Electronically controlled gasoline injection system for SI engines, Electronically controlled diesel injection system (Unit injector system, Rotary distributor type and common rail direct injection system), Electronic ignition system (Transistorized coil ignition system, capacitive discharge ignition system), Turbo chargers (WGT, VGT), Engine emission control by three way catalytic converter system, Emission norms (Euro and BS).
The heart of an automobile is its engine, and the heart requires a constant and ingenuous supply of blood, fuel in this case. There had been carburetors faithfully doing this holy work, but technology never seizes to move up. Therefore, the latest offering is the fuel injector for petrol engin es. Though it all started with a simple objective of supplying a controlled amount of fuel at proper intervals of time, it’s, as of now, not as simple as that. With emission norms getting stricter and changing trends in engine technology – high-speed engines, Variable displacement engines, Hybrid engines, etc – it became more and more of a necessity than a luxury to improve the fuel supply system.
Today’s fuel injection unit not only improves engine performance, but also helps in giving a cleaner exhaust that too with a increased fuel economy. The objectives can be attained using a microprocessor that directs the injector using a number of various input parameters. These parameters include manifold temperatures, throttle position, ignition timing, engine speed, load, and a lot more of other factors. The various strategically placed sensors measures these physical quantities and convey the same to the processor in electronic signals. The paper deals with the brief functionality and basic concept of operation of a modern fuel injector used in petrol engines.
The function of an Electronic ignition system is to produce the spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture in a timely manner for maintaining the effective combustion
Types of Fuel Injection systems in Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition En...Hassan Raza
This presentation was prepared by Mechanical Engineers during their final year in their Internal Combustion Engine program offered at University of Engineering and Technology Lahore.
The heart of an automobile is its engine, and the heart requires a constant and ingenuous supply of blood, fuel in this case. There had been carburetors faithfully doing this holy work, but technology never seizes to move up. Therefore, the latest offering is the fuel injector for petrol engin es. Though it all started with a simple objective of supplying a controlled amount of fuel at proper intervals of time, it’s, as of now, not as simple as that. With emission norms getting stricter and changing trends in engine technology – high-speed engines, Variable displacement engines, Hybrid engines, etc – it became more and more of a necessity than a luxury to improve the fuel supply system.
Today’s fuel injection unit not only improves engine performance, but also helps in giving a cleaner exhaust that too with a increased fuel economy. The objectives can be attained using a microprocessor that directs the injector using a number of various input parameters. These parameters include manifold temperatures, throttle position, ignition timing, engine speed, load, and a lot more of other factors. The various strategically placed sensors measures these physical quantities and convey the same to the processor in electronic signals. The paper deals with the brief functionality and basic concept of operation of a modern fuel injector used in petrol engines.
The function of an Electronic ignition system is to produce the spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture in a timely manner for maintaining the effective combustion
Types of Fuel Injection systems in Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition En...Hassan Raza
This presentation was prepared by Mechanical Engineers during their final year in their Internal Combustion Engine program offered at University of Engineering and Technology Lahore.
Electronic fuel injection vs carburettorsSalman Ahmed
These slides give you an idea of the different types of fuel injection systems that have been used throughout time.
A comparison between carburettors and EFI has been also looked on.
contains basic knowledge of engine and different parts and system involved like fuel system, lube system, cooling system, combustion process, air system and circulation , working of external components of engine, reason and symptoms of wear of parts and components. This presentation is made to give the explanation of work done or things learnt during training in prestigious Gainwell Caterpillar.
Supercritial Fuel Injection System is a fuel injection system that can be used to reduce emissions and increase efficiency up to 50 - 70 % in an automobile.
A diesel power plant is the combination of a diesel engine with an electric generator to generate electrical energy. A diesel compression-ignition engine is usually designed to run on diesel fuel, but some types are adapted for other liquid fuels or natural gas.
Fire prevention and control systems - Fire alarms - Electrical alarm circuits -Smoke extraction and ventilation -Gas extinguishers - Types of detectors - Gas installation and components.
Heat emitters - Expansion facilities of heating system - Energy management system - Factors affecting fuels-Oil sand properties of natural gas - Air conditioning, principles and applications - Refrigerant and system characteristics – Heat recovery devices.
Ventilation requirements - Mechanical ventilation - Fans and types - Boilers and types - Water treatments -Solar heating of water - Hot water storage cylinders.
Introduction of lifts and Escalators -Special features required for lifting arrangement and installation-Travelators – Controls - Machine room and equipments.
