1. The document outlines photosynthesis and cellular respiration, including their processes, structures, and importance.
2. Photosynthesis uses light energy, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and sugars like glucose in chloroplasts. Respiration uses oxygen and sugars to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy in mitochondria.
3. These processes are complementary as photosynthesis provides the oxygen and sugars used for respiration, which in turn produces the carbon dioxide and water used by photosynthesis.
The document discusses several key topics in cosmology and physics:
1. The fate and shape of the universe depends on factors like the amount of mass and the cosmological constant. Observable evidence suggests the expansion is accelerating.
2. Inflation theory posits that the early universe underwent extremely rapid expansion, which would explain the uniformity seen today.
3. The four fundamental forces were unified in the earliest moments. Grand unified theories aim to further combine them.
4. Some theories speculate our universe is one of many in a multiverse, with parallel universes arising from eternal inflation, quantum fluctuations, or different mathematical structures.
5. The anthropic principle notes our universe must
This document summarizes the key differences between comets, asteroids, and meteors. Comets originate from the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud, are composed of ice and frozen gases, and have highly elliptical orbits. Asteroids originate from the Main Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter, are composed of silicates and metals, and have more rounded orbits. Meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere and become meteors as they burn up, with fragments that survive impact becoming meteorites. Studying the composition of comets, asteroids, and meteorites provides clues about the early solar system and impacts that affected Earth.
Stars are giant balls of gas, mostly hydrogen, that undergo nuclear fusion. They vary in characteristics like color, temperature, size, brightness, and chemical composition. Color depends on temperature, from red stars at around 2000°C up to blue stars at over 50,000°C. Distance is measured in lightyears, with nearby stars like Sirius being 8.5 lightyears away and more distant stars hundreds or thousands of lightyears. The magnitude scale classifies brightness, with first magnitude stars being the brightest. Spectroscopes are used to analyze a star's spectrum and reveal details about its composition.
The document summarizes the origin and structure of the Earth and solar system. It describes theories for the formation of the universe like the Big Bang theory and theories for the formation of the solar system. It then describes the structure and components of the solar system including the inner terrestrial planets like Earth and Mars, outer gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn, and other minor objects like asteroids, comets, and meteorites. It provides details on the composition, atmospheres, moons, and other features of each planet and minor solar system member.
Climatic Phenomena Occurring on a Global Level.pptxJoycePerez27
The document discusses several climatic phenomena occurring on a global level, including the greenhouse effect which traps heat in the atmosphere and leads to natural warming of the Earth, global warming which can be caused by both human and natural factors, climate change characterized by changes in temperature, precipitation and wind caused by human activities, El Niño which is a natural warming of Pacific Ocean temperatures every few years, and La Niña which is the opposite phenomenon triggered by Pacific Ocean cooling.
Constellations are groupings of stars that appear to form patterns in the night sky. Ancient cultures like the Babylonians and Greeks studied constellations and used them to mark seasons and in their myths and religions. Today, 88 constellations are recognized by astronomers, including Ursa Major, Orion, and Scorpius. Certain constellations like Ursa Major can be seen all year from any location in the northern hemisphere and are called circumpolar, while others like Orion are only visible during certain seasons.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the theories that explains the Earth and its Subsystems (The Four Spheres).
The document discusses stars, constellations, and the universe. It explains that the universe was created by the Big Bang over 13 billion years ago and contains many galaxies. Stars are large spheres of gases like hydrogen and helium that form from spinning balls of gas. They come in different colors depending on their temperature. There are over 100 billion billion stars in the universe. Constellations are patterns of stars in the sky that different cultures have associated with characters or animals. Star charts can help identify constellations by connecting the stars and accounting for their positions from different locations on Earth.
The document discusses several key topics in cosmology and physics:
1. The fate and shape of the universe depends on factors like the amount of mass and the cosmological constant. Observable evidence suggests the expansion is accelerating.
2. Inflation theory posits that the early universe underwent extremely rapid expansion, which would explain the uniformity seen today.
3. The four fundamental forces were unified in the earliest moments. Grand unified theories aim to further combine them.
4. Some theories speculate our universe is one of many in a multiverse, with parallel universes arising from eternal inflation, quantum fluctuations, or different mathematical structures.
5. The anthropic principle notes our universe must
This document summarizes the key differences between comets, asteroids, and meteors. Comets originate from the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud, are composed of ice and frozen gases, and have highly elliptical orbits. Asteroids originate from the Main Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter, are composed of silicates and metals, and have more rounded orbits. Meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere and become meteors as they burn up, with fragments that survive impact becoming meteorites. Studying the composition of comets, asteroids, and meteorites provides clues about the early solar system and impacts that affected Earth.
