The document discusses the process of perception, describing it as the way individuals interpret sensory information and make sense of their environment. It details the stages of perception—receiving, selecting, organizing, and interpreting—along with the external and internal factors influencing perception, such as personal characteristics, beliefs, and situational contexts. Additionally, it highlights how perceptions can be shaped by characteristics of the perceiver, the perceived, and the surrounding situation.

3. ▪Introduction
▪Nature
▪Process
▪Importance
▪Factors Influencing Perception

4. ▪ Perception is described as a person’s view of reality.
▪ It is the process of interpreting something that we see or hear in our mind and
use it later to judge and give a verdict on a situation, person, group etc.
▪ Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of
the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to
categories this information and how to interpret it within the framework of
existing knowledge.
▪ For e.g. – Yami goes to a restaurant and likes their customer service, so she will
perceive that it is a good place to hang out and will recommend it to her friends,
who may or may not like it. Yami’s perception about the restaurant is good.

5. ▪ Of sound − The ability to receive sound by identifying vibrations.
▪ Of speech − The competence of interpreting and understanding the sounds of
language heard.
▪ Touch − Identifying objects through patterns of its surface by touching it.
▪ Taste − The ability to receive flavor of substances by tasting it through sensory
organs known as taste buds.
▪ Other senses − They approve perception through body, like balance,
acceleration, pain, time, sensation felt in throat and lungs etc.
▪ Of the social world − It permits people to understand other individuals and
groups of their social world.

7. I. Receiving - receiving is the first and most important stage in the process
of perception. It is the initial stage in which a person collects all
information and receives the information through the sense organs.
II.Selecting - selecting is the second stage in the process. Here a person
doesn’t receive the data randomly but selectively. A person selects some
information out of all in accordance with his interest or needs. The
selection of data is dominated by various external and internal factors.
▪ External factors - The factors that influence the perception of an
individual externally are intensity, size, contrast, movement, repetition,
familiarity, and novelty.
▪ Internal factors - The factors that influence the perception of an individual
internally are psychological requirements, learning, background, experience,
self-acceptance, and interest.

8. III.Organising - Keeping things in order or say in a synchronized way is organizing.
In order to make sense of the data received, it is important to organize them.
We can organize the data by:
▪ Grouping them on the basis of their similarity, proximity, closure, continuity.
▪ Establishing a figure ground is the basic process in perception. Here by figure we
mean what is kept as main focus and by ground we mean background stimuli, which
are not given attention.
▪ Perceptual constancy that is the tendency to stabilize perception so that
contextual changes don’t affect them.
IV.Interpreting - Finally, we have the process of interpreting which means
forming an idea about a particular object depending upon the need or interest.
Interpretation means that the information we have sensed and organized, is
finally given a meaning by turning it into something that can be categorized. It
includes stereotyping, halo effect etc.

9. ▪ Understanding the tasks to be performed.
▪ Understanding associated importance of tasks allotted.
▪ Understanding preferred behavior to complete respective
tasks.
▪ Clarifying role perceptions.
▪ For example, every member in a group has to be clear
regarding the role allotted to them. Programmer writes
the code, tester checks it, etc.

10. A.Characteristics of the Perceiver:
When a person looks at a target and attempts to interpreter what he sees, his
interpretation is greatly influenced by his personal characteristics which are
discussed as follows:
1. Needs
People will perceive only those items which suit their wishful thinking.
2. Self concept
The more we understand ourselves, the more we are able to perceive others
accurately. For example, secure people tend to see others as warm and friendly.
Less secure people often find fault with others.

11. 3. Past Experience
Our perceptions are often guided by our past experiences and what we expect to
see. A person’s past experiences mold the way he perceives the current situation.
If a person has been betrayed by a couple of friends in the past, he would tend to
distrust any new friendship that he might be in the process of developing.
4. Beliefs
A person’s beliefs influence his perception to a great extent. Thus, a fact is
conceived not on what it is but what a person believes it to be. The individual
normally censors stimulus inputs to avoid disturbance of his existing beliefs.
5.Situation:
Elements in the environment surrounding an individual like time, location, light, heat
etc., influence his perception. The context in which a person sees the objects or
events is very important.

12. B. Characteristics of the Perceived:
Characteristics of the person who is being observed can affect what is perceived.
Though, it may go against logic and objectivity, but it cannot be denied that our
perceptions about others are influenced by their physical characteristics such as
appearances, age, gender, manner of communication as well as personality traits
and other forms of behavior.
For example, loud people are more likely to be noticed in a group than are quite
ones. So too are extremely attractive or extremely ugly individuals.
Persons, objects or events that are similar to each other tend to be grouped
together. People dressed in business suits are generally thought to be
professionals, while employees dressed in ordinary work clothes are assumed to
be lower level employees.

13. C. Characteristics of the Situation:
The context in which we see objects or events is very important. The surrounding
environment and the elements present in it influence our perception while
perceiving a particular situation or event, its physical, social and organisational
setting can also influence the perception.
For example, if you meet a person for the first time and he is with a person whom
you respect and admire, you will create a favorable image about him in your mind
as compared to a situation in which you see him with another person whom you
intensely dislike. Of course, the initial impressions may change with the passage
of time, but the saying that “First impression is the last impression” is very
valued.

14. Location of a given event is also very important factor in determining the
behavior. For example, a conversation with the boss taking place in a casual
reception area may be perceived differently than when taking place in the boss’s
office with the door closed. Organisational setting also affects the behavior of
the people. An organisation setting where people are given an opportunity to
interact in a friendly and sociable work situation, they become more trustworthy
and less defensive.