UNIT-1--STEADY STRESSES AND VARIABLE STRESSES IN MACHINE MEMBERS.pptxkarthi keyan
STEADY STRESSES AND VARIABLE STRESSES IN MACHINE MEMBERS
Introduction to the design process – factors influencing machine design – Direct, Bending and torsional stress equations – calculation of principle stresses for various load combinations, Design of curved beams – crane hook and 'C' frame – Factor of safety – theories of failure – stress concentration – Design for variable loading – Soderberg, Goodman and Gerber relations
UNIT-4-ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS.pptxkarthi keyan
ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS
Springs – Design of helical springs – Design of Leaf, Belleville springs and Torsion springs – Flywheels considering stresses in rims and arms for engines and punching machines. Design of Crankshaft.
SHAFTS AND COUPLINGS
Design of solid and hollow shafts based on strength, rigidity and critical speed – Keys, keyways and splines – Rigid and flexible couplings.
UNIT-5-BEARINGS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS.pptxkarthi keyan
BEARINGS AND ENGINE COMPONENTS
Sliding contact and rolling contact bearings – Design of Hydrodynamic journal bearings, Sommerfeld Number – Selection of Rolling Contact bearings – Design of Connecting rod.
BASICS OF MECHANISMS
Basic Mechanisms and its terminologies – Degree of freedom – Mobility – Kutzbach criterion – Grubler’s criterion for Planar Mechanisms – Grashof’s law – Kinematic inversions of Four bar chain – Single slider – Double slider Crank Chains – Quick Return Mechanisms – Mechanical advantage – Classification of Mechanisms.
UNIT-5 - FRICTION IN MACHINE ELEMENTS.pptxkarthi keyan
FRICTION IN MACHINE ELEMENTS
Friction in Screw threads – Friction clutch – Single Plate, Multi plate and Cone clutch – Torque and Efficiency Calculations. Brakes – types and applications – Conditions for self-locking and Self Energizing brakes.
GEARS AND GEAR TRAINS
Gear – Types – Spur gear terminology – Law of toothed gearing – Basics of Involute and Cycloidal Tooth Forms, Interchangeability – Interference and Undercutting – Gear trains Calculations – Speed and Number of teeth – Simple, Compound and Epicyclic gear trains.
Use of Natural Gas, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Bio-diesel, Bio-ethanol, Gasohol and Hydrogen in Automobiles- Engine modifications required –Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of SI and CI engines with these alternate fuels - Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Fuel Cell Note: Practical Training in dismantling and assembling of Engine parts and Transmission Systems should be given to the students.
UNIT IV STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS karthi keyan
Steering geometry and types of steering gear box-Power Steering, Types of Front Axle, Types of Suspension Systems, Pneumatic and Hydraulic Braking Systems, Antilock Braking System (ABS), electronic brake force distribution (EBD) and Traction Control.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
2. • CARBURETORS:
• Carburetor is a device used for atomoizing and vapourizing
the fuel and mixing it with the air in varying proportions to
suit for changing the operating conditions of engines.
• Functions of carburetor:
It prepares a mixture of petrol and air in correct
proportions.
It maintains a small reserve of petrol in the float chamber
at constant head
It atomizes and vaporizes the fuel.
It supplies a fine spray of petrol
It produces a homogeneous mixture
It measures and supplies the proper quantity and
proportions of air and fuel under all conditions of engine
operation such as temperature, speed and load
10. Limitation of carburetor
• In multi cylinder engines, it becomes very difficult for
simple carburetor to supply uniform quality and
quantity
• The induction passages are of unequal lengths
• Venturi throat of the carburetor causes a restriction in
the passage of air flow to the engine.
• Air-fuel mixture supply becomes acute at low speed
and air velocity decreases which causes less efficient
atomization
• There is a loss of volumetric efficiency
• Carburetor has many wearing parts. After wear, it
operates less efficiently
16. • Air sensor: How much of air being draw into the intake
manifold for adjusting the quantity of fuel
• Intake air temp sensor:measure the temp of the intake air
for fine tuning the mixture strength
• Exhaust gas oxygen: located in the exhaust system
provides ECU the amount of oxygen in exhaust gases. ECU
determine if the air/fuel ratio is correct.
• Manifold absolute pressure: It senses the vacuum pressure
in the engines inlet manifold & gives an indication of the
load to the engine.
• Speed/crankshaft:It provided the information to ECU
about engine rotating speed and the position of the
crankshaft.
• Engine temp: sense the temp of the coolant in the engine.
• Knock sensor: is a microphone type sensor that detects
the sounds of knocking so that ignition timing can be
retarded.
