The document discusses semantics and pragmatics. Semantics deals with meaning that does not vary by context, while pragmatics considers contextual meaning and how hearers combine linguistic meaning with other knowledge to interpret a speaker's intended meaning. Deixis refers to context-dependent elements like spatial location, time, and personal pronouns. Speakers calculate a hearer's knowledge from the context, prior discourse, and background knowledge to structure information and make successful references. Listeners use inferences to interpret meaning and fill in unstated information. Conversational implicature refers to implied meanings beyond the literal meaning of an utterance, based on cooperative principles of communication.