Stars are giant balls of gas, mostly hydrogen, that undergo nuclear fusion. They vary in characteristics like color, temperature, size, brightness, and chemical composition. Color depends on temperature, from red stars at around 2000°C up to blue stars at over 50,000°C. Distance is measured in lightyears, with nearby stars like Sirius being 8.5 lightyears away and more distant stars hundreds or thousands of lightyears. The magnitude scale classifies brightness, with first magnitude stars being the brightest. Spectroscopes are used to analyze a star's spectrum and reveal details about its composition.
The document summarizes the origin and structure of the Earth and solar system. It describes theories for the formation of the universe like the Big Bang theory and theories for the formation of the solar system. It then describes the structure and components of the solar system including the inner terrestrial planets like Earth and Mars, outer gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn, and other minor objects like asteroids, comets, and meteorites. It provides details on the composition, atmospheres, moons, and other features of each planet and minor solar system member.
Climatic Phenomena Occurring on a Global Level.pptxJoycePerez27
The document discusses several climatic phenomena occurring on a global level, including the greenhouse effect which traps heat in the atmosphere and leads to natural warming of the Earth, global warming which can be caused by both human and natural factors, climate change characterized by changes in temperature, precipitation and wind caused by human activities, El Niño which is a natural warming of Pacific Ocean temperatures every few years, and La Niña which is the opposite phenomenon triggered by Pacific Ocean cooling.
Constellations are groupings of stars that appear to form patterns in the night sky. Ancient cultures like the Babylonians and Greeks studied constellations and used them to mark seasons and in their myths and religions. Today, 88 constellations are recognized by astronomers, including Ursa Major, Orion, and Scorpius. Certain constellations like Ursa Major can be seen all year from any location in the northern hemisphere and are called circumpolar, while others like Orion are only visible during certain seasons.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the theories that explains the Earth and its Subsystems (The Four Spheres).
The document discusses stars, constellations, and the universe. It explains that the universe was created by the Big Bang over 13 billion years ago and contains many galaxies. Stars are large spheres of gases like hydrogen and helium that form from spinning balls of gas. They come in different colors depending on their temperature. There are over 100 billion billion stars in the universe. Constellations are patterns of stars in the sky that different cultures have associated with characters or animals. Star charts can help identify constellations by connecting the stars and accounting for their positions from different locations on Earth.
The Earth is composed of four main layers:
1) The crust, which ranges from 3-25 miles thick and is the outermost layer people live on.
2) The mantle, which is hotter and able to flow.
3) The outer core, which is even hotter and composed of liquid nickel and iron.
4) The inner core, which is under such extreme heat and pressure that it forms a solid ball of vibrating nickel and iron at the very center of the Earth.
Unit 9, Lesson 1 - Locating Places on Earthjudan1970
Unit 9, Lesson 1 - Locating Places on Earth
Lesson Outline:
1. Locating Places By Latitudes and Longitudes
2. Latitude and Longitude Distance Measurements
3. Layers of the Earth
The Earth's seasons are caused by its axial tilt of 23.45 degrees, not variations in its distance from the Sun. This tilt means the Northern and Southern Hemispheres receive sunlight at different angles throughout the year, causing summer to be warmer than winter. The solstices mark the longest and shortest days of the year, while the equinoxes occur when day and night are equal in length and mark the first days of spring and fall.
The document discusses Aristotle's ideas on types of terrestrial motion. Aristotle believed there were three types of motion on Earth: natural motion where elements move upwards or downwards to their natural state; voluntary motion for humans and animals who can move through will; and involuntary motion for plants and minerals which can only move through external forces. The document also explains Aristotle's views on different realms of motion and how his ideas were influential but later contradicted by Galileo Galilei.
Convection currents in the earth's mantle cause the movement of tectonic plates. Faults form at the boundaries of these plates where the rocks are weak. When stress builds up along fault lines from the movement of plates, it causes the faults to slip suddenly and generate earthquakes. There are three main types of faults - normal, reverse, and strike-slip - which move in different ways due to tensional, compressional, or shear stresses. Active faults have generated earthquakes within the last 10,000 years and may continue to do so, while inactive faults have not produced quakes recently but could still be capable of generating future seismic activity.
1) Volcanoes form at boundaries where tectonic plates meet, such as where plates are subducting or spreading apart.
2) There are two main types of volcanoes - cone-shaped volcanoes which form from thick, slow-moving lava and shield volcanoes which have flatter slopes due to more fluid lava.
3) Examples of highly active volcanic regions include the Pacific Ring of Fire and areas around Alaska, Hawaii, and the Cascade Range in the western United States.
Convection currents are caused by the movement of warm materials rising and cool materials sinking. Within the atmosphere, convection is the primary method of heat transfer through the troposphere. Convection also occurs in the mantle as very hot material deep in the mantle rises, cools, sinks, and repeats this cycle. In oceans and pots of water, convection currents form as warmer water rises and cooler water sinks, moving in a continuous cycle. Convection also takes place within the sun as large amounts of hot gas rise towards the surface, cool, and fall back towards the center to repeat the cycle.
