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Urban settlements
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- 3. Urbanization • The growthof towns & cities leading to an increasing percentage of the population living in urban areas • Occurred first in Europe & N. America & other MEDCs – More than 90% of MEDCs populations live in towns & cities
- 4. Urbanization • Caused bythe Industrial Revolution • In richer countries urbanization is either very slow or stopped completely
- 5. Urbanization • Urbanization inLEDCs has increased rapidly due to: overall population growth, rural-to-urban migration, & increasing numbers in secondary and tertiary industries • S. American LEDCs have experienced a greater increase in urbanization than Africa
- 6. Urbanization • Some ofthe fastest growing cities are in S.E. Asia: Dhaka (Bangladesh), Karachi (Pakistan), Delhi(India), & Bangkok (Thailand) – Doubled their populations between 1985 & 2000 • Many of the fastest growing cities are in the tropics. – Why?
- 7. Counter-Urbanization • The movementof people back from urban areas to rural • Usually wealthy, retired, or commute • Caused by urban life problems and the quietness of rural areas • Houses are cheaper and larger in the countryside
- 8. HOW MIGHT COUNTER-URBANIZATION AFFECTRURAL AREAS?
- 9. Advantage Disadvantage City Village Do youthink an older person would think the same as you do about the advantages and disadvantages?
- 10. TEXT BOOK PAGE55 #9 A-D WORKBOOK PAGE 44 & 45 TASKS 1-4
- 11. Mega-Cities • Cities with populationsover 10 million. • China has the largest rural-to-urban migration in history – Began in late 1980s – Planning to merge 9 cities to create a mega city with population of 42 million
- 12. Factors Influencing Size,Growth, & Functions of Urban Settlements Nodal Points (Route Centers) • Where natural route ways, like river valleys, meet. • Can become the most accessible points in the area • i.e. Khartoum in Sudan- Blue Nile and White Nile meet
- 13. Factors Influencing Size,Growth, & Functions of Urban Settlements Agricultural Centers • Rich agricultural areas have become marketing points for the area, and these create transport links • Example: The Prairies in Canada- Cereal Farming
- 14. Factors Influencing Size,Growth, & Functions of Urban Settlements Ports • Presence of deep water close to shore • Shelter from strong winds and rough seas • A gap where ships can pass • Presence of large area connected to the port • Good transport links • Strategic position on world shipping routes.
- 15. Factors Influencing Size,Growth, & Functions of Urban Settlements Administrative Towns & Cities • Capitals of different countries and towns and cities where the government and civil service are based • Often located centrally or in strategic locations.
- 16. Factors Influencing Size,Growth, & Functions of Urban Settlements Administrative Towns & Cities • During European colonization, seaports were set up as capitals and moved inland once independence was gained.
- 17. WHAT FACTORS SHOULDBE IMPORTANT WHEN DECIDING WHERE TO MAKE A CAPITAL CITY?
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- 20. Central Business District(CBD) • GOV’T buildings • High order services in the middle; specialist shops on the outskirts • Offices and hdqtrs. • Few residents • Old historic buildings • Public transport • High number of pedestrians
- 21. Why CBDs Develop •CBD was the original core of a settlement • The point where roads from the outskirts converged; most accessible part of town • Attracted variety of services making land prices higher causing buildings to be built taller to accommodate.
- 22. Residential Areas High-Density Housing •Small dwellings and little open space between them. • Found in older parts of towns; closer to the center Low-Density Housing • Fewer dwellings per sq. km • Open space btwn. housing • More modern and further from the city or town center
- 23. Residential Areas Flats(Apartments) • Multi-storeybuildings found in any part of town or city • Can be high quality and expensive • Called condos when privately owned Shanty Houses • AKA favelas (S. America) or bustees (Asia) • Slum housing built from any available material & may lack sewage or water • In LEDCs located in the outer areas • https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=mS_PjwaqZYE
- 24. Open Spaces • Foundin most towns and cities • Usually planned features (parks, sports grounds) in MEDCs • Unkempt areas in LEDCs
- 25. Industrial Areas • Presentin most towns & cities • Older industries located near railways and close to city centers • Industries associated with sea or river ports (import/export) • New industrial areas closer to the outskirts of cities & have good access to road transport
- 26. Transport Routes • Keyfeature in land use • High density cities are easier to serve by public transport
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- 29. Questions • What arethe 5 urban land uses? • What is urbanization? • Where is the largest megacity located? • What’s another word for shanty houses? • Name a city with high-density housing.
