This document contains the schedule and topics for a course on the Science of Living Systems. The course covers topics such as nucleic acids, transcription and translation, protein structure, enzymes, photosynthesis, respiration, cellular architecture, cell division, and recombinant DNA technology. Key concepts around respiration are summarized, including that it converts food energy into ATP through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Fermentation is discussed as an anaerobic pathway that yields less ATP than aerobic respiration. The efficiencies of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are compared. Cellular respiration can break down various biomolecules, and its commercial uses include producing wine, beer and bread.

1. Science of
Living System
Soumya De
School of Bio Science
Email: somde@iitkgp.ac.in
Tel: 03222-260514
BS20001

2. Lecture Date Topic
1 20/7/16 Nucleic acids
2 27/7/16 Transcription and Translation
3 3/8/16 Protein structure
4 10/8/16 Enzymes
5 17/8/16 Photosynthesis
6 24/8/16 Respiration
** 31/8/16 CLASS TEST-1
** 7/9/16 DISCUSSION AND REVISION
** 14/9 to 21/9 MID-SEM EXAM
7 28/9/16 Cellular architecture
8 5/10/16 Cell division and apoptosis
** 12/10/16 Autumn Break
9 19/10/16 Host defense/Disease biology/vaccines/antibiotics
10 26/10/16 Responses of living systems/scaling factors
12 2/11/16 Recombinant DNA Technology & its impact
** 9/11/16 CLASS TEST-2
** 16/11/16 DISCUSSION AND REVISION

3.  The process of converting Food Energy into
Chemical Energy (ATP).
 ATPs (energy currency) are used to power the
metabolic processes.
 It is almost the reverse process of photosynthesis.
 Respiration is the chemical process opposite of
photosynthesis because it releases energy from food,
and uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide.
What is Respiration?

6. • A common fuel molecule for cellular
respiration is glucose
The Overall Equation for
Respiration
Glucose Oxygen Carbon
dioxide
Water Energy

7. [Oxygen gains electrons (and hydrogens)]
Oxidation
[Glucose loses electrons (and hydrogens)]
Glucose Oxygen Carbon
dioxide
Water
Reduction

9. What is ATP?
• Energy currency of the cell
• Adenosine Triphosphate
– 5-Carbon sugar (Ribose)
– Nitrogenous base (Adenine)
– 3 Phosphate groups
• The chemical bonds that link the phosphate
groups together are Covalent high energy
bonds
• When a phosphate group is removed to form
ADP and P, small packets of energy are
released.
• As ATP is broken down, it gives off usable
energy to power chemical work and gives off
some nonusable energy as heat.

10. What are the Stages of
Cellular Respiration?
• Glycolysis
• Krebs Cycle
• Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/
Oxidative Phosphorylation

11. Where Does Cellular Respiration
Take Place?
• It actually takes
place in two
parts of the cell:
Glycolysis occurs
in the Cytoplasm
or Cytosol
Krebs Cycle &
ETC Take place in
the Mitochondria

12. Review of Mitochondria Structure
• About 1 micron
diameter
• Smooth outer
Membrane
• Folded inner
membrane
• Folds called Cristae
• Space inside cristae
called the Matrix Intermembrane
space

13. Cellular Respiration
2 2 34

14. GLYCOLYSIS
 Glyco = sweet Lysis= splitting
 Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Pathway
 Anaerobic (does not require Oxygen)
 10 steps all occurring in cytosol or cytoplasm

15. GLYCOLYSIS

16. Oxidation
Oxidation
ATP payoff

17. Glycolysis Summary
Takes place in the Cytosol (cytoplasm)
Doesn’t Use Oxygen
Requires input of 2 ATP
Glucose splits into two molecules of
Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid
Produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP
Net Production: 2 NADH and 2 ATP

18. Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is first
converted into Acetyl-CoA
Pyruvate
dehydrogenase
Lost two CO2 molecules

19. Net Production: 2 NADH
Releases 2 CO2

21. Krebs cycle
• Kreb’s cycle- was discovered by
Sir Hans Krebs
• Also called Citric acid cycle or
Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle
• Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
• Takes place in matrix of mitochondria

22. Total six CO2 molecules
are lost from one
glucose molecule

23. Krebs Cycle Summary
• Cyclical series of oxidation reactions
• Turns twice per glucose molecule
• Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces
3NADH, 1FADH2, 1ATP and 2CO2
• Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the
Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2,
2ATP and 4CO2

24. Up to this point …
• Glycolysis: 2NADH and 2ATP.
• Pyruvate to AcetylCoA: 2NADH and 2CO2.
• Krebs Cycle: 6NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP and
4CO2.
• NET RESULT:
10NADH, 2FADH2, 4ATP and 6CO2.