This document provides an overview of the Grade 10 Earth and Space science curriculum in the Philippines. It covers two main modules on plate tectonics and Earth's interior. The plate tectonics module describes plate boundaries, processes at boundaries like earthquakes and volcanoes, and activities to teach these concepts. The Earth's interior module covers the internal structure of Earth and evidence that supports plate movement, with additional hands-on activities. The curriculum aims to explain geological phenomena based on the theory of plate tectonics.
The document discusses the unique properties of Earth that enable life. It describes how Earth's distance from the sun, atmosphere, size and mass, magnetic field, and presence of water all contribute to regulating temperature and protecting life from radiation. The atmosphere protects living things through mechanisms like photodissociation that break down ozone into elemental oxygen, converting harmful radiation to less harmful radiation. Earth's gravity also helps maintain its atmosphere and keep the moon in orbit. Understanding Earth's unique characteristics is significant for recognizing what enables life on the planet.
The document discusses key concepts about determining locations on Earth using latitude and longitude.
Latitude is measured in degrees north and south of the equator, which divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Longitude is measured in degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England. Together, lines of latitude and longitude can be used to precisely identify any location on Earth.
1) On a clear night, the unaided human eye can see about 6,000 stars, though light pollution limits this to a few hundred in urban/suburban areas.
2) Constellations originally referred to patterns of the brightest stars representing mythological figures, though today they are defined regions of the sky regardless of star brightness.
3) The apparent motion of stars is caused by the Earth's rotation on its axis and revolution around the Sun, making some stars appear to rise and set daily or be visible only seasonally.
Comets and asteroids are remnants from the formation of the solar system. Comets originate from the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud and are icy bodies, while asteroids originate from the Main Asteroid Belt and are rocky fragments. Both have irregular shapes and sizes ranging from 1-100 km. Comets have highly elliptical orbits with periods of 75 years to millions of years, while asteroids have more rounded orbits with periods of 1-100 years. When a meteoroid from space enters the atmosphere, it becomes a meteor or "shooting star"; any fragments that reach the ground are called meteorites.
Introduction to Life Science and The Theories on the Origin of LifeSimple ABbieC
I. Introduction to Life Science
II. The Concept of Life
III. Characteristics of Life
IV. Theories on the Origin of Life
V. Unifying Themes in the Study of Life
Earth Science Astronomy - The big bang theoryTim Corner
The Big Bang occurred approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a single point that contained all matter and energy. Within the first 3 minutes, the universe expanded from the size of an atom to larger than a grapefruit as energy froze into matter. Over hundreds of thousands of years, the first atoms formed, mostly hydrogen and helium. Stars and galaxies began to take shape between 200-400 million years. Our solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago. Evidence for the Big Bang includes the expansion of the universe, cosmic background radiation, quasars, radioactive decay rates, and observations of stellar formation and distances.
This document provides information about earthquakes. It begins by defining key earthquake terms like epicenter, hypocenter, foreshocks, aftershocks, and magnitude. It then explains that earthquakes are caused by the sudden slipping of fault blocks within the earth, as the plates of the earth's crust shift. The document discusses how seismographs are used to measure and locate earthquakes by recording seismic waves. It also describes the different scales used to measure earthquake size and intensity. Finally, it provides references for additional information.
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World (see astrology and astronomy). In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication.
Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively fixed over the centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short time.
1) Projectile motion refers to the motion of objects thrown or projected into the air at an angle. It is determined by the object's initial velocity and gravity.
2) A projectile moves horizontally with constant velocity while being accelerated vertically by gravity. This results in a curved parabolic trajectory.
3) Maximum range is achieved when the projectile is launched at an angle of 45 degrees, as the horizontal and vertical motions are balanced at that angle.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to heat and temperature. It will explain the difference and relationship between heat and temperature, discuss the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, and analyze how temperature changes can result in changes of phase or dimension. Methods of heat transfer like conduction, convection, and radiation will be defined. The document will also explore measuring heat through calorimetry and how heat is involved in phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas states. Self-check questions and examples are provided to reinforce understanding of fundamental concepts.
This document discusses projectile motion. It defines a projectile as any body that is given an initial velocity and then follows a path determined by gravitational acceleration and air resistance. Projectiles move in two dimensions, with horizontal and vertical components to their motion. The horizontal velocity is constant, while the vertical velocity changes due to gravity. Together these components produce a parabolic trajectory. The document provides equations to calculate the maximum height, horizontal range, time of flight, and uses an example of kicking a football to demonstrate solving projectile motion problems.
The Earth is composed of four main spheres - the geosphere (solid rock and soil), atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water), and biosphere (living organisms). The geosphere makes up the solid interior of the planet and can be divided into the crust, mantle, and core based on its chemical composition. The crust is broken into tectonic plates that move atop the asthenosphere due to its semi-molten state. Tectonic activity at plate boundaries like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions shape the Earth's surface over time through weathering and erosion.
