This document discusses stress and strain in materials due to external forces. It defines stress as the effect of external forces on materials, and strain as the deformation or change in shape of materials under stress. It describes different types of stresses like tensile, compressive, and shear stresses, as well as different types of strains. Hooke's law and Poisson's ratio are explained, which relate stress to strain in materials. The concept of factor of safety is also introduced.