25. Cellular Respiration
2 2 34

26. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
• Discovered by Eugene Kennedy & Albert
Lehninger (1948)
• Catalyzes a flow of electrons from NADH/
FADH2 to O2
1) direct transfer of electron as in the
reduction of Fe3+ to Fe 2+ and Cu2+ to Cu+
2) transfer as a hydrogen atom (H+ & e-)
• Electron transport is coupled with the formation
of proton gradient → used for ATP synthesis

27. Consists of 5 complexes:
(These are membrane-bound enzymes)
– Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)
– Complex II (Succinate dehydrogenase)
– Complex III (Ubiquinone-Cytochrome
bc1 complex)
– Complex IV (Cytochrome oxidase)
– Complex V (ATP synthase)
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

28. Complex I : NADH to Ubiquinone
Complex II : Succinate to Ubiquinone
Complex III : Ubiquinone to Cytochrome c
Complex IV : Cytochrome c to Oxygen
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

31. Q is ubiquinone.

32. Chemiosmosis
• The steps that
transport protons from
intermembrane space
to matrix establishing a
proton chemiosmotic
gradient.
• It is an energy-
coupling mechanism
that uses energy
stored in the form of
an H+ gradient across
a membrane to
generate ATP.

34. ATP synthase
F0
F1

35. ATP Synthesis
• Inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to
protons.
• Proton can re-enter the matrix only through proton-
specific channels (F0).
• The proton-motive force that drives protons back
into the matrix provides the energy for ATP
synthesis, catalyzed by the F1 complex associated
with F0.

36. Electron Transport Chain Summary
Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial
membrane
• Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to
accept e- from glucose
• NADH = 3 ATP’s
• FADH2 = 2 ATP’s
• 34 ATP Produced
• H2O Produced

38. Fate of PYRUVATE In the absence of oxygen:
Fermentation

39. Alcohol
fermentation
occurs in yeasts,
and some bacteria
Lactic acid fermentation
occurs in animal muscle
cells, some fungi and
bacteria to make yogurt
Lactate
dehydrogenase
Pyruvate
decarboxylase
Alcohol
dehydrogenase
NADH
NADH

40. Fermentation
 Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
Requires NADH generated by glycolysis
Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells,
some fungi and bacteria,
produces lactic acid)
Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces
carbon dioxide and ethanol)
Net Gain: only 2 ATP

41. Fate of Glucose
glycolysis
(10 successive
reactions)
anaerobic anaerobic
conditions conditions
O2 aerobic
conditions
2CO2
Alcohol fermentation O2
in yeast
Fermentation to lactate in
vigorously contracting
muscle, in erythrocytes, and
in some microorganisms
citric acid
cycle
Animal, plant, and many
microbial cells under
aerobic conditions
Animal, plant, and many
microbial cells under
aerobic conditions
Glucose
2 Pyruvate
2 Acetyl-CoA
2 Lactate
4CO2 + 4H2O
2 Ethanol + 2CO2

42. Efficiency of Aerobic
Respiration
• ADP-P bond releases -7.6 kcal/mol ATP
when bond is broken
• Theoretical energy yield from burning
1mol glucose in a calorimeter = -686
kcal/mol
• Practical yield from burning 1mol of
glucose in the cell with oxygen = 36ATP
36 ATP X -7.6 kcal/mol = -274 kcal/mol
glucose
– 274/-686 kcal/mol X 100 = 40% efficiency

43. Efficiency of Anaerobic
Respiration
• ADP-P bond releases -7.6 kcal/mol ATP when
bond is broken
• Theoretical energy yield from burning 1mol
glucose in a calorimeter = -686 kcal/mol
• Practical yield from burning 1mol of glucose in
the cell without oxygen = 2 ATP
– 2 ATP X -7.6 kcal/mol = -15.2 kcal/mol
glucose
– 15.2/-686 kcal/mol X100 = 2.2%efficiency

44. Cellular respiration can “burn” other kinds of
molecules besides glucose
– Diverse types of carbohydrates
– Fats
– Proteins

45. Food
Polysaccharides Fats Proteins
Sugars Glycerol Fatty acids Amino acids
Amino groups
Glycolysis Acetyl-
CoA
Krebs
Cycle Electron
Transport

46. Some commercial use of
fermentation: wine and beer.
Yeasts in the process of “budding”
or reproducing.

47. Carbon dioxide in beer and cake- due to yeast fermentation