Unit 4 at a glance new curriculum
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This unit covers cell energetics over 12 days. Students will read chapters 9 and 10 which discuss cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Lectures will focus on how all living systems require a constant input of free energy and how organisms capture and store this energy. Labs include determining the rate of oxygen consumption in pea seeds and separating pigments in leaves to investigate the effects of light on photosynthesis. Chapter topics include the electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, fermentation, chloroplast structure, the light and Calvin reactions.
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![Unit 4. Cell Energetics (12 days)
Textbook Readings
• Chapters 9, 10
Lecture Topics
2.a.1 All living systems require constant input of free energy.
2.a.2 Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes.
Laboratory Exercises
• AP® Biology Laboratory 5: Cell Respiration [C8] [C4]
o Goal: To determine the rate of oxygen consumption in dry and
germinating pea seeds at two different temperatures (wet lab)
• AP® Biology Laboratory 4: Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis [C8] [C4]
o Goal : To use paper chromatography to separate the pigments in a
leaf; to calculate Rf values, to investigate the relationship to light
intensity, light wavelength, and temperature on photosynthesis
(wet lab)
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration
Oxidation vs. reduction
Electron transport chain
Glycolysis (summary only)
Citric acid cycle (summary only)
Cytochromes
Chemiosmosis
Fermentation (alcohol vs. lactic acid)
Fermentation vs. respiration
Chapter 10: Photosynthesis
Chloroplast structure
Overall reaction
Light reactions (photosystem I vs. photosystem II)
Chemiosmosis in chloroplast vs. mitochondria
Calvin cycle (summary only)
C4 plants and photorespiration
CAM plants](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit4ataglance-newcurriculum-140108104514-phpapp01/85/Unit-4-at-a-glance-new-curriculum-1-320.jpg)
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. It occurs in two stages: in stage one, chloroplasts in plant cells capture sunlight and use its energy to power stage two, where carbon dioxide and water are converted into oxygen and glucose using an enzyme-driven process. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate energy by breaking down glucose molecules in the presence of oxygen. It also occurs in two stages: in stage one, glucose is broken down into smaller molecules in the cytoplasm, and in stage two these molecules are further broken down in the mitochondria to release energy, carbon dioxide and water.
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This document provides an overview of photosynthesis, including:
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- Autotrophs like plants use photosynthesis to produce their own food, and release oxygen into the atmosphere as a byproduct. Most of Earth's oxygen comes from phytoplankton in the ocean.
- Photosynthesis is essential to life on Earth as it provides oxygen for humans and animals to breathe and produces glucose that sustains plant life.
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This document provides an overview of photosynthesis and includes learning objectives, presenters, and content about the topic. It explains that photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy, identifies the reactants and products, and notes that the sun is the original energy source for most life on Earth. It also explains that plants appear green because chlorophyll in chloroplasts absorbs all colors of light except green.
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The document discusses photosynthesis and provides learning objectives about explaining the process of photosynthesis, identifying the reactants and products, explaining which reactions are light dependent and independent, and why many plants appear green. It then provides more details about photosynthesis, including that it converts light energy to chemical energy, the sun is the original energy source for most life on Earth, the reactants are carbon dioxide and water and the products are glucose and oxygen, and plants appear green because chlorophyll absorbs all colors except green.
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Cells require energy to perform essential functions like movement, shape change, repair, and transport. Autotrophs can produce their own food through photosynthesis, which converts sunlight into the chemical energy of sugars. Photosynthesis occurs in plant leaves through chloroplasts and involves three stages: light energy is captured and used to make ATP and NADPH, which are then used to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. The process is influenced by factors like light, concentration of materials, and temperature.
Chapter 7 Nutrition in Plants Lesson 3 - Experiments testing for photosynthesis
The document describes a series of experiments to test the factors involved in photosynthesis. It tests for the presence of starch after exposing plants to different conditions such as removing carbon dioxide, chlorophyll, or sunlight. The experiments involve destarching plants, exposing them to conditions, then testing for starch using iodine to determine if photosynthesis occurred. Graphs show that starch is only produced when conditions like carbon dioxide and light are present.