- 30. Urban Structures inMEDC Cities • Urban structure/morphology- the distribution of different types of land use in a town or city • The different types of land use usually are in different zones because: – Cost of land is different – Certain types of land use don’t mix – Land use, once established, continues to be used for the same purpose
- 31. Burgess Concentric ZoneModel • Developed in 1925 • Based on Chicago • The CBD is the original growth point • Manufacturing zone • New immigrants move into inner city areas (cheap housing and employment) • Housing quality and social class change the further from the center you get • As the city grows the circles push outwards • The transition zone is where residential areas change to commercial use
- 32. Concentric Zone Theory •Timeframe • 1920’s • Class conscious society • Housing segregated according to income • Lack of transport infrastructure • Assumptions • Older buildings in city centre • Newer buildings at edge of city • Land values highest in city centre • Strong economic and ethnic segregation • Low income groups lack transport and live close to city centre. • Cities develop on a flat plain with equal access to transport
- 33. Problems with BurgessModel • Old • Doesn't consider car ownership • Landscape not considered • Impact that industry and transport could have on land use not considered. • Zones are never as clear-cut
- 34. Hoyt’s Sector Model •Developed in 1939 • Based on transport routes & the idea that certain types of land use repel each other • Industry develops along major roads and rivers • High-class residential areas are never next to each other – There’s always a buffer zone
- 35. Sector Theory • Timeframe •Late 1930’s • Income and status divided society • Housing areas reflect social segregation • Assumptions • Settlement develops along transport routes • Towns radiate out from the CBD • Low-income and industrial areas lie next to each other • Wealthy people choose the best sites
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- 37. WHAT MIGHT BESOME PROBLEMS WITH THE GROWTH OF URBAN AREAS?
- 38. Problems of theCBD • Decline in retailing-no longer the most accessible place due to increase in traffic • People move to cheaper land areas on the outskirts of town • Decentralization of companies and administrations • CBD in the evening can be unsafe • The twilight zone is used to describe problem areas in the transition zone on the edge of the CBD
- 39. WHAT ARE SOMESOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS FOUND IN THE CDB?
- 40. Solutions to theCBD Pedestrianisation • Traffic free areas • Aim to create a safe & relaxed environment free from air and noise pollution Shopping Malls • Undercover shopping areas • Shoppers can compare goods without worrying about the weather • A major department store attracts other stores to locate in the mall
- 41. Solutions to theCBD Visual Improvements • Planting flowerbeds, seated areas, trees and hanging baskets • Filling vacant buildings • Street cleaning Security • Regular patrols to make shoppers feel safe either by police or private security • Deters pickpocketing and shoplifting
- 42. Crime and RacialConflict • Low poverty areas usually have higher levels of crime and less safe places to live • Cities attract immigrants who live in the same areas • Ghetto-area of poverty with people from a particular immigrant community • Natives vs. immigrants or immigrants vs. immigrants conflicts arise
- 43. Solutions to Crime& Racial Conflict • Provide social facilities i.e. sports clubs • Job-creation schemes to provide jobs • Special projects that bring communities together • Zero tolerance on crime • Adequate policing of streets • Language lessons for immigrants
- 44. Housing Shortages • Dueto population increases through immigration & natural growth • High property prices for unemployed/low wage workers • Older properties require renovation & renewal
- 45. Housing Shortages-UK • Between1930 & 1970 major slum clearance schemes occurred • Older housing replaced by new flats/houses in the suburbs & owned by local gov’t. • Now those properties are private owned and gov’t- owned housing is not allowed • Is this good or bad?
