1. UPPER GI BLEEDUPPER GI BLEED
Dr Anoop.K.RDr Anoop.K.R
Asst professorAsst professor
MMCHMMCH
CalicutCalicut
2. DEMARCATION OF UPPER ANDDEMARCATION OF UPPER AND
LOWER GUTLOWER GUT
The World Organization of Gastroenerologists definesThe World Organization of Gastroenerologists defines
acute upper GI bleeding as:acute upper GI bleeding as:
The anatomic cut-off for upper GI bleeding isThe anatomic cut-off for upper GI bleeding is
thethe ligament of Treitzligament of Treitz, which connects the, which connects the
fourth portion of thefourth portion of the duodenumduodenum to theto the
splenic flexuresplenic flexure of theof the coloncolon..
3. ETIOLOGYETIOLOGY
EpidemiologyEpidemiology
Accounts for 350,000 hospitalizations in U.S.Accounts for 350,000 hospitalizations in U.S.
yearlyyearly
Risk factorsRisk factors
AspirinAspirin oror NSAIDNSAID use (most common cause)use (most common cause)
Helicobacter PyloriHelicobacter Pylori infectioninfection
Elderly (especially over age 70 years)Elderly (especially over age 70 years)
5. Dieulafoy's Lesion (1%)Dieulafoy's Lesion (1%)
Artery at gastric fundus may bleed heavilyArtery at gastric fundus may bleed heavily
Difficult to identify on endoscopyDifficult to identify on endoscopy
Gastric antral vascular ectasia (0.5 to 2%)Gastric antral vascular ectasia (0.5 to 2%)
Longitudinal erythematous stripes on gastric mucosaLongitudinal erythematous stripes on gastric mucosa
Known as Watermelon stomachKnown as Watermelon stomach
Arteriovenous malformationArteriovenous malformation
Angiodysplasia of stomach or duodenum,Angiodysplasia of stomach or duodenum,
6. Adults with chronic intermittentAdults with chronic intermittent
GI BleedGI Bleedinging
GastritisGastritis (18 to 35%)(18 to 35%)
Esophagitis (18 to 35%)Esophagitis (18 to 35%)
Gastric UlcerGastric Ulcer (18 to 21%)(18 to 21%)
Duodenal UlcerDuodenal Ulcer (3 to 15%)(3 to 15%)
Angiodysplasia (5 to 23%)Angiodysplasia (5 to 23%)
Gastric CancerGastric Cancer
13. HISTORYHISTORY
Has the patient been vomiting or retching beforeHas the patient been vomiting or retching before
the episode of haematemesis? -> Mallory-Weissthe episode of haematemesis? -> Mallory-Weiss
teartear
Enquire about the colour of the vomitusEnquire about the colour of the vomitus
Was there a previous incident of peptic ulcer orWas there a previous incident of peptic ulcer or
haematemesis/melaena?haematemesis/melaena?
Heartburn -> Reflux oesophagitisHeartburn -> Reflux oesophagitis
Drug history (including aspirin and over theDrug history (including aspirin and over the
counter medicines -> peptic ulcer)counter medicines -> peptic ulcer)
Alcohol -> Liver failure -> oesophageal varices ->Alcohol -> Liver failure -> oesophageal varices ->
upper GI bleedupper GI bleed
14. ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
One should first determine theOne should first determine the amount of bloodamount of blood
lossloss, and the site of bleeding., and the site of bleeding.
The measurement ofThe measurement of vital signsvital signs provides the onlyprovides the only
accurate assessment of blood loss (orthostatics, heartaccurate assessment of blood loss (orthostatics, heart
rate, complaints of weakness or dizziness, syncope).rate, complaints of weakness or dizziness, syncope).
AnAn NG tubeNG tube should be placed as part of theshould be placed as part of the
assessment. The gastric lavage may aid the endscopistassessment. The gastric lavage may aid the endscopist
to obtain a clear view of the bleeding site. to obtain a clear view of the bleeding site.
15. PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONPHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Vital signsVital signs, in order to determine the severity of, in order to determine the severity of
bleeding and the timing of interventionbleeding and the timing of intervention
AbdominalAbdominal andand rectalrectal examination, in order toexamination, in order to
determine possible causes of hemorrhagedetermine possible causes of hemorrhage
Assessment forAssessment for portal hypertensionportal hypertension andand
stigmata of chronic liver diseasestigmata of chronic liver disease in order toin order to
determine if the bleeding is from a varicealdetermine if the bleeding is from a variceal
source.source.
16. DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS
Sometimes, theSometimes, the source can be naso-orsource can be naso-or
oropharyngealoropharyngeal.. A careful exam of the naresA careful exam of the nares
and oral pharynx should be done.and oral pharynx should be done.
The presence ofThe presence of "coffee ground emesis"coffee ground emesis
represents blood altered by gastric contentsrepresents blood altered by gastric contents
and usually means that there has beenand usually means that there has been slowslow
bleeding from the region between thebleeding from the region between the
esophagus and the duodenum.esophagus and the duodenum.