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This document provides an overview of photosynthesis, including:
- Photosynthesis converts sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into oxygen and glucose through a two-step process in chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which absorbs light energy and the thylakoid membranes where the light-dependent reactions occur.
- Autotrophs like plants use photosynthesis to produce their own food, and release oxygen into the atmosphere as a byproduct. Most of Earth's oxygen comes from phytoplankton in the ocean.
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The document discusses photosynthesis and provides learning objectives about explaining the process of photosynthesis, identifying the reactants and products, explaining which reactions are light dependent and independent, and why many plants appear green. It then provides more details about photosynthesis, including that it converts light energy to chemical energy, the sun is the original energy source for most life on Earth, the reactants are carbon dioxide and water and the products are glucose and oxygen, and plants appear green because chlorophyll absorbs all colors except green.
Photo respiration (1)
Cells require energy to perform essential functions like movement, shape change, repair, and transport. Autotrophs can produce their own food through photosynthesis, which converts sunlight into the chemical energy of sugars. Photosynthesis occurs in plant leaves through chloroplasts and involves three stages: light energy is captured and used to make ATP and NADPH, which are then used to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. The process is influenced by factors like light, concentration of materials, and temperature.
Chapter 7 Nutrition in Plants Lesson 3 - Experiments testing for photosynthesis
The document describes a series of experiments to test the factors involved in photosynthesis. It tests for the presence of starch after exposing plants to different conditions such as removing carbon dioxide, chlorophyll, or sunlight. The experiments involve destarching plants, exposing them to conditions, then testing for starch using iodine to determine if photosynthesis occurred. Graphs show that starch is only produced when conditions like carbon dioxide and light are present.
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The document discusses photosynthesis and provides information about the process. It defines photosynthesis as the process by which sunlight energy is converted to glucose energy. It also notes that photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plants and involves the reactants of carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight being converted to the products of glucose and oxygen. Producers that undergo photosynthesis supply the entire food chain with energy.
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This document discusses photosynthesis and defines it as the process by which plants convert light energy from the sun, carbon dioxide, and water into chemical energy stored as glucose. It states that photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which contain the green pigment chlorophyll. The key components needed for photosynthesis are light, carbon dioxide, and water. The equation for photosynthesis is provided as carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen. Structures involved in photosynthesis like the chloroplast, thylakoid membrane, and photosystems are also outlined.
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The document discusses photosynthesis and the food web. It explains that photosynthesis traps sunlight and converts it into chemical energy that powers life on Earth. Photosynthesis has three main events - light capturing, light-dependent reactions, and light-independent reactions. It also describes that chloroplasts contain pigments like chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids that absorb sunlight for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll transforms light energy into ATP and NADPH through two photosystems during the light-dependent reactions. The oxygen produced by photosynthesis comes from splitting water molecules during this process.
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The document provides information about the process of photosynthesis. It explains that photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where chlorophyll absorbs light energy and uses it to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The process involves two stages - the light-dependent reaction that uses light to produce ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle that uses the ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide and produce glucose. Plants appear green because chlorophyll, the pigment that absorbs light for photosynthesis, reflects green light wavelengths.
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The document discusses photosynthesis and provides information about the process. It defines photosynthesis as the process by which sunlight energy is converted to glucose energy. It also notes that photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plants and involves the reactants of carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight being converted to the products of glucose and oxygen. Producers that undergo photosynthesis supply the entire food chain with energy.
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Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP through a series of metabolic pathways. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces a small amount of ATP along with NADH. The pyruvate produced then enters the mitochondria where it undergoes the link reaction and is converted to acetyl-CoA. The Krebs cycle then oxidizes acetyl-CoA, producing carbon dioxide, more ATP, and electron carriers NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers are used in the electron transport chain to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, establishing a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to produce large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The structure of the mitochondrion is adapted for these aerobic
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