This document discusses photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It explains that photosynthesis uses light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen through a series of reactions in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce energy through breakdown of organic compounds. The rate of photosynthesis is affected by factors like light intensity, carbon dioxide levels, and temperature.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent Calvin cycle. The light reactions capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce ATP and NADPH. In the Calvin cycle, these energy carriers are used to incorporate carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds, eventually producing glucose. Photosynthesis requires light, carbon dioxide, water and optimal temperatures to function efficiently. It is a vital process that supports life on Earth.
The Earth is composed of four main layers:
1) The crust, which ranges from 3-25 miles thick and is the outermost layer people live on.
2) The mantle, which is hotter and able to flow.
3) The outer core, which is even hotter and composed of liquid nickel and iron.
4) The inner core, which is under such extreme heat and pressure that it forms a solid ball of vibrating nickel and iron at the very center of the Earth.
Unit 9, Lesson 1 - Locating Places on Earthjudan1970
Unit 9, Lesson 1 - Locating Places on Earth
Lesson Outline:
1. Locating Places By Latitudes and Longitudes
2. Latitude and Longitude Distance Measurements
3. Layers of the Earth
The Earth's seasons are caused by its axial tilt of 23.45 degrees, not variations in its distance from the Sun. This tilt means the Northern and Southern Hemispheres receive sunlight at different angles throughout the year, causing summer to be warmer than winter. The solstices mark the longest and shortest days of the year, while the equinoxes occur when day and night are equal in length and mark the first days of spring and fall.
The document discusses Aristotle's ideas on types of terrestrial motion. Aristotle believed there were three types of motion on Earth: natural motion where elements move upwards or downwards to their natural state; voluntary motion for humans and animals who can move through will; and involuntary motion for plants and minerals which can only move through external forces. The document also explains Aristotle's views on different realms of motion and how his ideas were influential but later contradicted by Galileo Galilei.
Convection currents in the earth's mantle cause the movement of tectonic plates. Faults form at the boundaries of these plates where the rocks are weak. When stress builds up along fault lines from the movement of plates, it causes the faults to slip suddenly and generate earthquakes. There are three main types of faults - normal, reverse, and strike-slip - which move in different ways due to tensional, compressional, or shear stresses. Active faults have generated earthquakes within the last 10,000 years and may continue to do so, while inactive faults have not produced quakes recently but could still be capable of generating future seismic activity.
1) Volcanoes form at boundaries where tectonic plates meet, such as where plates are subducting or spreading apart.
2) There are two main types of volcanoes - cone-shaped volcanoes which form from thick, slow-moving lava and shield volcanoes which have flatter slopes due to more fluid lava.
3) Examples of highly active volcanic regions include the Pacific Ring of Fire and areas around Alaska, Hawaii, and the Cascade Range in the western United States.
Convection currents are caused by the movement of warm materials rising and cool materials sinking. Within the atmosphere, convection is the primary method of heat transfer through the troposphere. Convection also occurs in the mantle as very hot material deep in the mantle rises, cools, sinks, and repeats this cycle. In oceans and pots of water, convection currents form as warmer water rises and cooler water sinks, moving in a continuous cycle. Convection also takes place within the sun as large amounts of hot gas rise towards the surface, cool, and fall back towards the center to repeat the cycle.
This document provides an overview of the Grade 10 Earth and Space science curriculum in the Philippines. It covers two main modules on plate tectonics and Earth's interior. The plate tectonics module describes plate boundaries, processes at boundaries like earthquakes and volcanoes, and activities to teach these concepts. The Earth's interior module covers the internal structure of Earth and evidence that supports plate movement, with additional hands-on activities. The curriculum aims to explain geological phenomena based on the theory of plate tectonics.
The document discusses the unique properties of Earth that enable life. It describes how Earth's distance from the sun, atmosphere, size and mass, magnetic field, and presence of water all contribute to regulating temperature and protecting life from radiation. The atmosphere protects living things through mechanisms like photodissociation that break down ozone into elemental oxygen, converting harmful radiation to less harmful radiation. Earth's gravity also helps maintain its atmosphere and keep the moon in orbit. Understanding Earth's unique characteristics is significant for recognizing what enables life on the planet.
The document discusses key concepts about determining locations on Earth using latitude and longitude.
Latitude is measured in degrees north and south of the equator, which divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Longitude is measured in degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England. Together, lines of latitude and longitude can be used to precisely identify any location on Earth.
1) On a clear night, the unaided human eye can see about 6,000 stars, though light pollution limits this to a few hundred in urban/suburban areas.
2) Constellations originally referred to patterns of the brightest stars representing mythological figures, though today they are defined regions of the sky regardless of star brightness.