17. AA positive NG tube aspiratepositive NG tube aspirate for blood usuallyfor blood usually
signifies that the site of bleeding is proximal tosignifies that the site of bleeding is proximal to
the ligament of Treitz.the ligament of Treitz.
Other characteristics of upper GI bleeding areOther characteristics of upper GI bleeding are
elevated BUNelevated BUN andand hyperactive bowelhyperactive bowel
soundssounds..
The source of bleeding can be identified in 90%The source of bleeding can be identified in 90%
of cases if endoscopy is done within the first 24of cases if endoscopy is done within the first 24
hours.hours.
18. Upper GI Bleeding ScoreUpper GI Bleeding Score
CriteriaCriteria
Blood Urea NitrogenBlood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)(BUN)
BUN 18.2 to 22.4 mg/dl: Score 2BUN 18.2 to 22.4 mg/dl: Score 2
BUN 22.4 to 28 mg/dl: Score 3BUN 22.4 to 28 mg/dl: Score 3
BUN 28 to 70 mg/dl: Score 4BUN 28 to 70 mg/dl: Score 4
BUN >70 mg/dl: Score 6BUN >70 mg/dl: Score 6
22. InterpretationInterpretation
Assesses probability for interventionAssesses probability for intervention
EndoscopyEndoscopy
SurgerySurgery
Score predicting resolution without intervention:Score predicting resolution without intervention:
<4<4
Score predicting intervention: >5Score predicting intervention: >5
23. MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
INITIAL:INITIAL:
Nasogastric TubeNasogastric Tube with aspiratewith aspirate
Fresh blood suggests persistant bleedingFresh blood suggests persistant bleeding
Avoid lavage due to aspiration riskAvoid lavage due to aspiration risk
If severe bleeding and suspected variceal sourceIf severe bleeding and suspected variceal source
SeeSee Esophageal VaricesEsophageal Varices
Octreotide 50 ug bolus, then 50 ug/hourOctreotide 50 ug bolus, then 50 ug/hour
24. Management: General MeasuresManagement: General Measures
Helicobacter PyloriHelicobacter Pylori managementmanagement
Empiric acid reduction (Empiric acid reduction (Proton Pump InhibitorProton Pump Inhibitor))
Not proven in-vivo to aid clottingNot proven in-vivo to aid clotting
No proven benefit in mortality and otherNo proven benefit in mortality and other
outcomesoutcomes
Does not lower overallDoes not lower overall IncidenceIncidence of re-bleedingof re-bleeding
OmeprazoleOmeprazole may heal ulcer if near-achlorhydriamay heal ulcer if near-achlorhydria
25. General ManagementGeneral Management
Blood TransfusionBlood Transfusion
consider on individual basis (particularly comorbidities)consider on individual basis (particularly comorbidities)
indication: Hb <70 g/Lindication: Hb <70 g/L
(except unstable CHD aim Hb > 90 g/L)(except unstable CHD aim Hb > 90 g/L)1-31-3
avoid transfusing patients with suspected varicealavoid transfusing patients with suspected variceal
bleeding to Hb >100 g/Lbleeding to Hb >100 g/L
((portal P may worsen bleeding)portal P may worsen bleeding)4,5-84,5-8
give one unit FFP for each four units of packed RBCgive one unit FFP for each four units of packed RBC
transfusedtransfused99
26. General ManagementGeneral Management
ConsiderConsider reversal of coagulopathy (in thosereversal of coagulopathy (in those
actively bleeding)actively bleeding)
FFP if INR >1.5 or platelets if count <50 xFFP if INR >1.5 or platelets if count <50 x
10109/9/
LL
simultaneous replacement + scope if INR <3simultaneous replacement + scope if INR <3
delay scope until INR <3 if it is initially higherdelay scope until INR <3 if it is initially higher1010
ConsiderConsider platelet transfusion ifplatelet transfusion if life threateninglife threatening
bleedingbleeding and taking antiplatelet agents eg aspirinand taking antiplatelet agents eg aspirin
27. Management: Low risk patientsManagement: Low risk patients
IndicationsIndications
Hemodynamically stable within 1 hour ofHemodynamically stable within 1 hour of
ResuscitationResuscitation
Minimal Blood Products required (2 PRBC orMinimal Blood Products required (2 PRBC or
less)less)
No evidence of active bleedingNo evidence of active bleeding
Nasogastric Tube aspirate without bloodNasogastric Tube aspirate without blood
No active comorbid medical conditionsNo active comorbid medical conditions
28. ProtocolProtocol
Consider for rapid protocolConsider for rapid protocol
Immediate Upper Endoscopy Evaluation of GIImmediate Upper Endoscopy Evaluation of GI
BleedingBleeding
Discharge to home if low-risk endoscopy resultsDischarge to home if low-risk endoscopy results
Admit if rapid protocol not availableAdmit if rapid protocol not available
Follow moderate risk patient protocol belowFollow moderate risk patient protocol below
General measures as aboveGeneral measures as above
29. Management: High risk patientsManagement: High risk patients
IndicationsIndications
Active ongoing bleedingActive ongoing bleeding
Hypotension persists despite ResuscitationHypotension persists despite Resuscitation
Severe active comorbid condition exascerbationSevere active comorbid condition exascerbation
Liver disease exascerbationLiver disease exascerbation
Endotracheal Intubation for airway protectionEndotracheal Intubation for airway protection
30. MALLORY-WEISS TEARSMALLORY-WEISS TEARS
Mostly bleeding stopsMostly bleeding stops
spontaneously ( Recurrence isspontaneously ( Recurrence is
only 0-7 % )only 0-7 % )
Endoscopic therapy is only forEndoscopic therapy is only for
actively bleeding Mallory weissactively bleeding Mallory weiss
tear.tear.
