Hydraulic engineering, a sub-discipline of civil engineering, focuses on the flow and conveyance of fluids, primarily water and sewage, utilizing gravity as a primary motive force. It has historical roots dating back thousands of years, with significant contributions from ancient civilizations in irrigation and water management, notably during the Islamic Golden Age. Modern hydraulic engineers employ advanced technologies, including CAD tools and computational fluid dynamics, to design systems that manage water resources effectively.

1. HYDRAULIC
ENGINEERING

2. CONTENTS
• BEHAVIOR OF REAL FLUID
• HISTORY
• FLUID MECHANICS
• APPLICATIONS

3. What is Hydraulic Engineering?
 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING as a
sub-discipline of civil engineering is
concerned with the flow and
conveyance of fluids, principally water
and sewage.
One feature of these systems is the
extensive use of gravity as the motive
force to cause the movement of the
fluids.
This area of civil engineering is
intimately related to the design of
bridges, dams, channels, canals, and
levees, and to both sanitary and
environmental engineering.

4. HISTORY
Earliest uses of hydraulic
engineering were to irrigate crops
and dates back to the Middle East,
Egypt and Africa. Controlling the
movement and supply of water for
growing food has been used for
many thousands of years.
• One of the earliest hydraulic
machines, the WATER CLOCK
was used in the early 2nd
millennium BC.

5. HISTORY
• In ancient China, hydraulic engineering
was highly developed, and engineers
constructed massive canals with levees
and dams to channel the flow of water for
irrigation, as well as locks to allow ships
to pass through.
Ximen Bao was credited of starting the
practice of large scale canal irrigation during
the Warring States period (481 BC-221 BC)

6. HISTORY
• Hydraulic engineering was highly
developed in Europe under the aegis of
the Roman Empire where it was especially
applied to the construction and
maintenance of aqueducts to supply
water to and remove sewage from their
cities.
Eupalinos of Megara, was an ancient Greek
engineer who built the Tunnel of Eupalinos
on Samos in the 6th century BC, an
important feat of both civil and hydraulic
engineering.
The Pont du Gard Aqueduct and Nemausus (Nîmes) Castellum

7. HISTORY
• Further advances in hydraulic engineering occurred in
the Muslim world between the 8th to 16th centuries,
during what is known as the Islamic Golden Age. Of
particular importance was the 'water management
technological complex' which was central to the Islamic
Green Revolution and by extension, a precondition for
the emergence of modern technology

8. HISTORY
The various components of this complex includes:
Canals
Dams
The Qanat System in Persia

9. HISTORY
In many respects the fundamentals of hydraulic
engineering haven't changed since ancient times. Liquids
are still moved for the most part by gravity through
systems of canals and aqueducts, though the supply
reservoirs may now be filled using pumps.
MODERN TIMES
• Isaac Newton (1642–1727)
- by formulating the laws of motion and his law of
viscosity, in addition to developing the calculus, paved
the way for many great developments in fluid mechanics.

10. HISTORY
• The modern hydraulic engineer uses the same kinds of computer-
aided design (CAD) tools as many of the other engineering
disciplines while also making use of technologies like
computational fluid dynamics to perform the calculations to
accurately predict flow characteristics, GPS mapping to assist in
locating the best paths for installing a system and laser-based
surveying tools to aid in the actual construction of a system.

11. • Is the branch of science which
deals with the study behavior
of fluids (gases or liquids).
• Fluid mechanics provides
the theoretical foundation
for hydraulics, which
focuses on the applied
engineering using the
properties of fluids.
FLUID MECHANICS

12. DENSITY
• Is defined as mass per unit volume.
• A homogenous material such as iron or ice has the same
density throughout.
𝝆 =
𝒎
𝒗
Where:
m = mass
V = volume
𝜌 = density (rho)
FLUID MECHANICS

13. DENSITIES OF SOME COMMON SUBSTANCES
FLUID MECHANICS

14. PRESSURE
FLUID MECHANICS
 Is the amount of force exerted on a given area. Its SI unit is
in Pascal (Pa) (N/m^2) 1 Pa = 1 N/m^2
Where:
F = Force in Newton (N)
A = Cross sectional Area (m^2)
P = Pressure in Pa
P =
𝐹
𝐴
 If the applied force is
acting on a small area,
then the pressure will
be large and vice
versa.

16. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
• For instance, an open tank. We should include the pressure outside
the tank pressing on the top of the surface of the fluid. This is what
we call Atmospheric Pressure 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚.
• 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.3 kPa = 760 torr = 760 mmHg
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + ρgh
FLUID MECHANICS

17. ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
• States that the magnitude of the Bouyant force on an object always
equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the object.
𝑃𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 > 𝑃𝑜𝑏𝑗
 The object will FLOAT
𝑃𝑜𝑏𝑗 < 𝑃𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
 The object will SINK
FLUID MECHANICS
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑃𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐴ℎ𝑔 = 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐴𝑙𝑔 ( h < l)
According to Archimedes Principle:

18. REAL FLUIDS
NEWTONIAN FLUID
Fluids that obey Newton's Law of
Viscosity. In other words, a real fluid
whose shear stress is directly
proportional to the rate of shear strain.
For a Newtonian fluid, viscosity totally
depends upon the temperature and
pressure of the fluid.
Examples:
- Water - Air
-Emulsions - Hydrogen
NON – NEWTONIAN FLUID
 Fluids that do not obey Newton's
Law of viscosity. In other words, a
real fluid in which shear stress is not
directly proportional to the rate of
shear strain.
Examples:
 Flubber
 Oobleck
BEHAVIOR OF REAL FLUIDS
A fluid which has viscosity, surface tension and finite
compressibility.

19. APPLICATIONS
Applications include the design of hydraulic structures
Sewage conduits Dams and breakwaters
Water supply
Irrigation and navigation

20. To preserve our natural
environment and meeting the
needs of the people.
APPLICATIONS
Hydroelectric-power
development
The management of waterways

21. THANK YOU!
PADAYON, FUTURE ENGINEERS!

22. Submitted by:
Layson, Razel Mae A.
Labro. Leomar D.
Jabien, Jhon Paul L.
BSCE – 1B
Submitted to:
Engr. Gladys C. Dela-Cruz
Instructor
Civil Engineering Orientation