3) The apparent motion of stars is caused by the Earth's rotation on its axis and revolution around the Sun, making some stars appear to rise and set daily or be visible only seasonally.
Comets and asteroids are remnants from the formation of the solar system. Comets originate from the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud and are icy bodies, while asteroids originate from the Main Asteroid Belt and are rocky fragments. Both have irregular shapes and sizes ranging from 1-100 km. Comets have highly elliptical orbits with periods of 75 years to millions of years, while asteroids have more rounded orbits with periods of 1-100 years. When a meteoroid from space enters the atmosphere, it becomes a meteor or "shooting star"; any fragments that reach the ground are called meteorites.
Introduction to Life Science and The Theories on the Origin of LifeSimple ABbieC
I. Introduction to Life Science
II. The Concept of Life
III. Characteristics of Life
IV. Theories on the Origin of Life
V. Unifying Themes in the Study of Life
Earth Science Astronomy - The big bang theoryTim Corner
The Big Bang occurred approximately 13.7 billion years ago from a single point that contained all matter and energy. Within the first 3 minutes, the universe expanded from the size of an atom to larger than a grapefruit as energy froze into matter. Over hundreds of thousands of years, the first atoms formed, mostly hydrogen and helium. Stars and galaxies began to take shape between 200-400 million years. Our solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago. Evidence for the Big Bang includes the expansion of the universe, cosmic background radiation, quasars, radioactive decay rates, and observations of stellar formation and distances.
This document provides information about earthquakes. It begins by defining key earthquake terms like epicenter, hypocenter, foreshocks, aftershocks, and magnitude. It then explains that earthquakes are caused by the sudden slipping of fault blocks within the earth, as the plates of the earth's crust shift. The document discusses how seismographs are used to measure and locate earthquakes by recording seismic waves. It also describes the different scales used to measure earthquake size and intensity. Finally, it provides references for additional information.
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of pre-history: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World (see astrology and astronomy). In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication.
Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively fixed over the centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short time.
1) Projectile motion refers to the motion of objects thrown or projected into the air at an angle. It is determined by the object's initial velocity and gravity.
2) A projectile moves horizontally with constant velocity while being accelerated vertically by gravity. This results in a curved parabolic trajectory.
3) Maximum range is achieved when the projectile is launched at an angle of 45 degrees, as the horizontal and vertical motions are balanced at that angle.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to heat and temperature. It will explain the difference and relationship between heat and temperature, discuss the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, and analyze how temperature changes can result in changes of phase or dimension. Methods of heat transfer like conduction, convection, and radiation will be defined. The document will also explore measuring heat through calorimetry and how heat is involved in phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas states. Self-check questions and examples are provided to reinforce understanding of fundamental concepts.
This document discusses projectile motion. It defines a projectile as any body that is given an initial velocity and then follows a path determined by gravitational acceleration and air resistance. Projectiles move in two dimensions, with horizontal and vertical components to their motion. The horizontal velocity is constant, while the vertical velocity changes due to gravity. Together these components produce a parabolic trajectory. The document provides equations to calculate the maximum height, horizontal range, time of flight, and uses an example of kicking a football to demonstrate solving projectile motion problems.
The Earth is composed of four main spheres - the geosphere (solid rock and soil), atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water), and biosphere (living organisms). The geosphere makes up the solid interior of the planet and can be divided into the crust, mantle, and core based on its chemical composition. The crust is broken into tectonic plates that move atop the asthenosphere due to its semi-molten state. Tectonic activity at plate boundaries like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions shape the Earth's surface over time through weathering and erosion.
This document discusses photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It explains that photosynthesis uses light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen through a series of reactions in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce energy through breakdown of organic compounds. The rate of photosynthesis is affected by factors like light intensity, carbon dioxide levels, and temperature.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent Calvin cycle. The light reactions capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce ATP and NADPH. In the Calvin cycle, these energy carriers are used to incorporate carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds, eventually producing glucose. Photosynthesis requires light, carbon dioxide, water and optimal temperatures to function efficiently. It is a vital process that supports life on Earth.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light dependent reactions and the light independent reactions. In the light dependent reactions, chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and uses it to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH. In the light independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, the ATP and NADPH produced are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose which provides energy for plant growth. Photosynthesis is essential as it produces the oxygen and food on which nearly all life on Earth depends.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages: the light-dependent reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed into sugars like glucose using ATP and NADPH. Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place, containing chlorophyll and other pigments that absorb different wavelengths of light to drive the process. Photosynthesis is essential as it produces oxygen and feeds the base of the food chain, supporting nearly all life on Earth.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS in plants and others.pptARUNKUMARMR5
photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.
mechanism of photosysthesis PPT, SSC AP srinivas nallapuSrinivas Nallapu
Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds, especially glucose. This process involves two stages: the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) where carbon is incorporated into organic compounds. The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and use chlorophyll to drive the production of ATP and NADPH. These products are then used in the Calvin cycle to reduce carbon dioxide into glucose.
