Unit 2 - CE8394 FMM
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This document discusses flow through circular pipes. It presents equations for the velocity profile of fluid flow in a pipe based on viscosity. The velocity is highest in the center and reduces towards the walls according to an equation that is derived. The maximum velocity and flow rate through an elementary ring of the pipe is also defined. Pressure drop over the length of the pipe is mentioned.
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Unit ii Flow through circular pipes
The document discusses flow through circular pipes. It considers a horizontal pipe of radius R with a fluid element of radius r sliding through the viscous fluid. An equation is derived for the velocity profile by equating shear stress and rate of deformation. The equation contains an integration constant C which is determined using the boundary condition that velocity is 0 at the pipe wall (r=R). This allows determining the maximum velocity Umax at the center of the pipe (r=0). The flow rate per second through an elementary ring is also defined. Finally, the drop in pressure over the length of the pipe is mentioned.
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1. Current meters measure the velocity of fluid flow using various mechanical, electrical, or optical methods.
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3. However, electromagnetic current meters that produce voltage proportional to flow velocity are also widely used, especially by water districts, as they provide direct analog readings without moving parts.
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The document discusses flow through circular pipes. It considers a horizontal pipe of radius R with a fluid element of radius r sliding through the viscous fluid. An equation is derived for the velocity profile by equating shear stress and rate of deformation. The equation contains an integration constant C which is determined using the boundary condition that velocity is 0 at the pipe wall (r=R). This allows determining the maximum velocity Umax at the center of the pipe (r=0). The flow rate per second through an elementary ring is also defined. Finally, the drop in pressure over the length of the pipe is mentioned.
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in order to examine the effect of temperature on water’s liquid-vapor phase-change radiation.
It was found that the temperature dependence of the previously proposed phasechange
absorption theoretical framework by itself was insufficient to account for
observed changes in radiation absorption without a change in cloud droplet number density.
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nuclei (CCN) concentration, i.e., CCN increasing approximately a factor of two from
60 C to 75C at near saturation conditions. The new radiative phase-transition probability
is decreased slightly to 3108. Theoretical results were also calculated at 50 C
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important. Modeling also suggests that phase-change radiation will be most important at
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3. Reservoir fluids can be incompressible, slightly compressible, or compressible. Flow regimes include steady-state, unsteady-state, and pseudosteady-state. Reservoir geometry models include radial, linear, spherical and hemispherical flow. Reservoirs can involve single-, two-,
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Infrared radiation associated with vapor-liquid phase transition of water is investigated
using a suspension of cloud droplets and mid-infrared (IR) (3–5 lm) radiation absorption
measurements. Recent measurements and Monte Carlo (MC) modeling performed at
60 C and 1 atm resulted in an interfacial radiative phase-transition probability of
5108 and a corresponding surface absorption efficiency of 3–4%, depending on
wavelength. In this paper, the measurements and modeling have been extended to 75 C
in order to examine the effect of temperature on water’s liquid-vapor phase-change radiation.
It was found that the temperature dependence of the previously proposed phasechange
absorption theoretical framework by itself was insufficient to account for
observed changes in radiation absorption without a change in cloud droplet number density.
