle
functional unit of the kidney. There Loop of Henle
—Descending
Collecting
are about 1.3 million nephrons in a & Ascending
Duct
normal human kidney. It consists of
a ball-shaped renal or Malpighian
corpuscle, which carries out blood
filtration, and a long tubular part,
which carries out filtrate
conditioning and processing.
Gray s Anatomy
10. cortical
nephron
U.S. Federal Government
Gray s Anatomy
cortico medullary
nephron would be here
Histology – A Text and Atlas; 5th edition, 2006, Ross and
Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.6
11. Arteriogram of a human
kidney:
Blood supply and drainage
is via the hialum by the
renal artery and the renal vein,
respectively.
Histology – A Text and Atlas; 5th edition, 2006, Ross and
Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.6
12. Interlobar arteries
split at the cortico-
medullary junction into
arcuate arteries.
Arcuate arteries branch
into interlobular arteries,
intralobular arteries,
which both supply
Piotr Michał Jaworski, Wikipedia
afferent arterioles.
1. Renal pyramid
10. Inferior renal capsule
2. Interlobar artery
11. Superior renal capsule
3. Renal artery
12. Interlobar vein
4. Renal vein
13. Nephron
5. Renal hylum
14. Minor calyx
6. Renal pelvis
15. Major calyx
7. Ureter
16. Renal papilla
8. Minor calyx
17. Renal column
9. Renal capsule
13. Blood filtration takes
place in the renal
corpuscle through the
walls of the
capillaries in the
renal corpuscle. The
residual blood
components are
drained by the
efferent arteriole.
Gray s Anatomy
14. Reproduction of Gray's figure 1130 by Mysid, Wikipedia.
The capillary system of a renal corpuscle is called the glomerulus
15. Scanning electron
micrograph of a
cast of several
glomeruli
Color Atlas of Histology; 1992; Erlandsen
and Magney; Mosby Book Fig 18-4
16. Blood supply of a
glomerulus is
supplied by the
afferent arteriole and
drained by the
efferent arteriole.
Both arterioles enter/
exit the renal
corpuscle at the
vascular pole.
Wheater s Functional Histology; 4th edition, 2000, Young
and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig 16.10
17. Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-8
The renal blood filtration barrier consists of a specialized basement
membrane and two cellular components, the fenestrated (diameter
50-100 nm) capillary endothelium and the podocytes.
18. Extensions of the
podocyte cell,
called pedicels,
wrap around the
capillary system
of the glomeruli
Color Atlas of Histology, 1992,
Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby
Book Fig 18-10
19. Image of renal
filtration barrier
removed
Artistic illustration of the renal filtration barrier
20. Image of renal
filtration barrier
removed
The pedicels of the podocytes form filtration slits, which are on average
about 25 nm wide.
21. The renal filtration
basement membrane is
240-350 nm thick and is
produced by both by
podocytes and capillary
endothelial cells. It is rich
in negatively charged
glycoproteins. Since it is a
double basement
membrane, it contains two
lamina rara layers. It will
exclude particles larger
than 10 nm and 60,000 to
70,000 Daltons in size.
Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Modified from 18-11
22. Concise Histology by Fawcett and Jensh, 1997, Chapman & Hall Fig 21-8
Electron micrograph of the renal filtration barrier
23. A Text and Atlas; 5th edition, 2006, Ross and Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.10
Mesangial cells maintain the glomerular basement
membrane and also contribute to its formation.
24. Electron micrograph
micrograph of a
mesangial cell.
In response to
angiotensin II the
extensions of mesangial
cells contract and reduce
the blood flow through
the glomerular
capillaries. Atrial
natriuretic peptide (ANP)
causes mesangial cells to
relax.
Cell and Tissue Ultrastructure – A Functional Perspective; 1993;
Cross and Mercer, Freeman and Co. Fig. page 325
25. Bowman s capsule has a
visceral (podocyte layer) and a
parietal cell layer (simple
squamous epithelium).
The primary filtration product
is collected between the two
layers in the urinary space and
is drained from the renal
corpuscle at the
urinary pole.
National
Modified by M. Hortsch from Wheater s Functional Histology; 3rd edition, 1993, Burkitt, Young, Library of
and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Fig. 16.19 Medicine
26. At the urinary pole starts
the proximal convoluted
tubular system (PCT).
Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993,
Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-8
27. The PCT system has a
Image of PCT simple cuboidal
System removed
epithelium, that contains
a characteristic apical
brush border.
28. The PCT section is the
longest subregion of the
nephron tubular system
(in humans about 15 mm).
Therefore, in the cortex
most cross-sections of
tubules will represent PCT.
Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman,
Appelton and Lange Fig 16-7
29. This electron micrograph
shows the characteristic
brush border and
numerous mitochondria
that provide energy for
various pump and
salvage processes.
Cell and Tissue Ultrastructure – A Functional Perspective;
1993; Cross and Mercer, Freeman and Co.page 329
30. The PCT epithelium is sealed
by tight junctions.
Salt and small nutrient
molecules are transported to
the basal aspect of the
epithelium.