This document provides an overview and outline of a lesson on photosynthesis. It includes:
1. A do now activity asking students to define terms and discuss with a neighbor.
2. An outline of the chapter sections on photosynthesis including the light and dark reactions, chloroplasts, and alternative plants.
3. A series of slides explaining key concepts like autotrophs, the food web, photosynthesis formula, and why plants are green due to chloroplasts and pigment absorption.
4. Directions for students to complete worksheets, readings, and online practice questions on photosynthesis as part of their homework.
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are complementary processes that allow organisms to harvest energy. Producers like plants perform photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose. This provides a source of food and oxygen for consumers like animals, which use cellular respiration to break down glucose and release energy, carbon dioxide and water. Cellular respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain located in mitochondria to generate ATP from glucose in three stages using oxygen. Photosynthesis also occurs in two stages - the light reactions in chloroplasts use light to produce ATP and NADPH, while the Calvin cycle uses these products to fix carbon from CO2 into glucose.
This document summarizes key concepts in bioenergetics and cellular respiration. It discusses how living organisms obtain and use energy through redox reactions and electron carriers like ATP. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are introduced as the two main pathways of energy transformation. Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water, while cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. The document aims to explain the basic processes of how energy is transformed and utilized in living cells and organisms.
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and involves two phases - the light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use energy from light to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH. This occurs through the absorption of light by photosystems in the thylakoid membranes which creates a proton gradient, driving ATP synthase to produce ATP. The light-independent reactions then use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into glucose.
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts within plant cells. Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments in the thylakoid membranes and used to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and energy-rich glucose. The light reactions use photosystems to produce ATP and NADPH from water, while the Calvin cycle fixes carbon into glucose using these products in the stroma.
Metabolism describes the chemical reactions that take place in cells and can be divided into two types:
- Catabolic pathways break down molecules to release energy, such as cellular respiration breaking down glucose.
- Anabolic pathways use energy to build molecules, like photosynthesis producing glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
ATP is the cell's usable energy currency and is regenerated through catabolic pathways breaking its phosphate bonds, then replenished through anabolic pathways by adding phosphate to ADP. Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce oxygen and glucose from carbon dioxide and water, capturing solar energy as chemical bonds in glucose. This provides the basis for energy and life on Earth.
oxidation and reduction reaction in living system.pptxAzharAzhar63
Oxidation-redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons, with oxidation occurring when electrons are lost and reduction when electrons are gained. These reactions are important in living systems, powering processes like photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to oxidize water and reduce carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. Cellular respiration then oxidizes glucose and reduces oxygen, generating energy through redox reactions and recycling carbon dioxide and water. Redox reactions are thus vital to basic life processes and play a role in metabolic pathways through electron carrier molecules.
1. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose.
2. Early experiments by Priestley and Ingenhousz showed that plants release oxygen and restore air contaminated by animals, with Ingenhousz showing sunlight is required.
3. Later experiments determined the sites of photosynthesis within plants (chloroplasts and leaves), identified pigments like chlorophyll, and established the basic chemical equation of photosynthesis involving carbon dioxide, water, oxygen and glucose.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages: the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured and used to produce ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions where CO2 is incorporated into organic compounds to produce glucose. Photosynthesis is essential as it produces oxygen and glucose, the primary energy source for nearly all life on Earth.
This presentation summarizes key aspects of photosynthesis, including:
1) Autotrophs like plants use photosynthesis to produce oxygen and energy-rich molecules like glucose from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
2) Photosynthesis occurs in leaves through the light-dependent reactions that capture solar energy and produce ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle that uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules.
3) The structure of leaves and chloroplasts facilitates photosynthesis through specialized tissues, membranes, and pigments that absorb sunlight and drive the light reactions.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reaction which converts solar energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reaction which uses this chemical energy to fix carbon and produce glucose. Photosynthesis is essential as it produces oxygen and glucose, the primary energy source for nearly all life on Earth.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle then uses the ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. Photosynthesis is essential for life as it produces the oxygen and food on which nearly all organisms depend.
This document discusses cellular energy processes like photosynthesis and respiration. It provides information on:
- Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water. It occurs in two stages: the light-dependent reactions in the chloroplasts that produce ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle in the stroma that uses these products to form glucose.
- Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy, occurring either aerobically with oxygen in the mitochondria to produce 36-38 ATP, or anaerobically through fermentation to produce 2 ATP. Aerobic respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
- ATP is
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Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration-0.ppt
1. Outline
• Overview
• Photosynthesis
I. Properties of light and pigments
II. Chloroplast structure and function
III. Light reactions
IV. “Dark” or Carbon reactions
V. Summary and conclusions
• Respiration
I. Processes
II. Energy and food chains
III. Carbon Cycle
2. Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration
Photosynthesis and respiration are complementary
processes in the living world. Photosynthesis uses
the energy of sunlight to produce sugars and other
organic molecules.
