The document discusses the different types of cohesion identified by Halliday and Hasan (1976), including lexical cohesion, reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. It provides examples to illustrate various sub-types of cohesion such as personal reference, demonstrative reference, comparative reference, nominal substitution, verbal substitution, clausal substitution, nominal ellipsis, verbal ellipsis, clausal ellipsis, additive conjunction, adversative conjunction, and causal conjunction.

1. COHESION

2. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction

3. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Parallelism Paraphrase Recurrence Partial recurrence

4. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Personal reference Demonstrative reference Comparative reference

5. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Personal reference Demonstrative reference Comparative reference Personal pronouns Possesive pronouns Possesive determiners

6. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Personal reference Demonstrative reference Comparative reference participant circumstance this that these those here there now then

7. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Personal reference Demonstrative reference Comparative reference Comparison that is simply in terms of likeness and unlikeness: two things may be the same, similar or different e.g. same, likewise, other, more, better …

8. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Personal reference Demonstrative reference Comparative reference Is the referent inside the text? Is the referent outside the text?

9. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Personal reference Demonstrative reference Comparative reference Is the referent inside the text? Is the referent outside the text? Exophoric ref

10. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Personal reference Demonstrative reference Comparative reference Is the referent inside the text? Is the referent outside the text? Exophoric ref Eg. “That must have cost a lot of money”

11. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Personal reference Demonstrative reference Comparative reference Is the referent inside the text? Is the referent outside the text? Endophoric ref Exophoric ref Anaphoric ref Cataphoric ref

12. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Personal reference Demonstrative reference Comparative reference Is the referent inside the text? Is the referent outside the text? Endophoric ref Exophoric ref Anaphoric ref Cataphoric ref The data show is repared. That must have cost a lot of money

13. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Personal reference Demonstrative reference Comparative reference Is the referent inside the text? Is the referent outside the text? Endophoric ref Exophoric ref Anaphoric ref Cataphoric ref The data show is repared. That must have cost a lot of money He who hesitates is lost

14. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Nominal substitution Verbal substitution Clausal substitution

15. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Nominal substitution Verbal substitution Clausal substitution I’ve heard some strange stories in my time. But this one was perhaps the strangest one of all

16. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Nominal substitution Verbal substitution Clausal substitution John is smoking more now than he used to do

17. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Nominal substitution Verbal substitution Clausal substitution Is there going to be an earthquake? –It says so

18. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Nominal ellipsis Verbal ellipsis Clausal ellipsis Four other oysters followed them, and yet another four

19. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Nominal ellipsis Verbal ellipsis Clausal ellipsis Have you been swimming? Yes, I have

20. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Nominal ellipsis Verbal ellipsis Clausal ellipsis What were they doing? Holding hands

21. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Additive Adversative Causal Temporal

22. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Additive Adversative Causal Temporal ’ to be able to see nobody! And at that distance, too!’

23. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Additive Adversative Causal Temporal ’ All the figures were correct; they’d been checked. Yet the total came out wrong’

24. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Additive Adversative Causal Temporal ’ you aren’t leaving, are you? Because I’ve got something to say to you’

25. TYPES OF COHESION (Halliday & Hasan, 1976) Lexical cohesion Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunction Additive Adversative Causal Temporal The weather cleared just as the party approached the summit. Until then they had seen nothing of the panorama around them