Urbanization is defined as the growth of urban areas due to rural populations migrating to existing urban centers. This document outlines several factors that influence urban growth, including push factors in rural areas like lack of opportunities and facilities, and pull factors in urban areas like better access to jobs, education, and infrastructure. Models of urban land use are also discussed, including the concentric zone model showing zones expanding from the urban core, the sector model showing development along transportation routes, and the multiple nuclei model showing zones developing around separate urban centers. The effects of urbanization on economies and environments are briefly mentioned.

1. What is Urbanization
Urbanization is the physical
growth of rural or natural land
into urban areas as a result of
population immigration to an
existing urban area.

2. The Causes of Urban Growth
Push Factors
Lack of educational facilities
Lack of job opportunities
Lack of health facilities
Lack of Sui gas, electricity and sewerage
system
Land lord system
Unequality
Low living standard
Old traditions

3. Pull Factors
Better and higher educational facilities
Better and more of job opportunities
Better health facilities
Availability of Sui gas, electricity and sewerage system
Better living standard

4. The Urbanization Curve

5. large shifts of population from rural areas to
towns and cities in response to the creation of
an urban economy.
As the urban percentage reaches above 60, the
curve begins to flatten, approaching a ceiling of
around 80 percent.
This is the level at which rural and urban
populations appear to reach a functional
equilibrium.

6. Effects
Economic Effects Environmental Effects

7. Urban structure
It is the arrangement of land use in
urban areas.
Sociologists,economists, and
geographers have developed several
models.
explaining where different types of
people and businesses tend to exist
within the urban setting.

8. The Burgess Model
The theory, proposed by E. W. Burgess
(1926), that urban land use may be
classified as a series of concentric
zones.
In which he describes different
concentric
zones which is located in this model.

10. The (Homer) Hoyt Model
The sector model also known as the Hoyt model is a
model of urban land use proposed in 1939 by
economist Homer Hoyt.
While accepting the existence of a central business
district, Hoyt suggested that zones expand outward
from the city center along railroads, highways, and
other transportation arteries.

11. Different zones of Sector model

12. The Multiple Nuclei Model
Harris and Ullman (1945) argue that
land use patterns do not grow from a
single central point in a city but from
multiple points or nuclei.
Some of these points existed before the
city began to row, while others develop
as the city grows.

13. Zone of this Model
They suggested about multiple Nuclei Model that
zones develop around a number of separate nuclei
such as railway stations and industrial complexes.
Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman have combined
the concentric zone and sector theories in multiple
Nuclei model and added some other ingredients in
explaining the pattern of land uses.

14. Other zones of multiple nuclei model
Residential condition
Low class, middle class, high class.
Industry – No one(small scale)
Industrial park – No one.
Open places present
Commuter belt, mix up within city
No zone of transition.

15. Nucleus or CBD
The term nucleus refers to any attracting
elements around which growth of residential,
business, industrial or other takes place.
One nucleus within walled city which is
traditional bazaar.
Another Nucleus is cant bazaar in cant area
serving surrounding areas.

16. In spite all of theses CBD’s,
There are factories and mills like cotton, sugar and
floor mills which are also part of the Multiple Nuclei
model.
Multiple Nuclei also means many centers which
serves its surrounding settlement.
These nuclei could be of many kinds like hospital,
Educational centers and business centers or any kind
of shop.