- 46. Squatter Settlements • Housingoften located in the outer areas of cities and towns in LEDCs • Difficulties faced: – Land is not owned & the people have no right to stay there – Houses aren’t weatherproof and can be cold in winter – Lacks proper sanitation/water supply/electricity – No local employment – Extreme Overcrowding – High crime and drug/alcohol abuse – Long journeys into the center for work
- 47. Squatter Settlements Favelas ofRio de Janeiro are built on steep slopes and landslides and mudslides often destroy housing (April/May 2010-250 people were killed)
- 48. Solutions to SquatterSettlements • Low-cost housing for employed workers where they pay a small part of the rent • Self-help tools provided to help people build houses with the proper materials • Provision of basic services, water, sewerage, electricity by city authorities
- 49. Effects of Urbanizationon the Environment Air Pollution • Major sources: motor vehicles, industry, power stations, and open fires • MEDCs have strict vehicle and industry emission laws to help reduce pollution • Highest levels are in LEDCs cities that are rapidly industrializing i.e. China and India
- 50. Air Pollution • Occurswhen pollutants like dust & smoke are released into the environment • When particles are suspended in the air it can cause a haze • If particles combine with water vapor & toxic gases forming smog
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- 52. Human Causes ofAir Pollution Industries • Power stations & manufacturing industries release large amounts of dust & smoke into the air • Burning fossil fuels releases waste into the air • The waste includes fine, black carbon-based smoke (soot) and poisonous gases like sulphur dioxide
- 53. Human Causes ofAir Pollution Motor Vehicles • Greatest source of air pollution in urban areas • Estimated that 90% of dust & smoke present are emitted by vehicles • Emissions contain harmful gases i.e. carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides
- 54. Human Causes ofAir Pollution Construction Work • Clearing land, construction of buildings & transportation of construction materials pollute the air with dust & smoke • Wind may carry these particles to nearby residential areas
- 55. Extent of Pollution •Air pollutants, such as dust smoke & harmful gases can be carried by winds from their source to other parts of the country or to other countries • i.e. burning forests in Indonesia have caused hazy skies in Singapore, Malaysia & Brunei
- 56. WHAT KIND OF PROBLEMSCAN OCCUR BECAUSE OF POLLUTION?
- 57. Problems Caused byAir Pollution Health Problems • Dust & smoke can cause difficulty breathing • Can irritate throat and eyes • Can develop respiratory problems like bronchitis & asthma
- 58. Problems Caused byAir Pollution Health Problems • Cities with smog and that have toxic gases like carbon monoxide can cause serious health problems and sometimes death! • Sulphur dioxide & nitrogen oxides can increase risk to lung & heart diseases and cancer • Life spans can be shortened by 1-2 years
- 59. Problems Caused byAir Pollution Traffic Hazards • High amounts of dust & smoke make it difficult to see distant objects • Airports may have to stop flights • Can be inconvenient and dangerous to those driving
- 60. Problems Caused byAir Pollution Environmental Problems • Acid rain can cause air pollution, destroy forests, kill fish in rivers and lakes and corrode buildings • Common in places with heavy industries • Industries will release large amounts of sulphur dioxide & nitrogen dioxide and mix with water vapor
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- 62. WORKBOOK PAGE 50-51TASK 1-3
- 63. Water Pollution • Pollutantsare discharged directly into water bodies like rivers, seas, and oceans • Pollutants of land are blown by wind or washed by rain into bodies of water
- 64. Water Pollution • Somepollutants are poisonous and can affect the health of animals that live in the water and people who drink the water
- 65. WHAT CAUSES WATERPOLLUTION?
- 66. Causes of WaterPollution Improper disposal of sewage • Sewage- solid or liquid waste produced by households or industries • If not treated before released into rivers or lakes they become polluted • Sewage contains human waste, detergent, and chemicals
- 67. Causes of WaterPollution Improper disposal of sewage • Industrial waste contains toxins and is especially dangerous • If dumped illegally into rivers or seas it can cause heavy pollution
- 68. Causes of WaterPollution Improper disposal of sewage • Sewage is treated at sewage treatment plants to remove waste from water before being released into water bodies • Some substances are non- biodegradable (can’t be broken down easily) • These substances remain in the water and cause water pollution
- 69. Causes of WaterPollution Oil Spills • Can occur when an oil tanker is torn by sharp rocks or if it collides with another ship, causing oil to spill into the sea • Difficult to clean because they spread over large areas and aren’t easily broken down
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- 71. Do you knowwhere the most polluted river in the world is?