17. • Advantages:
• Very high quality fuel distribution is obtained
• Increase the volumetric efficiency
• No problem of air and fuel separation & design of manifold
becomes simple.
• Reduces the specific fuel consumption
• It is free from blowbacks
• Exhaust emission are less
• Better starting
• Disadvantages
• Initial cost high
• More completed mechanism
• Increased service problem
• More noise is generated
• Weight and space requirement are more than conventional
carburettor.
18. ELECTRONIC DIESEL INJECTION
SYSTEM
1. Unit injector system
2. Rotary Distributor system
3. Common rail direct injection system
4. (In this injection system such as timing, rate
of injection, end of injection, quantity of fuel
injected etc., is difficult if the engine is
operated at high speed). It may result the
reduced efficiency and higher emission
levels.
19. • Control of the parameters:
• Quantity of fuel injection, Injection timing, Rate of
injection during various stages of injection, Injection
pressure, speed of nozzle opening, pilot injection
timing and its quantity.
• Components of diesel injection system:
• Electronic sensors for registering operating
conditions and changes. A wide array of physical
inputs is converted into electrical outputs.
• Acuators or solenoids which convert the control units
electrical output signal into mechanical control
movement.
• ECU with microprocessors which process information
from various sensors in accordance with
programmed software and out put required
electrical signals into actuators and solenoids.
20. • Various sensors used in diesel injection system:
• Injection pump speed sensor
• Fuel rack position sensor
• Charge air pressure sensor
• Fuel pressure sensor
• Engine position sensor
• Temperature sensor
• Vehicle speed sensor
• Brake pedal sensor
• Clutch pedal sensor
• Accelerator pedal sensor
• Injector needle movement sensor
22. • Four separate phases:
• 1. Filling phase
• 2. Spill phase
• 3. Injection phase
• 4. Pressure reduction phase
• Advantages:
• High performance for clean and powerful engines
• High engine power balanced against low
consumption and low engine emissions
• High degree of efficiency due to comppact design.
• Low noise level due to direct assemble in the
engine block.
26. • Good fuel efficiency and low CO2 emission
• System injects diesel five times more accurately than the
normal injection system by high response injects with
electronic control. The result is higher reduction in the Nox and
improving the fuel efficiency and increase the torque.
• Reduce the engine noise and vibration.
• High pressure fuel pump
• Common fuel rail
• Injectors
• Engine control unit
• Injection pressure does not depend on engine speed and loads.
• Control of injection parameters is easy.
• Pilot injection reduce the engine noise and Nox
• Fuel pressure is fed to both top and bottom of the needle
value.
• Fuel will flow through nozzle holes.
27. • Advantages:
• It delivers 25% more power and torque than the normal
direct injection.
• Initial cost is low
• Superior pick up is possible
• It maintain lower levels of noise and vibration
• Higher mileage is obtained
• Emissions are low
• Fuel consumption is less
• Improved performance is obtained.
• Disadvantages:
• Many parts involve the complicated design
• Production cost is high
• High degree of engine maintenance is required.
32. Advantages
• Increase the life of contact breaker point
• It gives higher ignition voltage
• It gives longer duration of spark
• It has very accurate control of timing
• Less maintenance
• Disadvantages
• More mechanical points are needed similar to
conventional system
• It has a tendency to side tracking
34. Advantages
• No timing adjustments are required
• No distributor cap and rotor are required
• There are no moving parts to wear out
• Less maintenance is required
• It does not require a distributor to drive thus
providing less engine drag
36. • Purpose of turbocharger:
• To reduce the weight per horse power of the
engine as required in aero engine
• To reduce the space occupied by the engine as
required in marine engines.
• To have better turbulence and it ensured more
complete combustion giving greater power and
low specific fuel consumption
• To improve the volumetric efficiency
• To maintain the power of a reciprocating IC
engine even at high altitudes where less oxygen is
a available for combustion.
37. • Engine pollutants:
• Carbon monoxide(CO): air fuel mixture due to lack of
sufficient oxygen for the combustion of the fuel.
• CO has more affinity than oxygen for hemoglobin in our
blood. Affect the nervous system , finally affects heart.
• Carbon dioxide (CO2): During complete combustion the
hydrocarbons in the fuel are converted into carbon dioxide is
13.7% of exhaust gas.
• Nitrogen oxides(NOx):All combustion processes where air
containing nitrogen is burned. In high temp, nitrogen reacts
with oxygen produces nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen
dioxide(NO2). Affect living organisms & blood purification
system.
