The document discusses the differences between semantics and pragmatics. Semantics deals with meaning that does not vary by context, while pragmatics considers how meaning depends on context and a speaker's intended usage. It also examines deixis, which uses elements like pronouns, demonstratives, and temporal words to establish a frame of reference. Speakers calculate what knowledge hearers have from the context, prior discourse, and background knowledge to structure information and make successful references.

1. IT IS A SUBTLE DIFFERENCE BUT SEMANTICS DEALS WITH THOSE ASPECTS OF MEANING THAT DO NOT VARY FROM CONTEXT TO CONTEXT AND PRAGMATICS WITH ASPECTS OF INDIVIDUAL USAGE AND CONTEXT DEPENDANT MEANING.SEMANTICS IS THE STUDY OF CONVENTIONAL, LINGUISTIC MEANING, AND PRAGMATICS IS HOW THIS HEARES COMBINE THIS WITH OTHER TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE AND MAKE INFERENCES IN ORDER TO INTERPRET THE SPEAKER’S MEANING.

4. INFERENCE LISTENERS PARTICIPATE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF MEANING. THEY USE INFERENCES TO FILL OOUT THE TEXT TO BUILD UP AN INTERPRETATION OF SPEAKER MEANING. CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE AND CONVERSATIONAL INFERENCE ARE WAYS OF INFERRING MEANING FROM CONTEXT. AN EXPAMPLE IS ANAPHORA. WE RELATE A NOUN OR A NOMINAL OR PRONOUN TO A PREVIOUS INFORMATION THE ANTECEDENT. LISTENERS USE INFERENCE TO MAKE WHAT THEY ARE TOLD COHERENT CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE HOW HEARERS MANAGE TO WORK OUT THE COMPLETE MESSAGE WHEN SPEAKERS MEAN MORE THAN THEY SAY. IT IS A MESSAGE NOT FOUND IN THE PLAIN SENSE OF A SENTENCE. IT IS A TACIT AGREEMENT BETWEEN SPEAKERS AND LISTENERS IN CONVERSATION THAT GRICE CALLED THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE

5. MAXIM OF QUALITY Try to make your contribution one that is true. MAXIM OF QUANTITY Make your contribution as informative as required for the current purposes of the exchange and do not make your contribution more informative that required. MAXIM OF RELEVANCE Make your contribution relevant MAXIM OF MANNER Be perspicuous, avoid obscurity and ambiguity, be brief and orderly

6. Sperber and Wilson 1995 developed a moe radical version fo Grice’s maxims. This approach unifies the Gricean cooperative principle an its maxims into a single principle or relevance that motivates the herarer’s inferential strategy. “EVERY ACT OF OSTENSIVE COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATES THE PRESUMPTION OF ITS OPTIMAL RELEVANCE” the assumption that an utterance is consistent with the Principle of Relevance is based on the hearer’s recognition that it is an act of ostensive communication. That is, an act of deliberate, overt communication in which the speaker does not only intend to convey a particular message but is also actively helping the hearer to recognize this.

7. An utterance is an act of verbal behaviour, a speech act. In speech act analysis we study the effect of utterances on the behaviour of speaker or hearer using a threefold distinction: - locutionary act : the bare fact that a communicative act takes place. The act of speaking. - illocutionary act : the act that is performed as a result of the speaker making an utterance such as requesting, inquiring, promising, welcoming. Occasionally, the speaker explicitly refers to the illocutionary act being performed by using a performative verb. The British philosopher Austin was the first to point out that many utterances do not communicate information but are equivalent to actions. When someone says " I apologize ", " I name this ship Titanic " ... the utterance conveys a new reality: to say is to perform. There are thousands of possible illocutionary acts. J. Searle 1976 sets up five basic types: · representatives : the speaker is committed, in varying degrees, to the truth of a proposition, e.g.: affirm, believe, deny ... · directives : the speaker tries to get the hearer to do something, e.g.: challenge, command, request ... · commissives : the speaker is committed, in varying degrees, to a certain course of action, e.g.: guarantee, pledge, promise · expressives : the speaker expresses an attitude, e.g.: apologize, deplore, congratulate... · declarations : the speaker alters an object or situation by making the utterance, e.g.: I resign, You're sacked ... - perlocutionary act: the particular effect the speaker's utterance has on the listener, e.g.: amusement, surprise, warning.