The basolateral plasma
membrane is enriched in Na
+/K+-ATPase complexes,
which act as sodium pumps.
Source Undetermined
31. The intial and the last segment
of the Henle s loop is lined by
a simple cuboidal epithelium
The middle segment or thin
limb of Henle s loop is lined
by a simple squamous Image of the DCT
epithelium.
removed
Original from Basic Histology – Text & Atlas; 10th edition, 2003;
Junqueira and Carneiro, Lange McGraw-Hill Figure 19-16
Transverse section of pyramidal substance of kidney of pig, the bloodvessels
of which are injected. a. Large collecting tube, cut across, lined with
cylindrical epithelium. b. Branch of collecting tube, cut across, lined with
cubical epithelium. c, d. Henle s loops cut across. e. Bloodvessels cut across.
D. Connective tissue ground substance.
Source Undetermined, Wikipedia
32. The PCT turns into the loop of Henle and continues downwards
into the medulla. The initial segment is the straight descending
thick limp (simple cuboidal epithelium with an apical brush
border). Around the outer part of the medulla it abruptly changes
into the thin descending limb, loosing its brush border and
turning into a simple squamous epithelium.
Concise Histology by Fawcett and Jensh, 1997, Chapman & Hall Fig 21-12
Originally Osvaldo and Latta J. of Ultrastructure Research 15: 144, 1966
33. Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.19
The thin limb of the loop of Henle has a similar
appearance as blood capillaries.
34. Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-18
In the medulla the thin limb of the loop of Henle makes a turn back
towards the renal corpuscle at the beginning of the nephron.
35. Histological differences
between the outer and the
inner (deep) medulla
Outer medulla
Japanese slide set (Humio
Mizoguti, Department of
Anatomy, Kobe University
Inner medulla
Gray s Anatomy
School of Medicine, Slides
#454 and #458
36. The Distal Convoluted
Tubule (DCT)
is shorter (about 5 mm in
humans) than the PCT
segment and has no apical
Image of the DCT brush border.
removed
vs.
Color Textbook of Histology; 3rd edition, 2007; Gartner and
Hiatt; Elsevier Figures 19-12 and 19-13 PCT
DCT
38. DCT from several nephrons Image of the DCT
release the processed filtrate removed
into collecting tubules,
which merge to form
collecting ducts.
Transverse section of pyramidal substance of kidney of pig, the
bloodvessels of which are injected. a. Large collecting tube, cut across,
lined with cylindrical epithelium. b. Branch of collecting tube, cut
across, lined with cubical epithelium. c, d. Henle s loops cut across. e.
Bloodvessels cut across. D. Connective tissue ground substance.
39. Collecting tubules can be
recognized by a clear lateral
demarcation between
neighboring epithelial cells.
In contrast to the other tubular parts
of the nephron, lateral membrane
infoldings and interdigitations are
missing, making the lateral cell
contacts more visible.
Color Atlas of Basic Histology; 1993; Berman; Appelton and Lange, Fig 16-13
40. Collecting ducts are formed
by the fusion of collecting
tubules and extend towards
the renal papilla and the
renal calyx.
Color Atlas of Basic Histology; 1993; Berman; Appelton and Lange Fig 16-14
41. Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby, Fig 15.36
The large collecting ducts at the tip of the
medullary pyramid are referred to as the ducts
of Bellini. The final processed filtration product
is collecting in the major calyces.
Source Undetermined, Wikipedia
42. Image of the DCT
removed
Changes of the lining
epithelium along the
nephron and the
Original from Basic Histology – Text & Atlas; 10th edition, 2003; collecting tubules/ducts
Junqueira and Carneiro, Lange McGraw-Hill Figure 19-16
43. 300 mOs
Flow of the renal filtration
fluid and selective removal
of salt and water creates an
osmolarity gradient between
cortical and medullar
regions.
This is called the
counter-current multiplier
system.
1200 mOs
Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.20
44. Aldosterone
increases sodium
uptake in the DCT.
ADH (Antidiuretic
hormone) regulates
the water
permeability of the
distal part of the
nephron and
thereby influences
the volume and
concentration of
the final filtration
product.
Wheater s Functional Histology; 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig. 16.21
45. The efferent arterioles split into
a second capillary system, the
peritubular network, which
nourishes and supplies the
convoluted tubles.
The peritubular capillary
endothelial cells are also a
source of erythropoietin.
Cortico-medullary nephrons
also extend a capillary branch
deep into the medulla. These
capillaries are called the vasa
recta system.
Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.4a
46. The vasa recta
capillaries follow the
collecting tubules/
ducts into the deep
medulla.
Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997,
Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 16.35b
47. 300 mOs
The vasa recta capillaries pass
through a region of high
osmolarity. This results in an
exchange of blood fluid/water.
This is called the
counter-current exchange
system.
1200 mOs
Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.25
48. (also Goormaghtigh cells
or extraglomerular
mesangial cells)
Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby, Modified from Fig 15.28a
The juxtaglomerular complex (shown by D) has
important control and regulation functions.