• Hydrocarbons(HC): emissions are also the result of
inadequate amount of oxygen being present to support the
complete combustion of the air fuel mixture. This is
produces smog, affects vision of human being.
38. • Smoke: produced because of insufficient mixing
of fuel and air. It contains Co andCO2. When
cold starting, blue white smoke is produced
when more carbon particles are mixed with
exhaust. Irritation of eyes, coughing, headache
and vomiting.
• Sulphur oxide: is produced if the fuel has
sulphur. It may damage the plants. It causes
irritation to eye and throat and it gives
respiratory troubles to children.
• Lead: It is a toxic air pollutant. It affects liver and
kidneys. It causes mental effects to children.
39. • Pollution control:
• They formation of pollutants is prevented as far as
possible
• The pollutants are destroyed after thery are formed.
• Hydrocarbon:
• Reducing the compression ratio
• Changing the design of combustion chamber
• Changing the design of piston
• By supplying lean mixture
• By maintaining of piston and piston ring.
• Methods of destroying of Hydrocarbon:
• By suppyling air to the inle manifold
• By using after burner
• By using catalytic converter
40. • Control of CO:
• By using closed loop control
• By supplying lean mixture
• By providing suitable overlap of valves
• Methods of destroying Co:
• By using reactor in the exhaust manifold
• By using after burner
• By using catalyst converter
• Control of oxides of nitrogen”
• BY supplying the exhaust again to the inlet manifold
• By spraying water in the inlet manifold to add moisture
to the mixture
• By using catalyst converter in the exhaust the oxides of
nitrogen can be destroyed
41. • Control of smoke and smog:
• Running the engine with a limited load
• Maintaining the engine well
• By adding barium salt in the fuel
• By using a catalyst muffler
• Methods of control:
• BY using catalyst muffler
• By changing the injection system in diesel engine
42. • Evaporative emission control for SI engine.
• Petrol vapour from fuel tank escapes into atmosphere by
evaporation
• When the engine is not running, petrol will evaporate in the
carburettor float chamber.
• Is consists of a device to store fuel vapour produced in the fuel
system due to evaporation
• Vapour liquid separater provided at the top of a fuel tank.
Vapour goes to the top of the separater where the liquid petrol
is separated and it is returned to the tank.
• A vent valve is provided for venteing the fuel vapour to the
canister.
• A canister containing activated charcoal is used to store the
fuel vapour. The canister adsorbs the vapour and store it.
• When engine running, the vacuum created in the intake
manifold is used to draw fuel vapour from the canister into the
engine.
• Purging air is sucked through the canister which leads the fuel
vapour from canister to the engine.
43. • Purging is the process by which the petrol vapour
is removed from the charcoal particles inside the
canister.
• Electronically controlled purge valve is used.
• During engine acceleration additional mixture
enrichment can be tolerated and under these
operating conditions the stored fuel vapour are
usually purged into the intake manifold.
• This system is a fully closed system.
• Flow of vapour from the fuel tank may be
controlled by a mechanically operated vent valve
or an electrically operated solenoid valve.
45. • Excessive nitrogen oxides(NO2) form when the peak combustion temp
exceeds 1950 C. to Lower the combustion temp, may engines have
EGR system
• Cooler exhaust gas absorbs heat from combustion process.
• It reduces the peak combustion temp and lowers the formation of
NO2.
• EGR system provides a passage between exhaust manifold and
inlet manifold.
• EGR control valve is used to regulate flow of EGR depending upon
engine operating conditions.
• The intake manifold pressure and exhaust manifold back pressure
may be used to control the EGR rate with vary with engine load.
• It consists of a spring loaded vacuum diaphragm linked to a tapered
valve.
• A vacuum chamber is provided at the top of the valve.
• This valve controls the passage of exhaust gas
• The chamber is connected by tube to a vacuum port in the throttle
body.
46. • When there is no vacuum at this port, the spring pushed
the diaphragm down and keeps the passage closed.
• No exhaust gas recirculated. It happens during idle when
NO2 formation is at a minimum.
• When the throttle is opened from the idle position,
vacuum applied will gradually open throttle valve.
• It causes the exhaust gas to flow into the intake
manifold. Open throttle, the intake manifold vacuum is
low and EGR valve is closed by the spring.
• EGR valve system do not affect full power operation.
• The exhaust gas is recirculated only in this system when
the engine operating conditions are supposed to form
NO2.
47.
48. • EMISSION NORMS (EURO AND BS):
• Reduction in emission:
• Vehicular technology
• Fuel quality
• Inspection & maintenance of in use vehicles
• Road and traffic management