- 73. Extent of WaterPollution • Water pollution triggers off a chain reaction • Has serious consequences for all living things
- 74. Extent of WaterPollution Endangering Plant and Animal Species • Oil spill can endanger lives of animals • When animals come into contact with the polluted water the oil sticks to their feathers or fur • This removes the air trapped by the feathers & fur, which acts as insulation, and causes them to freeze to death in the cold
- 75. Extent of WaterPollution Endangering Plant and Animal Species • Oil cogs the birds’ feathers and prevents them from flying or floating on the water • May cause them to drown
- 76. Extent of WaterPollution Endangering Plant and Animal Species • Improper disposal of everyday household waste can destroy aquatic life • Chemicals from detergents will encourage algae to grow and prevent sunlight from reaching plants beneath • The plants will die and animals dependent on these plants will be affected.
- 77. Extent of WaterPollution Negative Impact on Human Health • Poisons in industrial waste can accumulate in the bodies of fish/shellfish • These poisons may be passed to us when we eat the contaminated animals • May also suffer from cholera & typhoid when they drink water that’s contaminated
- 78. Extent of WaterPollution Economic Loss • May affect the economy • i.e. oil spills affect fishermen’s livelihood as well as fishing industry • Tourists don’t want to visit beaches with dirty water or water with oil in it
- 79. Extent of WaterPollution Economic Loss • Cleaning up oil spills requires a lot of effort and money • Oil can spread over large areas and isn't easy to break down
- 80. Exxon Valdez • ≈10,000workers involved • 2.1 billion dollars spent to clean it up • Took more than 4 years to complete!
- 82. Effects of Urbanizationon the Environment Visual Pollution • Things in the urban area look ugly or offensive
- 84. Noise Pollution • Peopleliving in cities face another pollution • Occurs when unwanted sounds are added to the environment • A lot of noise is created from vehicles, industrial activities, household gadgets, & loud music • Some noises are annoying & can affect your quality of life
- 85. Causes of NoisePollution Traffic • Common cause especially in cities • Cars on busy roads can produce 60-90 decibels • Cars aren’t the only thing that create traffic noise. Can you think of some others? – Aircrafts – MRT – Trains
- 86. Causes of NoisePollution Construction & Other Human Activities • Noise from drilling, piling, knocking and the use of heavy machinery during construction work all contribute to noise pollution • People talking loudly, events i.e. concerts
- 87. Extent of NoisePollution • Affects our quality of life • Causes discomfort & has negative impact on our health • Long term exposure to noise pollution can: – damage hearing – Increase heart rates – Lead to poor performance in school/work b/c concentration is affected
- 88. Noise Effects Healthy Earhair bundle Hair Bundle after loud sound exposure
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- 91. NOISE POLLUTION FROMSHIPS EFFECT MARINE LIFE http://poopy.org/noise-pollution/noise-pollution-from-ships-effect-marine-life/
- 92. Measures to ReduceNoise Pollution National Efforts Enforcing laws & regulations • Governments can set limits on acceptable noise levels • i.e. NEA in Singapore and the police have set limits & deal with noise in residential areas if necessary
- 93. Measures to ReduceNoise Pollution Noise Reduction Methods • Sound barriers, like tall fences, are built along busy roads to help reduce noise levels to nearby homes • Planting trees and shrubs • Walls may be covered with sound proof materials • Mufflers can be placed on noisy equipment or car engines
- 94. Measures to ReduceNoise Pollution Individual Efforts • Be more considerate to our neighbors by minimizing the amount of noise we create • Refrain from noisy activities (playing loud music, talking loudly late at night) • Install sound-proofing equipment in rooms where musical instruments like drums are played