49. The DCT passes
between the afferent
and efferent arteriole at
the vascular pole of the
renal corpuscle. A
thickening in the DCT
epithelium signifies the
macular densa. The
macula densa regulates
mesangial and
juxtaglomerular cells
and thereby influences
the blood flow through
the glomerular network
and the blood pressure
and the renin-
Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby, Fig 15.28b
angiotensin system
(see next slides).
50. Color Atlas of Histology; 1992; Erlandsen and Magney; Mosby Book Fig 18-20
National Library of Medicine
Specialized smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriolar wall (called
juxtaglomerular cells) produce the hormone renin as shown in this
immunocytochemical micrograph. Renin or angiotensinogenase is an enzyme
with a proteolytic activity that cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.
51. Renin secretion
is triggered by
ATP release
from the
macular densa.
It induces the
activation of
angiotensin,
which in turn
induces the
release of
aldosterone,
resulting in
sodium and A. Rad, Wikipedia
water retention
in the kidney.
52. The ureter is lined by a
transitional epithelium
and has a rather
disorganized smooth
muscle layer.
Color Atlas of Basic Histology; 1993; Berman; Appelton and Lange Fig 16-17
55. Color Atlas of Basic Histology; 1993; Berman; Appelton and Lange, Fig 16-18
Similarly, the bladder is lined by a transitional epithelium
and has three rather unorganized smooth muscle layers.
56. Additional Source Information
for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy
Slide 4: National Library of Medicine
Slide 7: Kidney , U.S Federal Government, Histology Image , Wheater s Functional Histology, 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath,
Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig.16.3
Slide 8: Wheater s Functional Histology, 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig 16.5
Slide 9: Marcello Malpighi , Source Undetermined; Nephron , Gray s Anatomy
Slide 10: Kidney , U.S Federal Government, Histology Image , A Text and Atlas, 5th edition, 2006, Ross and Pawlina, Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.6; Kidney Sketch , Gray s Anatomy
Slide 11: Histology – A Text and Atlas, 5th edition, 2006, Ross and Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.6
Slide 12: Piotr Michał Jaworski , Wikipedia, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KidneyStructures_PioM.svg, CC: BY-SA 3.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Slide 13: Gray s Anatomy
Slide 14: Vectorized in CorelDraw by Mysid, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mysid, from the online edition of Gray's Anatomy,
Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1130.svg
Slide 15: Glomeruli , Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-4
Slide 16: Wheater s Functional Histology, 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig 16.10
Slide 17: Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-8
Slide 18: Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-10
Slide 21: Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Modified from 18-11
Slide 22: Concise Histology by Fawcett and Jensh, 1997, Chapman & Hall Fig 21-8
Slide 23: A Text and Atlas, 5th edition, 2006, Ross and Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.10
Slide 24: Cell and Tissue Ultrastructure – A Functional Perspective, 1993, Cross and Mercer, Freeman and Co. Fig. page 325
Slide 25: Bowman s Capsule , Modified by M. Hortsch from Wheater s Functional Histology, 3rd edition, 1993, Burkitt, Young, and
Heath, Churchill Livingstone Fig. 16.19; William Bowman , National Library of Medicine,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Bowman.jpg
Slide 26: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-8
Slide 28: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-7
Slide 29: Cell and Tissue Ultrastructure – A Functional Perspective; 1993, Cross and Mercer, Freeman and Co.page 329
Slide 30: Source Undetermined
57. Slide 31: Jacob Henle , Source Undetermined, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Henle; Henle s Loop Basic Histology –
Text & Atlas, 10th edition, 2003, Junqueira and Carneiro, Lange McGraw-Hill Figure 19-16
Slide 32: Concise Histology by Fawcett and Jensh, 1997, Chapman & Hall Fig 21-12 Originally Osvaldo and Latta J. of Ultrastructure
Research 15: 144, 1966
Slide 33: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.19
Slide 34: Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-18
Slide 35: Gray s Anatomy; Japanese slide set (Humio Mizoguti, Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Slides
#454 and #458
Slide 36: Color Textbook of Histology, 3rd edition, 2007, Gartner and Hiatt, Elsevier Figures 19-12 and 19-13
Slide 37: Wheater s Functional Histology, 3rd edition, 1993, Burkitt, Young, and Heath, Churchill Livingstone, Fig 16.18b
Slide 39: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange, Fig 16-13
Slide 40: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-14
Slide 41: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby, Fig 15.36; Bellini Source Undetermined, Wikipedia
Slide 43: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.20
Slide 44: Wheater s Functional Histology; 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig. 16.21
Slide 45: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.4a
Slide 46: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 16.35b
Slide 47: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.25
Slide 49: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby, Fig 15.28b
Slide 50: National Library of Medicine, Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-20
Slide 51: A. Rad, Wikipedia, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.png , GNU FDL 1.2,
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.2.html#TOC1
Slide 52: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-17
Slide 53: Michigan Medical Histology Slide Collection Slide 212; Michigan Medical Histology Slide Collection Slide 19-1
Slide 54: Source Undetermined all
Slide 55: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange, Fig 16-18