These molecules in turn serve as food for other
organisms that carry out respiration to obtain the
chemical bond, a process that uses O2 to form CO2
from the same carbon atoms that had been taken
up as CO2 and converted into sugars by
photosynthesis.
4. C6H12O6 + O2 H2O + CO2 + ATP
6
6 6
1
RESPIRATION
MITOCHONDRIA
5. What came first, photosynthesis
or respiration?
The first cells on the earth are thought to have been
capable of neither photosynthesis nor respiration.
However, photosynthesis must have preceded
respiration on the earth, since there is strong
evidence that billions of years of photosynthesis
were required before O2 had been released in
sufficient quantity to create an atmosphere rich in
this gas. (The earth's atmosphere presently
contains 20% O2.)
6. Introduction to photosynthesis
• From the Greek
PHOTO = produced by light
SYNTHESIS = a whole made of parts put
together.
Definition: PHOTOSYNTHESIS is the process
whereby plants, algae, some bacteria,
use the energy of the sun to synthesize organic
compounds (sugars) from inorganic compounds
(CO2 and water).
7.
8. WHY IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS
SO IMPORTANT?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS is one of the most
important biological process on earth!
• Provides the oxygen we breathe
• Consumes much of the CO2
• Food
• Energy
• Fibers and materials
9. GENERAL FORMULA FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
light
6 CO2 + 12 H2O ---------> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
pigments, enzymes
* *
• Oxygen on earth allowed for the evolution of aerobic
respiration and higher life-forms.
• Respiration: extracting energy from compounds (sugars)
C6H12O6 + O2 6 CO2 + ATP
10. PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
Virtually all life depends on it!
• Light moves in waves, in energy units
called PHOTONS
• Energy of a PHOTON inversely proportional
to its wavelength
• Visible light (between UV and IR) occurs in
a spectrum of colors
12. Light is absorbed by pigments
• The primary pigment for photosynthesis is
chlorophyll a
• It absorbs blue and red light, not green (green
light is reflected back!)
Absorption spectrum
of chlorophyll a
13. Chlorophyll a is the primary
photosynthetic pigment that drives
photosynthesis.
Accessory pigments absorb at
different wavelengths,
extending the range of light
useful for photosynthesis.
14. • Absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a:
BLUE & RED
• Action spectrum of photosynthesis closely
matches absorption spectrum of
chlorophyll a, but not perfectly (due to
accessory pigments)
15. Chloroplast structure
• Football shaped
• Double membrane
• Stroma
• Thylakoid
membrane
• Grana (stacks)
• Lumen
(inside thylakoid)
stroma
Grana
thylakoids
lumen
17. Chloroplast Membrane Structure
• The thylakoid is the structural unit of
photosynthesis containing photosynthetic
chemicals.
• Thylakoids are stacked like pancakes in
stacks known collectively as grana. The
areas between grana are referred to as
stroma.
• While the mitochondrion has two
membrane systems, the chloroplast has
three, forming three compartments.
18. Chloroplast Structure & Function
• The chloroplast has three membranes: inner,
outer, and thylakoid . It has three
compartments: stroma, thylakoid space, and
inter-membrane space.
• These compartments and the membranes
that separate them serve to isolate different
aspects of photosynthesis.
– Dark reactions take place in the stroma.
– Light reactions take place on the thylakoid
membranes.
20. Overview of photosynthesis:
Note: The Light and “Dark”or Carbon
reactions happen at different sites in the
chloroplast
LIGHT
REACTIONS
(Thylakoids)
“DARK” or CARBON
REACTIONS
(Stroma)
light
ATP
NADPH
(ENERGY)
H2O
O2
(OXYGEN GAS)
CO2
C6H12O6
(GLUCOSE)
21. The Light Reactions
1. Light dependent
2. Occur in the thylakoid membrane of
chloroplast
4. Use light energy (photons) to generate two
chemical energy compounds: ATP &
NADPH
3. Water is split into oxygen gas (O2) and H+
22. The“Dark” or Carbon Reactions
1. Light independent (can occur in light or dark;
some enzymes require activation by light)
2. Occur in the stroma of chloroplasts
3. Use the chemical energy produced in Light
Reactions (ATP; NADPH) to reduce CO2 to
carbohydrate (sugar).
4. CO2 is converted to sugar by entering the
Calvin Cycle
23. Efficiency & Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis is not perfect.
• Depending upon the plant type, it ranges
from being only 1 - 4 % efficient to having
7% efficiency
24. Summary of Photosynthesis:
1. Light energy absorbed by chlorophyll a
drives the reactions of photosynthesis.
2. Converts light energy into chemical
energy to make organic compounds.
3. CO2 and H2O used to produce
C6H12O6 (glucose) and O2 (gas).
