This document discusses attribution theory and types of attribution errors people make. It explains that attribution is making guesses about the causes of events or behaviors. However, these guesses are often incorrect due to systematic biases. Two major biases discussed are the fundamental attribution error, where people attribute others' behaviors to internal factors rather than external influences, and self-serving bias, where people attribute their successes to internal factors and failures to external factors. The document also provides an overview of organizational behavior, noting it involves studying individuals, groups, and organizational levels and drawing from various fields like psychology and sociology.

1. Presented By: Aqib Ali
Burhan Nazir
Sarfaraz Ahmed
Swati

2.  People make sense of their surroundings on the
basis of what they consider is the cause and what
is the effect of phenomenon
 it suggest that individuals observe their own
behavior or experience, try to figure out what
caused it , and then (whether or not their
conclusion is in fact correct)shape their future
behavior accordingly
 For example, if a consumer has had bad
experience with locally made product (and good
experience with an imported one) he or she may
conclude that the bad product is bad because it
is locally made.

3.  When people make an attribution, they are
guessing about the cause of events or
behaviors.
 These guesses are often wrong. People have
systematic bias which lead them to make
incorrect attributions.

4. Types of Attribution
Error

5.  The fundamental attribution error is the
tendency to attribute other people’s behavior
to internal factors such as personality traits
,abilities, and feelings.
 The fundamental attribution error is also
called the correspondence bias, because it is
assumed that other people’s behavior
corresponds to their personal attributes.
 When explaining their own behavior , on the
other hand , people tend to attribute it to
situational factors.

7.  There is a pervasive tendency for actors to
attribute their actions to situational
requirements, whereas observers tend to
attribute the same actions to stable personal
dispositions-

9.  The self serving bias is the tendency to
attribute success to internal factors failures
to situational factors.
 This bias tends to increase as time passes
after an event.
 Therefore the further in the past an event is,
the more likely people are to congratulate
themselves for success and to blame the
situation for failure.

11.  The tendency to make more favorable and
flattering attribution about members of ones
group then about members of others group.
In effect its is a self serving attributional bias
at the group level.

13.  The study of organization and of the collection of
people within them together comprise the field of
organizational behavior.
 Organizational behavior is the study of human
behavior in organizational settings the interface
between human behavior and the organization,
and the organization itself.
 Organizational behavior is a field of study that
investigates the impact that individuals, groups
and structure have on a behavior within
organizations for the purpose of applying such
knowledge towards improving an organizations
effectiveness.

14. The Three Level of Organizational
behavior
The
Individual
Group
Processes
Organizati
onal
Processes

15.  In individual level, organizational behavior
involves the study of learning, perception,
creativity, motivation, personality, turnover, task
performance, cooperative behavior, deviant
behavior, ethics, and cognition.
 At this level of analysis , organizational behavior
draws heavily upon physically , engineering,
medicine.
 A study of organizational behavior at the
individual level of analyze might focus on the
impact of different types of overhead lighting on
such factors as productivity and absenteeism.

17.  At the group level of analysis, organizational
behavior involves the study of group dynamics ,
intra-and inter group conflict and cohesion ,
leadership, power, norms, inter personal
communication , networks , and roles.
 At this level of analysis, organizational behavior
draws upon the sociological and socio-
psychological science
 A study of how different personality types
correspond to different leadership styles and
levels of results operate at the group level of
analysis.

18.  Pressure within a group of people can lead to
bad decisions.
 Some people emerge as natural leaders within
a group.
 Group behavior is common at social events.
 The behavior or crowds is studied by law
enforcement and commercial retailers.
 Is important for teacher or work supervisor to
know how groups operate and how to
improve their functionality.
 Behavior is often influenced by one’s peers.

19.  At the organizational level of analysis,
organizational behavior involves the study of
topics, such as, organizational culture ,
organizational structure, culture diversity ,
inter- organizational cooperation and
conflict, change, technology , and internal
environmental forces.
 At this level of analysis , organizational
behavior draws upon anthropology and
political science .

20.  Helping others on one’s work team.
 Volunteering for extra job activities.
 Avoiding unnecessary conflicts.
 Making constructive statements about one’s
work group and the overall organization.

21.  Effectiveness of organization comes from
organisational behavior
 Organisational behavior theories are
contingent so adaptability.
 Help to understand self and others better.
 Tackle human problems humanly.
 Predict the human behavior.