Angiographic therapy withAngiographic therapy with
embolization & operative therapyembolization & operative therapy
with over sewing of tear can bewith over sewing of tear can be
done ( but only required rarely )done ( but only required rarely )
31. ESOPHAGEAL VARICESESOPHAGEAL VARICES
I.I. Vasoconstrictors (somatostatin, octreotide,Vasoconstrictors (somatostatin, octreotide,
terlipressin) iv terlipressin infusion at 2 mg 6terlipressin) iv terlipressin infusion at 2 mg 6thth
hourly, generalized vasoconstriction leading tohourly, generalized vasoconstriction leading to
decreased blood flow to venous system.decreased blood flow to venous system.
II.II. Baloon tamponade – Triple lumen or FourBaloon tamponade – Triple lumen or Four
lumen tube with esophageal and gastric balloons.lumen tube with esophageal and gastric balloons.
(Always intubate the patient prior to this(Always intubate the patient prior to this
procedure to prevent aspiration)procedure to prevent aspiration)
III.III. Endoscopic variceal liagation[Band ligation]Endoscopic variceal liagation[Band ligation]
IV.IV. SclerotherapySclerotherapy
V.V. Antibiotic therapyAntibiotic therapy
32. Quinolones – for patients with cirrhosis decreasesQuinolones – for patients with cirrhosis decreases
the bacterial infection & mortality.the bacterial infection & mortality.
Non selective Beta blockers – Propranalol,Non selective Beta blockers – Propranalol,
NadololNadolol
For recurrent esophageal bleeding – c/c therapyFor recurrent esophageal bleeding – c/c therapy
with beta blocker + endoscopic ligationwith beta blocker + endoscopic ligation
If not subsided with medical therapy, Go for:If not subsided with medical therapy, Go for:
33. INVASIVE THERAPY:INVASIVE THERAPY:
TIPTIPssss (Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic(Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic
shunt)shunt)
A/E : Hep encephalopathy, shunt stenosis in 1 yrA/E : Hep encephalopathy, shunt stenosis in 1 yr
Vascular ectasias are treated by endoscopic therapyVascular ectasias are treated by endoscopic therapy
Estrogen / progesterone components are used inEstrogen / progesterone components are used in
vascular ectasiasvascular ectasias
34. ProtocolProtocol
General measures as aboveGeneral measures as above
Admit to intensive care unit for first 24 hoursAdmit to intensive care unit for first 24 hours
Observe in hospital for 48 to 72 hours or moreObserve in hospital for 48 to 72 hours or more
Urgent upper endoscopy when stabilizedUrgent upper endoscopy when stabilized
See Upper Endoscopy Evaluation of GISee Upper Endoscopy Evaluation of GI
BleedingBleeding
Consider arteriography if source not evidentConsider arteriography if source not evident
35.
36. OutcomesOutcomes
Overall Mortality: 2-15% (often related toOverall Mortality: 2-15% (often related to
comorbidity)comorbidity)
Bleeding stops and does not recur: 70% (<2%Bleeding stops and does not recur: 70% (<2%
Mortality)Mortality)
Bleeding after initially stopped: 25% (10%Bleeding after initially stopped: 25% (10%
Mortality)Mortality)
Continued active bleed: 5% (30% Mortality)Continued active bleed: 5% (30% Mortality)
37. PredictorsPredictors
Bleeding characteristic predictors of poorBleeding characteristic predictors of poor
outcomeoutcome
Emesis or nasogastric aspirate contains red bloodEmesis or nasogastric aspirate contains red blood
Low initial HematocritLow initial Hematocrit
Coagulopathy (low platelets or high INR)Coagulopathy (low platelets or high INR)
38. Comorbid condition predictors of poor outcomeComorbid condition predictors of poor outcome
Active Coronary Artery DiseaseActive Coronary Artery Disease
Congestive Heart FailureCongestive Heart Failure
Active lung diseaseActive lung disease
Renal FailureRenal Failure
SepsisSepsis
Metastatic cancerMetastatic cancer
Advanced liver diseaseAdvanced liver disease
Advanced ageAdvanced age