25. 4. Light Reactions occur in thylakoids of the
chloroplasts; ATP and NADPH are formed;
water is split to O2 (gas) and protons.
5. Carbon Reactions occur in stroma – Calvin
Cycle fixes CO2 to produce C6H12O6
(glucose).
6. Low efficiency, about 1- 7%
7. Nevertheless, PHOTOSYNTHESIS is still the
most important biological process on earth!
28. RESPIRATION
• Process of making energy of food available in
the cell…
• Involves breaking down
• Complicated molecules into simple molecules
(C6H12O6, sugars) (CO2, water)
29. Chloroplast –vs- Mitochondria
• Both are surrounded by a double membrane
with an intermembrane space.
• Both have their own DNA .
• Both are involved in energy metabolism.
• Both have membrane reticulations filling
their inner space to increase the surface area
on which reactions with membrane-bound
proteins can take place.
30. Mitochondria Structure
• The outer membrane to protect the organelle
• The intramembranous space of the
mitochondria (the space between the inner
and outer membranes)
• The inner membrane is folded into a series
cristae or long folds that greatly increase the
surface area of the inner membrane allowing
more area for energy production.
31.
32. RESPIRATION
The energy held by complicated molecules is held
temporarily as ATP (energy currency)
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP
(glucose) (energy)
Respiration occurs mainly in
Mitochondria and Cytoplasm
33. Stages of Respiration
Cellular Respiration has three main stages:
• Glycolysis
• Krebs Cycle
• Electron transport system
34. 3 Stages of cellular respiration
• Glycolysis: Splitting of glucose – 2 net ATP generated
• Krebs Cycle: Energy of glucose molecule is harvested
as ATP (2) – it occurs in the mitochondria (matrix)
• Electron Transport System: also happens in the
mitochondria, more ATP are generated (32).
• For each glucose molecule, total ATP = 36
• Only 39% efficient, rest is lost as heat.
35. Photosynthesis Respiration
• Reaction: CO2+H2O+sunC6H12O6+O2+H2O C6H12O6+O2CO2+H2O+36ATP
• Reactants: Carbon dioxide, water, sun Glucose, oxygen
• Products: Glucose Energy
• By-products: Oxygen Carbon dioxide, water
• Cellular location: Chloroplasts Cytoplasm, mitochondria
• Energetics: Requires energy Releases energy
• Chemical paths: Light reactions & Glycolysis, Krebs cycle
Calvin cycle & Electron Transport Syst.
• Summary: Sugar synthesized using Energy released from
energy from the sun sugar breakdown
37. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION
CO2 + H2O O2 + SUGARS SUGARS + O2 H2O + CO2
PLANTS,
ALGAE,
BACTERIA
MOST LIVING
ORGANISMS
H2O H2O
O2
O2
CO2
CO2
SUGARS
Sunlight
energy
USEFUL CHEMICAL
ENERGY (ATP)
38. Respiration, Energy & Carbon Cycle
• Energy
• Virtually all organisms require energy of food for:
• Making chemicals
(proteins, carbs, etc.)
• Movement
• Cell division
• Heat, electricity and light production
• The way living organisms obtain energy is through
Cell respiration
39. ENERGY: ability to do work
Newton’s First Law of Thermodynamics:
“Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it
can only be transformed from one form
to another”
• Once a cell has used energy to do work, it cannot
be used again by any organism.
(1701)
40. ENERGY
ENERGY FLOW IS LINEAR
Sun Earth Producers 1o consumers 2o consum
heat resp, heat resp, heat resp, heat
Energy flows into ecosystem from the sun
Energy travels in a straight line by way of
food chains.
41. ENERGY
However, much energy is lost as heat along the
way – as a result of respiration.
Approximately 90% energy is lost on each step!
• Newton’s Second Law of
Thermodynamics:
“In any transfer of energy there is always a
loss of useful energy to the system, usually in
the form of heat”
42. Food Chains
Food chains demonstrate linear nature of energy
• Producers are the base of the food chain, they
include photosynthetic organisms like:
• Plants
• Algae
• Certain bacteria
44. Food chains
• Decomposers – obtain energy by breaking
down remaining organic material of the
other members of the food chain.
• Fungi and bacteria.
45. Matter
• All important elements move in cycles;
Environment Organisms
Cycles called biogeochemical cycles:
Water cycle
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle
46. The Carbon Cycle
• Carbon from the atmosphere (CO2) enters the
biosphere by way of plants!
– CO2 used in photosynthesis
– Carbon moves into food chain
• Carbon is released to the physical environment by
respiration
– Release CO2 during respiration
– Amount CO2 fixed in photosynthesis = the amount
released by respiration
47. Carbon Cycle
• Carbon moves from atmosphere to plants to
animals and back to atmosphere.
48. “Look deep into nature,
and then you will
understand everything
better.”
Albert Einstein