Perception is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to make meaning of their environment. It involves receiving input, selecting, organizing, and interpreting information. Perception can be simple, involving direct sensory inputs and outputs, or complex, with characteristics of the stimuli, perceiver, and situation impacting the selection and interpretation of information. Learning is defined as relatively permanent changes in behavior due to practice or experience. It requires reinforcement, with more immediate and substantial reinforcement leading to more effective learning. Personality refers to the set of traits and behaviors that characterize an individual. It is shaped by biological, psychological, family/social, and situational factors working together over time. Attitude is

4.  Perception is understood as the act of
seeing what is their to be seen
According to ROBINS, “perception is the
process by which individual organize
and interpret their sensory impression in
order to give meaning to their
environment.”

5. (1) Perception is the intellectual process.
(2) Perception is a psychological process.
(3) Perception is a subjective process.

7.  Simple process
Perceptual
inputs
•Stimuli
Perceptual
throughputs
•Receiving-
Selecting-
Organizing-
interpreting
Perceptual
output
•Action

8.  Complex process
Characteristics
of stimuli inputs
•Perceptual
inputs
•- Objective
•- Events
•- people
process Perceptual
outputs
•Attitude
•Opinion
•Feelings
•value
Behaviour
• Characteristics
of situation
Selection
organizationinterpretation
Characteristics of
perceiver

10.  “learning is the process by which
behaviour are acquired. It is generally
agreed that learning individual changes
in behaviour and establishing
permanency in the charge.”

11. 1) Learning involve a charge in behaviour
2) The behaviour change must be
relatively permanent.
3) The behavioural change must be based
on some form of practice or
experience.
4) The practice or experience must be
reinforced in order for learning to
action.

12. 1) The principle of contingent reinforcement:-
states that the reinforcement must be
observed only if the desire behaviour has
occurred.
2) The principle of immediate reinforcement:-
states the reinforcement will be must
effective if observed immediately after the
desire behaviour has occurred.
3) The principle of reinforcement size:- states
that the larger the amount of
reinforcement more effect will be
observed.

14.  “Personality is a set of characteristics and
tends that determine those common
things and difference in the behaviour
(thoughts, felling, and actions) of people
that have continuity in time and that
may not be easily understood as the
result of the social and biological
pressure of the movement.”

15.  In short “personality refers to the set of
traits and behaviour that characterise an
individual.

16. Biological
Heredity
Brain
Psychological
Feature
Family &
social
Home
environment
Family
members
Social
group
Cultural Situational

18.  “Attitude is the tendency to feel and
behave in a favourable or unfavourable
way towards some object, person or
ideas.

19. 1) Affects behaviour.
2) It’s are aired through learning.
3) Invisible.
4) Pervasive(universal).

20. ATTITUDE
Direct
experience with
the object
Learning
Neighbourhood
Classical
contioning &
attitude
Economic status
& occupation
Operant
conditioning &
attitude
Family & groups
Mass
comunication