Therefore, the results suggest a strong temperature dependence of cloud condensation
nuclei (CCN) concentration, i.e., CCN increasing approximately a factor of two from
60 C to 75C at near saturation conditions. The new radiative phase-transition probability
is decreased slightly to 3108. Theoretical results were also calculated at 50 C
in an effort to understand behavior at conditions closer to atmospheric. The results suggest
that accounting for multiple interface interactions within a single droplet at wavelengths
in atmospheric windows (where anomalous IR radiation is often reported) will be
important. Modeling also suggests that phase-change radiation will be most important at
wavelengths of low volumetric absorption, i.e., atmospheric windows such as 3–5 lm and
8–10 lm, and for water droplets smaller than stable cloud droplet sizes (<20 lm diameter),
where surface effects become relatively more important. This could include unactivated,
hygroscopic aerosol particles (not CCN) that have absorbed water and are
undergoing dynamic evaporation and condensation. This mechanism may be partly responsible
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Topics:
1. Introduction to Fluid Dynamics
2. Surface and Body Forces
3. Equations of Motion
- Reynold’s Equation
- Navier-Stokes Equation
- Euler’s Equation
- Bernoulli’s Equation
- Bernoulli’s Equation for Real Fluid
4. Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
5. The Momentum Equation
6. Application of Momentum Equations
- Force exerted by flowing fluid on pipe bend
- Force exerted by the nozzle on the water
7. Measurement of Flow Rate
a). Venturimeter
b). Orifice Meter
c). Pitot Tube
8. Measurement of Flow Rate in Open Channels
a) Notches
b) Weirs
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This presentation discusses circulation and vorticity in fluid dynamics. It defines circulation and vorticity, describes their mathematical representations, and how vorticity forms. It examines forced and free vortices, and classifies vortices according to their effects. The presentation also explores how vortices impact hydraulic structures like dams and how to suppress vortices, and includes MATLAB code examples and videos to demonstrate circulation and vorticity concepts.
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This document provides an overview of fluid kinematics, which is the study of fluid motion without considering forces. It discusses key concepts like streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines. It describes Lagrangian and Eulerian methods for describing fluid motion. It also covers various types of fluid flow such as steady/unsteady, laminar/turbulent, compressible/incompressible, and one/two/three-dimensional flow. Important topics like continuity equation, velocity, acceleration, and stream/velocity potential functions are also summarized. The document is intended to outline the syllabus and learning objectives for a course unit on fluid kinematics.
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The document discusses water distribution systems. It describes how distribution is the last phase of a water supply scheme. The function of a distribution system is to provide treated water to wherever it is needed in a city or town, maintaining quality and pressure. Distribution systems use networks of pipes of different sizes, as well as valves, fire hydrants, service connections, and water meters. Proper design of a distribution system considers factors like satisfying all demand types and meeting peak hourly flows. Continuous and intermittent water supply systems are also summarized.
Unsteady radial flow in a confined aquifer Nonequilibrium well pumping equation
This document summarizes unsteady radial flow in a confined aquifer. It describes the nonequilibrium well pumping equation, which models the continuous decline in head as water is drawn from storage to supply a constantly pumped well. The applicable differential equation and Theis's solution are presented. The Theis equation permits determining the aquifer's storage and transmissivity properties from pumping test data. It makes simplifying assumptions about the aquifer that may not always hold true but provide an approximation under field conditions. Alternative methods for solving the unsteady flow equation, like the Copper-Jacob and Chow methods, are also briefly mentioned.
Fluid mechanics - Motion of Fluid Particles and Stream
- Fluid mechanics is the study of fluid motion and the forces acting on fluids. This includes fluid kinematics, which is the study of fluid motion without considering forces.
- There are different frames of reference to describe fluid motion - Lagrangian refers to individual fluid particles, Eulerian refers to fixed points in space.
- Fluid flow can be classified as steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform, laminar or turbulent. The continuity equation expresses conservation of mass and relates flow properties between different flow sections.
Suspended Sediment Rating Curve for Tigris River Upstream Al- Betera Regulator
This document presents a study that establishes suspended sediment rating curves for a section of the Tigris River located upstream of the Al-Betera regulator in Maysan province, Iraq. Thirty-five data points measuring river discharge and calculated suspended sediment concentration using an ADCP were collected. A power function relationship between discharge and suspended sediment concentration was determined, with high correlation. The rating curves can be used to estimate suspended sediment loads transported in the river reach and improved with additional data.
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The document discusses fluid mechanics concepts relevant to power generation, including:
1. It describes Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches to analyzing velocity fields in fluids, with the Eulerian approach being more useful as it focuses on velocity at fixed points rather than tracking individual particles.
2. Conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy are presented using the control volume approach, with the Reynolds Transport Theorem relating changes in an extensive property within a control volume to flux of that property across its boundaries.
3. Complex flows encountered in power generation equipment are classified, with turbulent internal pipe flows and external flows around bodies requiring both viscous and inviscid analyses highlighted.
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the Bulk of flow shifting from inner watt to outer wall in the first bend and third bend of the duct and outer wall
to inner wall in the second bend and forth bend of the duct along the flow passage is very instinct. Flow at end
of the DS-duct is purely uniform in nature due to non existence of secondary motion. The experimental results
then were numerically validated with the help of Fluent, which shows a good agreement between the
experimental and predicted results for all the ducts
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Comparison of flow analysis of a sudden and gradual change
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and TechnologyIJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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2) A more general approach to analyze entrance region conditions, without assumptions of fully developed flow.
3) Governing equations of continuity, momentum and energy to model the natural convection problem using the boundary layer approximations.
Qb103352
The document provides information about the unit II of the course CE6303 - Mechanics of Fluids. It includes topics like fluid statics and kinematics, Pascal's law, hydrostatic equation, buoyancy, meta centre, pressure measurement, fluid mass under relative equilibrium, fluid kinematics, stream, streak and path lines, classification of flows, continuity equation, stream and potential functions, flow nets, and velocity measurement techniques. It also lists 2 marks and 16 marks questions with answers related to these topics at the end.
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This document provides an overview of a reservoir engineering course focused on Darcy's Law and permeability. It covers key topics like laboratory analysis of rock properties including porosity, saturation and permeability. It also discusses linear and radial flow models based on Darcy's Law and techniques for determining permeability in the laboratory and averaging permeabilities for heterogeneous reservoirs. The document emphasizes that permeability is an important property that controls fluid flow in reservoirs and was first mathematically defined by Henry Darcy. It provides the equations for linear and radial flow based on Darcy's Law.
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This document describes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of laminar flow in a pipe using ANSYS software. The summary is:
1. The simulation setup involved modeling the pipe geometry, generating a fine mesh, defining boundary conditions for the inlet and outlet, and running the simulation for 1000 iterations.
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The document describes an experiment to measure the uniformity of velocity in a wind tunnel. A hot wire anemometer system was used to measure the absolute, axial, vertical, and perpendicular velocity values at 6 points as a probe was moved through the test section of the wind tunnel. The results showed a range of velocities from 26.12 to 39.18 m/s, indicating a lack of uniformity. Graphs of the velocity measurements also revealed deviations. It was concluded that the non-uniform flow was likely due to the wind tunnel's contraction ratio of 9, which is below the recommended ratio of around 16 needed to achieve uniform flow. Improving the design of the contraction and suction sides could help address the issue.
HYDRAULICENGINEERING_BSCE1B.pptx
powerpoint presentation about hydraulic engineering. it talks about the history, fluid mechanics, behavior of real fluid and its application
ADGADSGASDG
1) Mr. G. Madhan Kumar gave a virtual lecture on fluid mechanics and machinery to students.
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Unit 2 - CE8394 FMM
- 1. UNIT II Prepared by S. Muthu Natarajan M.E., (Ph.D.), Assistant Professor Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology Madurai
- 2. FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPES
- 3. FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPES • Consider a horizontal pipe of radius “R” • Consider a fluid element of radius “r” sliding in the viscous fluid with a thickness dr
- 4. FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPES Equation 9.1
- 5. FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPES
- 6. FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPES
- 7. FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPES Integrating the above equation with respect to r Equation 9.2
- 8. FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPES • Where C is a constant and the value is obtained using the boundary condition • When u=0, r =R, Substituting the value of C in equation 9.2 Equation 9.3
- 9. FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPES • The Velocity is maximum when r= 0 • The maximum velocity Umax • The fluid flowing/sec through the elementary ring is
- 10. FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPES
- 11. FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPES
- 12. FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPES • Drop of pressure over the length of the pipe
- 13. FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPES